Commercial disputes among owners, contractors, and subcontractors on construction projects are a fact of life, regardless of how hard parties might try to avoid them. Sometimes these disputes get resolved quickly at the project level, but sometimes the dispute is handled through litigation.
NCHRP Legal Research Digest 92: Resolving Construction Disputes: Review of State DOT Processes, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, aims to build a better understanding of what state departments of transportation (DOTs) are doing in terms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) processes and reviews state DOT practices for construction disputes.
110 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71009-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72380-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27891
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Resolving Construction Disputes: Review of State DOT Processes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the critical need for advanced air-control measures to prevent the spread of airborne diseases. Public transportation vehicles, especially buses, can be high-risk environments for both passengers and employees.
Mitigating Exposure to Airborne Diseases for Public Transportation Passengers and Employees: Executive Summary, a joint publication from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program and National Cooperative Highway Research Program, aims to provide public transportation agencies with practical strategies to reduce the risk of airborne disease transmission, safeguarding the health and well-being of both employees and passengers.
Supplemental to the report is TCRP Web-Only Document 78/NCHRP Web-Only Document 410: Protecting Transportation Employees and the Traveling Public from Airborne Diseases.
14 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73008-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73009-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28283
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Mitigating Exposure to Airborne Diseases for Public Transportation Passengers and Employees: Executive Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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TCRP Web-Only Document 78/NCHRP Web-Only Document 410: Protecting Transportation Employees and the Traveling Public from Airborne Diseases, a joint publication from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program and National Cooperative Highway Research Program, provides information regarding strategies that reduce exposure to airborne contagions by transportation employees and passengers on various modes, especially in buses. It is supplemental to Mitigating Exposure to Airborne Diseases for Public Transportation Passengers and Employees: Executive Summary.
170 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73013-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28285
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Protecting Transportation Employees and the Traveling Public from Airborne Diseases. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The United States faces a road safety crisis: the fatal crash rate per mile traveled has been climbing for the past decade, and crashes involving vulnerable road users—pedestrians, bicyclists, and others who share the roads with motor vehicles—have grown the fastest. Furthermore, motor vehicle death rates in the United States are three to four times higher than other high-income nations in Europe and Asia.
TRB Special Report 354: Tackling the Road Safety Crisis: Saving Lives Through Research and Action, from the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, addresses this crisis, responding to a request from the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.
The study makes a series of recommendations to the U.S. Department of Transportation, including establishing a coordinated, data-driven national road safety research strategy across all federally funded safety programs and improving the efficiency of moving crash intervention research results into practice. The study also calls for systematic research to confirm the validity of safety guidance for practitioners and eliminate outdated and unproven guidance.
To accomplish these recommendations and raise the profile of U.S. road safety efforts, the study calls for the establishment of a National Road Safety Research Center.
140 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72094-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72095-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27804
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Tackling the Road Safety Crisis: Saving Lives Through Research and Action. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Earth is a complex system, with myriad interactions and feedbacks among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, as well as the people, institutions, and technologies that respond to and influence these dynamics. A systems-based approach to scientific research can yield understanding across all aspects of Earth's interconnected processes. Earth systems studies rest on careful analyses of physical, chemical, biological, and behavioral processes and their interactions and feedbacks; these studies are supported by observational platforms, laboratory and modeling facilities, a skilled scientific workforce, and the cyberinfrastructure that connects them to enable new breakthroughs.
This workshop was organized to explore the approaches to Earth systems science through the lens of a critical topic - tipping points - and to cultivate cross-disciplinary collaborations and prime new research communities to discuss examples of research needs in a broader context of Earth systems science. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
74 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70134-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-70135-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26925
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Tipping Points, Cascading Impacts, and Interacting Risks in the Earth System: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
To explore the opportunities and challenges of using artificial intelligence (AI) and digital health technologies to improve diagnostic processes and outcomes, the National Academies Forum on Advancing Diagnostic Excellence hosted a public workshop in July 2024. Speakers highlighted the role of these technologies throughout the diagnostic process and their impact on the patient experience, including to gain understanding of a patient's onset of symptoms, to improve information gathering and patient-clinician communication, and to support clinical decision making. Discussions also emphasized the importance of ensuring these technologies do not perpetuate existing health disparities.
12 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73081-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28571
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Diagnosis in the Era of Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Engaging the full breadth of talent in the United States is an important component of growing and sustaining dominance in research and development (R&D) and supporting national security into the future. By 2030, one-fifth of Americans will be above age 65 and at or nearing retirement from the workforce. Estimates of race and ethnic demographic changes between 2016 and 2030 show a decrease in the non-Hispanic white population and an increase in terms of both number and share of all other demographic groups, and this trend will continue to increase. These population shifts signal a citizenry and workforce that will be increasingly diverse. For the United States to maintain its global competitiveness and protect its security interests, targeted support is needed to cultivate talent from communities throughout the nation.
