TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 165: Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, Third Edition provides guidance on transit capacity and quality of service issues and the factors influencing both. The manual contains background, statistics, and graphics on the various types of public transportation, and it provides a framework for measuring transit availability, comfort, and convenience from the passenger and transit provider points of view. In addition, the manual includes quantitative techniques for calculating the capacity and other operational characteristics of bus, rail, demand-responsive, and ferry transit services, as well as transit stops, stations, and terminals.
The CD-ROM that accompanies the manual provides PDF versions of all the publication's chapters for use on tablets and computers; links to all of the TCRP reports referenced in the manual; spreadsheets that help perform the calculations used in the bus, ferry, and rail transit capacity methods; and presentations that introduce the manual and its core material.
The CD-ROM is also available for download from TRB's website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.
Readers can download a full version of the report or download each chapter through the "read more" button. A zipped file of all chapters in PDF format is also available for download below. PowerPoint presentations and spreadsheet tools that are included in the CD-ROM are available for download below.
Warning: The full report and ISO CD-ROM are very large. Some may take in excess of an hour to download, depending on Internet capacity.
Downloadable Content
.ISO CD-ROM Image (Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM Image)
PowerPoint Presentations
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Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-28344-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-45900-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/24766
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2013. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, Third Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Our planet is facing many complex environmental challenges, including the loss of biodiversity and rapidly changing climate conditions, driven by intensifying human-nature interactions worldwide. Dramatic advances in the biological sciences over recent years are made possible by new tools to study life at many scales, from identifying mutations in a single gene to monitoring changes in plants, animals, and microbes over an entire continent. These tools have the potential to usher in a new era of continental-scale biology (CSB) in which researchers can combine data from various realms across organizational, spatial, and temporal scales, addressing questions on biological processes and patterns that cannot be answered by observations at either small or large scales alone.
This report, prepared at the request of the National Science Foundation, sets out a vision for the development of CSB and identifies the research areas that could most benefit from multi-scale approaches. Advancing the use of CSB to address a wide range of biological and societal challenges will require the development of integrated conceptual frameworks and theories to guide research, deployment of emerging technologies, and development of a skilled workforce to synthesize the vast amounts of data from various sources.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71135-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71136-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27285
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. A Vision for Continental-Scale Biology: Research Across Multiple Scales. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Since 2018, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have convened scientists to discuss cutting-edge sustainability research and practices. This workshop, the third in a series, took place November 21-22, 2024 in Budapest, Hungary and virtually, with a focus on food systems and sustainability.The objectives of the workshop were to promote scientific coordination, cooperation, and collaboration between China and the United States on food systems and sustainability; examine the state of food systems and sustainability research and practices and identify priority areas for scientific collaboration on specific challenges; and discuss opportunities for advancing policy options in China and the United States, including a solution-focused approach.
13 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73572-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29079
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. China-U.S. Scientific Engagement: Food Systems and Sustainability: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Standardized walking surfaces that provide information for blind or vision-impaired people, also known as tactile walking surface indicators (TWSIs), were first developed in Japan in the 1960s and have since been applied in both sidewalk and transit station contexts in many countries, including the United States and Canada. Consistency in cues for wayfinding is extremely important for these travelers, especially because they are unable to use many other cues available to travelers with unimpaired vision.
TCRP Research Report 248: Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired, Volume 2: Guide, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, describes the technical specifications for selection, usability, installation, and maintenance of TWSIs in multimodal environments. It has a first volume titled TCRP Research Report 248: Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired, Volume 1: Conduct of Research.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73383-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73384-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28910
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 2: Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Travelers who are blind or visually impaired use a variety of cues and strategies to orient themselves within their surroundings and move through space to where they want to go. This wayfinding process can be particularly challenging in complex urban environments where some cues, such as detectable edge treatments, the sound of surging parallel traffic, or other indicators may be inconsistent, confusing, misleading, or missing.
TCRP Research Report 248: Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired, Volume 1: Conduct of Research, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, seeks to help provide consistency of tactile walking surface indicators and guidelines for their use in multimodal environments. There is a second volume to the report, titled TCRP Research Report 248: Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired, Volume 2: Guide.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71007-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71937-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27777
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: Volume 1: Conduct of Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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For decades, public safety has been a priority for state departments of transportation (DOTs) as they strive to reduce traffic crashes. To support these efforts, the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Office of Safety developed a list of proven safety countermeasures that include brief descriptions, information sheets, and additional references. These measures have been field-tested and proven to reduce crashes.
