Large-scale, complex airport construction projects have the same issues as construction projects on a smaller scale, but they present a series of specialized legal issues.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Legal Research Digest 38: Legal Issues Related to Large-Scale Airport Construction Projects focuses on those legal issues causing the most significant risks during planning, design, permitting, procurement, and construction.
40 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48110-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67442-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25723
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Legal Issues Related to Large-Scale Airport Construction Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Staff from smaller airports typically lack specialized expertise in the negotiation and development of airport property or the resources to hire consultants.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 213: Estimating Market Value and Establishing Market Rent at Small Airports provides airport management, policymakers, and staff a resource for developing and leasing airport land and improvements, methodologies for determining market value and appropriate rents, and best practices for negotiating and re-evaluating current lease agreements.
There are many factors that can go into the analysis, and this report reviews best practices in property development.
84 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48105-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67325-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25719
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Estimating Market Value and Establishing Market Rent at Small Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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There are opportunities and challenges in implementing public–private partnerships at airports.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's Conference Proceedings on the Web 26: Public–Private Partnerships: What Are the Lessons Learned? is a summary of the presentations and discussions at an ACRP Insight Event held July 10-11, 2019, in Washington, DC.
These in-depth, face-to-face gatherings are designed to promote communication and collaboration, foster innovation, and help identify areas of future interest and research, especially for topics of emerging importance.
47 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67323-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25718
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Public–Private Partnerships: What Are the Lessons Learned?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Airports are using tools that help them identify risks within their environment. Most airports are providing a means to report risk. Smaller airports use low-cost options such as email, a 24/7 phone number, or a suggestion box. Larger airports have embraced safety management or enterprise risk management programs that include more expensive reporting and tracking systems.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 106: Airport Risk Identification and Prioritization Practices provides information about the existing tools that airports use for identifying common hazards and the processes used for measuring, monitoring, and prioritizing the associated risks.
80 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48108-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67308-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25714
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Airport Risk Identification and Prioritization Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The needs of airports may vary depending on the types of operations typically conducted at the airport, as well as the type of weather common to the airport.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Syntheis 105: Airport Surface Weather Observation Options for General Aviation Airports aims to provide the operators of general aviation (GA) airports a comprehensive source of information about airport-based weather observation options so they may make informed decisions to support the specific operational needs of their airport.
Weather observations at airports can come from either FAA-approved (certified) or advisory (non-certified) sources. Weather reporting at a GA airport, whether certified or not, typically comes from automated sources, as human observers are increasingly being phased out or are stationed mainly at commercial service airports.
104 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48092-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67137-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25670
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Airport Surface Weather Observation Options for General Aviation Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Barriers, berms, buildings, and natural terrain may affect the propagation of aircraft noise by shielding or reflecting sound energy. If terrain and manmade structures obstruct the line‐of‐sight between the source and the receiver, then sound energy will be attenuated at the receiver. This attenuation increases with the terrain and structures' size and proximity to either the source or the receiver. If gaps exist in the terrain or structures, then the potential benefits of acoustical shielding will be substantially reduced. Even when the line‐of‐sight is not obstructed, terrain can reflect the sound and create multiple pathways affecting the sound arriving at the receiver.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Web-Only Document 43: Improving AEDT Modeling for Aircraft Noise Reflection and Diffraction from Terrain and Manmade Structures seeks to develop and evaluate noise propagation methods that account for aircraft noise reflection and diffraction from terrain and manmade structures. It also recommends methods for inclusion into the AEDT (Aviation Environmental Design Tool) integrated noise modeling framework and provides updated AEDT user guidance on the influence terrain and man-made structures have on aircraft noise and the applications these new methods have for airport noise analyses.
123 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-70056-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26897
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Improving AEDT Modeling for Aircraft Noise Reflection and Diffraction from Terrain and Manmade Structures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) industry is on the cutting edge of aviation innovation. Airports, including tenants and contractors, are discovering the benefits of UAS to their operations and bottom line. Yet, with the diversity of UAS applications at airports, there has been a lack of relevant industry data on this topic to inform the airport industry on current practices.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 104: Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports seeks to understand the degree of UAS use, including specific applications, by three groups: airports, airport contractors, and airport tenants.
Using responses from 130 airports, one of the report's findings is that approximately 9% of participating airports are actively using UAS for airport purposes.