The nation's more than 800 Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs) provide an impactful and cost-effective opportunity to focus on cultivating the current and future U.S. population for careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), including in fields critical to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). At the request of DOD, this report identifies tangible frameworks for increasing the participation of MSIs in defense-related research and development and identifies the necessary mechanisms for elevating minority serving institutions to R1 status (doctoral universities with very high research activity) on the Carnegie Classifications of Institutions of Higher Education scale.
190 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72206-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72207-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27838
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. A Plan to Promote Defense Research at Minority-Serving Institutions. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
For 40 years, the Government-University-Industry-Research Roundtable (GUIRR) at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has played a crucial role as a convener and advocate for its members and for the broader scientific enterprise. GUIRR celebrated its 40th anniversary at a workshop held June 25-26, 2024, in Washington, DC. The gathering served as an opportunity to both reflect on the roundtable's achievements and look forward to new directions through an examination of the "triple helix" of investments, innovation, and partnerships in the U.S. science and technology environment. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73202-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28611
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. GUIRR at 40: Reimagining the Triple Helix of Innovation, Investments, and Partnerships: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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There are many types of general aviation (GA) users that have leases with commercial service and GA airports. These include aeronautical service providers, corporate flight departments and other aircraft owners, and other users such as cargo, charter, and fuel farms.
ACRP Legal Research Digest 46: Legal Considerations for General Aviation Lease Development at Airports, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides background on relevant legal issues, analysis of 16 GA lease terms, and a list of issues that can arise during negotiations.
64 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72753-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72754-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27990
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Legal Considerations for General Aviation Lease Development at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people and people with variations in sex traits (VSTs) can experience serious health challenges and often have a greater burden of disability or greater morbidity from chronic disease compared with the general population.
"Transgender and gender diverse" refers to people whose gender identity differs from what is typically associated with their sex recorded at birth. "Variations in sex traits" refers to genetic, anatomical, and hormonal variations that affect the genitourinary tract and reproduction systems; individuals with VSTs may have a sex and/or gender identity that differs from their sex recorded at birth.
The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) asked the National Academies to convene a committee of experts to evaluate how contemporary conceptions of sex and gender in medicine and current clinical guidelines impact disability determinations. The resulting report offers conclusions in key areas including (1) the collection of data on sex and gender identity, (2) disability considerations for SSA' Listings of Impairments (medical criteria that apply to the evaluation of disability) with sex-specific diagnostic criteria, (3) inclusive language in disability Listings of Impairments, and (4) guidance for adjudicators on assessing disability for TGD applicants and applicants with VSTs.
570 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71931-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71932-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27775
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Sex and Gender Identification and Implications for Disability Evaluation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Advancements in life sciences, physical sciences, and engineering have the potential to solve many pressing technical, medical, social, and environmental challenges. In recent years, rapid advances in the field of neuroscience and neurotechnology have led to unprecedented insights into the inner workings of the brain and potential cutting-edge therapeutics and technologies to improve human health. As this research and innovation moves forward in countries around the world, including in Southeast Asia, questions about ethics, safety, and security have also emerged as researchers, policymakers, and the public consider the potential for neuroscience data or technologies to be misused to cause harm or exploited in ways that exacerbate societal issues.
To foster exchange with scientists in Southeast Asia about opportunities to maximize the benefits of emerging neuroscience research and neurotechnologies while minimizing the risks, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop series entitled Engaging Scientists in Shared Responsible Innovation in Neuroscience in Southeast Asia. The workshops brought together scientists, researchers, and other experts in academia, industry, and government from the United States, Southeast Asia, and other regions for a series of virtual presentations and discussions on February 20-21 and April 10, 2024. Participants shared examples of current research developments and applications in neuroscience, examined potential benefits and harms of emerging areas of science and technology, and discussed principles and practices for responsible innovation and advancing shared norms, ethics, safety, and security in different national, cultural, and institutional contexts. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief was prepared by rapporteurs as a high-level summary of what occurred at the workshop.
12 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72532-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27931
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Engaging Scientists in Shared Responsible Innovation in Neuroscience in Southeast Asia: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Avian Influenza A (H5) viruses have circulated globally for decades among migratory bird populations. The recent emergence of Avian Influenza A (H5N1) in U.S. dairy cattle has led to challenges in managing and controlling the spread of H5 viruses between livestock, wildlife, and companion animals, as well as to humans from infected animals. The National Academies hosted a public workshop in October 2024 to explore potential research priorities that could inform readiness and response to the outbreak. Discussions followed an interdisciplinary One Health approach, bringing together experts from across human, veterinary, plant, and environmental health disciplines, and builds on published federal research priorities for H5N1 to include perspectives beyond basic translational clinical sciences, to social sciences, veterinary health, agricultural economics, and occupational health, among others.