NCHRP Synthesis 639: Implementation of Federal Highway Administration Proven Safety Countermeasures, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents state DOT practices regarding the implementation of FHWA proven safety countermeasures. Case examples from six state DOTs provide additional information on the practices related to the FHWA proven safety countermeasures.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71676-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71677-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28855
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Implementation of Federal Highway Administration Proven Safety Countermeasures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Communities often face overlapping stressors like pollution, climate change, and social inequities that combine to create more significant health risks and environmental challenges than any single factor alone. Cumulative impact assessments can help scientists and communities understand the impacts of multiple environmental stressors by accounting for the totality of exposures and their cumulative effects over the life course, providing a scientific basis to help guide more equitable and effective decision-making to improve public health, well-being, and environmental resilience.
To understand best practices for cumulative impact assessments and inform future activities, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled an ad hoc committee to convene state of the science workshops and develop a consensus report to advise the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on further developing the scientific foundation underlying the practice of cumulative impact assessment. The committee held its first public workshop, State of the Science and the Future of Cumulative Impact Assessment: Workshop 1, on October 15, 2024, to gather information for developing their eventual consensus report. The workshop brought together participants from academic and private research organizations, non-governmental organizations, and government agencies in an online forum to discuss fundamental concepts and methods pertinent to cumulative impact assessment. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73497-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29058
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. State of the Science and the Future of Cumulative Impact Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Programs to Expand the Skilled, Technical Transportation Workforce: Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the Workshop to Broaden the Diversity of the Skilled, Technical Transportation Workforce held in September 2024 at the National Academies of Sciences Building in Washington, DC. The workshop was sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration and the National Science Foundation and brought together experts and educators across academia, government, and industry.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73247-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28770
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Programs to Expand the Skilled, Technical Transportation Workforce: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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As separated on-street bicycle lanes become increasingly common, many state departments of transportation (DOTs) and local agencies have installed them to address safety concerns and promote cycling. Research was needed to provide state DOTs with detailed information on the anticipated safety benefits of bicycle network design features across various contexts, the relationship between these features, and the risk of midblock (non-intersection) bicycle crashes.
NCHRP Research Report 1136: On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features: A Guide, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, presents a state-of-the-art, data-driven guide for selecting context-appropriate design features for safety improvements of separated and non-separated on-street bicycle lanes.
In addition to NCHRP Research Report 1136, there is an associated publication, NCHRP Web-Only Document 414: Safety Evaluation of On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features, which documents the conduct of research.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73298-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73299-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28853
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice's Roundtable on Population Health Improvement was established in February 2013 to bring together philanthropy, community-based organizations, health care delivery, governmental public health, academia, and business in a wide-ranging dialogue about what is needed to improve health in the United States and across the population.
In 2024, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement hosted public workshops and webinars and released publications resulting from these events. The work in 2024 focused on exploring economic systems as a structural driver of population health, changing the narrative around health determinants and actions needed, multisector collaboration to advance population health, the role of government and democracy, and the importance of culture change.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73502-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29060
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Roundtable on Population Health Improvement: Annual Report 2024. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Bicycling is an ideal mode of transport for short- and medium-distance trips that has many health and environmental benefits. However, bicycling was not considered a mainstream mode of transport and was excluded from travel and transport surveys until recent decades.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 414: Safety Evaluation of On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is designed to help state departments of transportation and other transportation agencies deploy safer bicycle facilities and is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1136: On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features: A Guide.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73302-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28854
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Safety Evaluation of On-Street Bicycle Facility Design Features. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The National Academies Standing Committee on Reproductive Health, Equity, and Society hosted a public webinar to explore connections between mental and reproductive health care and access as well as to present solutions to the root causes of mental and reproductive health inequities. Speakers addressed the relationship between intimate partner violence and reproductive health care, the social and structural determinants of health affecting access to mental health treatment, mental health implications of restrictions on access to abortion care, and more. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73478-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29053
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Examining Critical Issues at the Intersection Between Mental Health and Reproductive Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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NASA's New Frontiers (NF) program plays a crucial role in solar system exploration by soliciting principal investigator (PI)-led missions at a more frequent cadence of two per decade than flagship missions, but with a larger budget and scope than Discovery missions. Mission themes for the New Frontiers 5 (NF-5) announcement of opportunity (AO) were evaluated in the 2011 planetary science decadal survey Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 and reevaluated in Report Series - Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science: Options for the Fifth New Frontiers Announcement of Opportunity. The most recent planetary science decadal survey, Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032, recommended mission themes for NF-6 and NF-7 for the current decade (2023–2032). Since the completion of the Origins, Worlds, and Life report, the timing for the upcoming NF-5 AO has been delayed to no earlier than 2026, overlapping with the timeframe expected for NF-6. Therefore, NASA requested that the National Academies investigate and report on any scientific, programmatic, and technological advances that have a significant impact on the mission themes prioritized for the next NF AO.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72796-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27998
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Proposed Science Themes for NASA's Fifth New Frontiers Mission. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Airports host multiple federal agencies that play key roles in the operations,safety, and security of their facilities. Planning and operation of airports across the United States may require accommodation of multiple federal agencies, but the legal authority defining airports' rights and obligations to these agencies is varied and at times unclear.