118 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48093-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67086-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25659
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Current Landscape of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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More airport operations/management academic programs at both the high school and community college levels would help the airport industry. With baby boomers currently reaching retirement age at the rate of 10,000 each day, and later generations much smaller in size, new employees are not entering the workforce swiftly enough to replace those leaving because of retirement, illness, and other complicating factors.
As a result, the aviation industry, like others, is experiencing a significant labor shortage. With no end in sight, the industry has joined forces in a number of unique partnerships in an effort to not only enhance the quality of current aviation graduates, but also stimulate interest in aviation careers among college students, high school students, and even middle school and elementary school students.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 103: Promoting Aviation Career Education in High Schools and Community Colleges points out the many characteristics of high school and community college aviation programs throughout the country, which could prove useful to airport management. By better understanding the academic programs producing the next generation of aviation professionals, airports can develop proactive efforts to promote the airport profession to aviation programs in their local area and influence young people to seriously consider airports as a viable career path, thus positively affecting the future of the airport industry.
166 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48085-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67017-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25643
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Promoting Aviation Career Education in High Schools and Community Colleges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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About $1.5 trillion will be spent globally on airport infrastructure by 2030, according to the International Air Transport Association. Most of that enormous amount of money will be spent on projects that must be constructed without disrupting airport operations.
Given the focus on schedule and on the cost of failing to complete the construction during the periods of planned outages, the need for a highly qualified construction contractor with a proven record of timely and quality production is key to the success of airport projects across the globe.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 102: Value, Benefits, and Limitations of Qualifications-Based Selection for Airport Project Delivery aims to benchmark the state of the practice with respect to the use of qualifications-based selection (QBS) to award construction projects.
110 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48082-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67012-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25641
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Value, Benefits, and Limitations of Qualifications-Based Selection for Airport Project Delivery. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Access to relevant, precise, and timely information is crucial for a pleasant experience in air travel. Travelers with cognitive and sensory disabilities, aging travelers, and travelers with limited English proficiency need alternative approaches to those provided for general travelers for accessing and communicating air travel information.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 101: Communication Strategies for Airport Passenger Access and Mobility details how airports and airlines are leading the way in developing new and creative services to provide information and thus enhance passenger access and mobility.
Among the report's findings are the following. Airports' current efforts to improve passenger access and mobility follow three key trends: commitment to seamless customer experience, development of a sense of place at airports, and improvement of efficiency and personalized service using technology such as biometrics, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
86 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48081-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67010-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25640
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Communication Strategies for Airport Passenger Access and Mobility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Future demand for shorter-range airline trips is unstable, affected by changes in technology as well as consumer preferences. Through application of new research tools that support scenario analysis, the TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 204: Air Demand in a Dynamic Competitive Context with the Automobile explores the potential effects of evolving automobile and aircraft technology and shifting consumer preferences on demand for shorter-range air trips.
While previous methods of demand forecasting have tended to see aviation in a vacuum relative to its key domestic competitor, the automobile, the analytic framework presented in this report facilitates comparison of the two competing modes under changing technology and demographic conditions as well as consumer choice.
The report is designed to help managers of smaller airports develop a better understanding of how consumers choose between flying out of a smaller hometown airport to connect to a flight at a larger airport and taking a longer automobile drive, bypassing the smaller airport, to fly directly from a larger airport.
Also see the accompanying ACRP Web-Only Document 38: Technical Appendix to Air Demand in a Dynamic Competitive Context with the Automobile.
109 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-49279-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25448
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Air Demand in a Dynamic Competitive Context with the Automobile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP LRD 37: Legal Issues Relating to Airports Promoting Competition explores permissible means and methods of encouraging and accommodating competition at U.S. airports. It discusses the history of how competition has been addressed by government and airports and provides the context of the concentration of air carriers and fixed-base operators (FBOs), the accommodation of air carriers with differing business models, and avoiding the grant of exclusive rights when aeronautical service providers merge.
Competition among airlines and FBOs at U.S. airports presents a myriad of issues for the airport sponsor, its executives and for local elected officials—all of whom themselves often face multidimensional challenges and needs. U.S. airports, and especially those which have used federal airport improvement funds, operate within a unique atmosphere.
Congress, through the enactment of airport funding legislation, created a broad and general framework within which airport sponsors must operate. Much of this general framework has been supplemented by United States Department of Transportation / Federal Aviation Administration and provides airport sponsors with some further guidelines within which airports must operate. This framework/guidance, however, relies largely upon general standards such as dealing with airlines and FBOs in a "reasonable" and "not unjustly discriminatory" manner. Given this fact, the resolution of competition issues at any particular airport is necessarily highly dependent upon the locally derived factual context and, therefore, requires locally derived solutions.