14 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73112-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28581
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Potential Research Priorities to Inform U.S. Readiness and Response to Avian Influenza A (H5N1): Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Transboundary water cooperation and effective water governance are essential to ensuring global security, economic development, and environmental sustainability. The AccelNet PEER2PEER project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and led by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, brings together global networks focusing on issues related to furthering transboundary water management. The project creates an ecosystem for translating engineering, physical science, and social science research into plans and policies for adoption by stakeholders and governments at local, state or regional, national, and international levels. In order to explore water management ideas that can be applied on the local through trans-national levels to achieve resilience in the face of climate change and other vulnerabilities, a workshop was convened on June 24-25, 2024, in Irvine, California. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides a high-level summary of key discussions held during the workshop.
12 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73264-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28769
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Learning Resilience: Lessons for Managing Global Transboundary Water Vulnerabilities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Roadside safety features such as luminaire poles and sign supports are evaluated for crashworthiness using the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) guidelines for crash testing. The updated preliminary testing protocols provide guidelines for evaluating families of related sign support and breakaway luminaire pole devices.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 405: Evaluating Crashworthiness of Sign Supports and Breakaway Luminaire Poles: Appendices, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1123: Guidelines for Evaluating Crashworthiness of Sign Supports and Breakaway Luminaire Poles.
347 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72414-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27900
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Evaluating Crashworthiness of Sign Supports and Breakaway Luminaire Poles: Appendices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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State departments of transportation employ numerous variations of luminaire and sign support systems that require evaluations for their crashworthiness. Guidelines for families of devices with similar crashworthy performance have the potential to reduce costs and promote compliance with the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH).
NCHRP Research Report 1123: Guidelines for Evaluating Crashworthiness of Sign Supports and Breakaway Luminaire Poles, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, presents research results and preliminary guidelines for evaluating families of devices for sign supports and breakaway poles under MASH.
Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 405: Evaluating Crashworthiness of Sign Supports and Breakaway Luminaire Poles: Appendices.
208 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70993-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72274-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27869
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Guidelines for Evaluating Crashworthiness of Sign Supports and Breakaway Luminaire Poles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Additive manufacturing (AM), the process in which a three-dimensional (3D) object is built by adding subsequent layers of materials, enables novel material compositions and shapes, often without the need for specialized tooling. On March 11-13, 2024, the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics of the National Academies held a workshop on Statistical and Data-Driven Methods for Additive Manufacturing. The workshop brought together researchers from different AM communities, statisticians, data scientists, and AI/machine learning (ML) experts to examine approaches that enhance dimensional accuracy and dimensional stability; recent advances and future directions in statistics, data analytics, AI, and ML; and the issues associated with a rapid advance of AM material qualification and part certification.
82 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72562-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72563-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27939
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Statistical and Data-Driven Methods for Additive Manufacturing Qualification: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Over the past several decades, more than half of all U.S. states have legalized cannabis for adult and/or medical use, but it remains illegal at the federal level. The public health consequences of cannabis policy changes have not been comprehensively evaluated.
Therefore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health tasked the National Academies with reviewing cannabis and cannabinoid availability in the U.S., assessing regulatory frameworks for the industry with an emphasis on equity, and describing strengths and weaknesses of surveillance systems for cannabis.
The resulting report finds that there has been limited federal guidance to states regarding protecting public health, which has led to inconsistent protection across the states. The report recommends a strategy to minimize public health harms through stronger federal leadership, a robust research agenda, and more.
340 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71900-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71901-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27766
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Cannabis Policy Impacts Public Health and Health Equity. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Research leaders overseeing laboratories, centers, and collaborations have an opportunity to build and promote a culture of research excellence, integrity, and trust. At the same time, the conduct of science becomes more complex, societal demands become more explicit, and the challenges facing these leaders are myriad. Beyond the complexities of overseeing and executing innovative science, they must navigate an expanding set of roles, responsibilities, and expectations, including managing the evolving landscape of research integrity, data management, open science, mentorship, and technology.
To explore the range of roles and evolving responsibilities taken on by research leaders, especially those who lead cross-disciplinary and/or multi-institutional teams, the National Academies' Strategic Council for Research Excellence, Integrity, and Trust convened a workshop on December 4-5, 2023. Presentations and discussion of the workshop focused on scientific leadership to examine available responsible conduct of research (RCR) resources and the broad span of roles for research leaders, especially those who direct laboratories, centers, departments, or collaborations. Participants also explored the evolving needs of research leaders in a changing societal landscape, especially in terms of their roles in upholding RCR, navigating new oversight frameworks, and training the next generation of scientists. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
122 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72547-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72548-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27935
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. On Leading a Lab: Strengthening Scientific Leadership in Responsible Research: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Letter
The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are integral to dietary recommendations across federal food and nutrition programs and serve as a resource for developing food and nutrition policies and regulations as well as development of national dietary guidelines. A component of the DRIs is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR). AMDRs are reference values for energy intakes from carbohydrate, fat, and protein that were established in the mid-1990s to provide health professionals with guidance on dietary intake recommendations for energy-containing macronutrients associated with micronutrient intake adequacy and decreased risk of chronic disease. This letter report considers whether the AMDR is needed within the expanded DRI framework that includes chronic disease risk reduction considerations.
60 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72633-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72634-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27957
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Rethinking the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for the 21st Century: A Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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