ACRP Legal Research Digest 47: Accommodating Federal Agencies at Airports and Related Contractual Concerns, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, seeks to provide a single source of information concerning airports' rights and obligations to accommodate federal agencies and to enter into cooperative agreements and other agreements.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73349-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73350-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28870
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Accommodating Federal Agencies at Airports and Related Contractual Concerns. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) live in the American imagination as promising tools for solving pressing global challenges and enhancing quality of life. Despite the importance of the STEM disciplines in the landscape of U.S. political, economic, and social priorities, STEM learning opportunities are unevenly distributed, and the experiences an individual has in STEM education are likely to vary tremendously based on their race, ethnicity, socio-economic class, gender, and a myriad of other factors.
Equity in K-12 STEM Education: Framing Decisions for the Future approaches equity in STEM education not as a singular goal but as an ongoing process that requires intentional decision-making and action toward addressing and disrupting existing inequities and envisioning a more just future. Stakeholders at all levels of the education system - including state, district, and school leaders and classroom teachers - have roles as decision-makers who can advance equity. This consensus study report provides five equity frames as a guide to help decision-makers articulate short- and long-term goals for equity and make decisions about policy and practice.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-69950-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69951-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26859
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Equity in K-12 STEM Education: Framing Decisions for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
When oil and gas production began in the 19th century in North America, standards and regulations for the drilling and plugging of wells had not yet been developed. Over time, many of these and other wells were abandoned - unplugged, or not plugged to modern standards, and have sat idle for an extended, possibly unknown, period of time. These wells might not have been originally operated and maintained in accordance with existing statutes and regulations and, due to degradation over time and potential improper prior operations, they can emit methane, contaminate groundwater, and impact ecosystems, creating risks for both the environment and the public.
To explore and share the variety of existing procedures and standards for plugging orphaned and abandoned wells, including current best practices for well-plugging technologies, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on July 18-19, 2024. Sponsored by the Department of the Interior's Orphaned Wells Program Office, the workshop included members of the federal government, state leaders, tribal representatives, industry experts, and other affected parties. This proceedings summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72914-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72915-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28035
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Practices and Standards for Plugging Orphaned and Abandoned Hydrocarbon Wells: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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In July 2024, the National Academies Forum on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders hosted a public workshop to address the workforce needs and challenges across the behavioral health continuum. Experts shared insights on improving infrastructure to enhance access and quality of mental health services with a focus on advancing health equity. Discussions highlighted structural and policy challenges, care integration, and the potential role of technology and innovation to tackle workforce shortages. This proceedings highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73121-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73122-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28583
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Addressing Workforce Challenges Across the Behavioral Health Continuum of Care: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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At the request of the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center and D.E. Shaw Research (DESRES), the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine appointed a fifteenth committee of experts to review and evaluate submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals for biomolecular simulation time on Anton 3, a supercomputer specially designed and built by DESRES.
The proposals were evaluated based on their scientific merit, capabilities, past accomplishments, scientific promise of the applicant, suitability of the targeted biochemical system for simulation on Anton 3, overall feasibility of the proposed studies, and the likely scientific impact. This report summarizes the evaluations and identifies proposals that best meet the selection criteria for the project.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73457-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29047
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Fifteenth Round. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
On February 21-22, 2024, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable of the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop, Publishing in the Age of Open Science, to discuss the various benefits and issues related to open access and FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) data practices for chemistry and chemical engineering research and publications. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72311-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27876
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Publishing in the Age of Open Science: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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