36 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48038-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-49406-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25479
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Legal Issues Relating to Airports Promoting Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Environmental regulations have long required airports to undertake review of many actions associated with planning and development. More recently, airports have embraced sustainability as a means for ensuring the long-term viability and community benefits of their facilities.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 209: Integrating Sustainability Planning and the Environmental Review Process is designed for airport industry practitioners who are interested in gaining a better understanding of the benefits of integrating environmental review with sustainability planning, and who would like strategies and tools to help them implement this integration.
While there remain challenges to integrating environmental review and sustainability, this report should help guide practitioners on the many opportunities for integration and alignment.
74 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48078-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-66998-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25638
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Integrating Sustainability Planning and the Environmental Review Process. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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This technical appendix from the TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program, ACRP Web-Only Document 38: Technical Appendix to Air Demand in a Dynamic Competitive Context with the Automobile, supplements ACRP Research Report 204: Air Demand in a Dynamic Competitive Context with the Automobile with more detailed documentation of the research effort, including greater technical detail on the analytical models created for the research and their application.
144 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-67015-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25642
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Technical Appendix to Air Demand in a Dynamic Competitive Context with the Automobile. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Incompatible land uses can threaten the safe utility of airports and expose people living and working nearby to potentially unacceptable levels of noise or safety risk.
At the state level, all 50 states have enacted some form of airport zoning legislation since the 1950s. The majority of states (90 percent) have enacted laws mandating or enabling local governments to adopt, administer, and enforce airport zoning regulations.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 206: Guidebook on Effective Land Use Compatibility Planning Strategies for General Aviation Airports identifies that local adoption and implementation of airport land use compatibility regulations varies widely among local government agencies. While there is no one strategy that is effective for all airports, all airports need to be proactive about land use compatibility.
This guidebook will help airport operators understand the various tools for ensuring compatible land use and how best to communicate land use compatibility needs to government decision makers and land use professionals (among other stakeholders). It includes Self Assessment Checklists, an accompanying Power Point Presentation, and a quick-reference Planning Brochure.
152 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48080-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-66970-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25633
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Guidebook on Effective Land Use Compatibility Planning Strategies for General Aviation Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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As demand for air travel grows, airport-related emissions are increasing and airports are challenged to reduce associated environmental impacts. In response, expanded regulatory programs and global climate protection initiatives are being developed that require the aviation industry—including U.S. airports—to implement new, clean technologies and to modify operational practices to reduce emissions.
One effective option for reducing the emissions associated with aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs) and diesel-powered gate equipment is to convert to electric PCA and electric ground power systems, collectively referred to as "gate electrification systems."
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 207: Optimizing the Use of Electric Preconditioned Air (PCA) and Ground Power Systems for Airports provides guidance in identifying and understanding factors that contribute to the use or non-use of gate electrification systems (electric preconditioned air or PCA and electric ground power systems) and ways that airports and airlines can optimize the use of the systems.
This research includes case studies at a variety of types and sizes of airports in different climates; an evaluation of how weather and climate impact utilization; the use and impact of other available ground power and PCA units; consideration of aircraft hardstand operations; and airport and airline practices for optimal equipment utilization.
The work includes additional resources: the ACRP 02-76 Ground Power and PCA Example Utilization Tracking Methodology and the Self-Assessment Checklist.
142 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48077-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-49992-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25623
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Optimizing the Use of Electric Preconditioned Air (PCA) and Ground Power Systems for Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Many airports undertake stormwater projects to accommodate facility expansion, address obsolescence, and respond to evolving regulatory requirements. Often, stormwater infrastructure is installed or upgraded on a project-by-project and piecemeal basis, resulting in mismatches of sizes, material types, ages, and conditions.
When airports are considering expanding or improving their stormwater facilities, the immediate need for stormwater infrastructure modification may not be clear, and a benefit–cost analysis (BCA) is needed.
The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 208: Benefit–Cost Analyses Guidebook for Airport Stormwater provides guidance on using BCAs to identify, evaluate, and select airport stormwater management projects. The guidance focuses on a triple bottom line approach that considers an airport's finances and environmental and societal impacts. The guidance will be particularly helpful for small airports that may not have BCA expertise or experience with innovative stormwater projects.
116 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48076-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-49974-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25617
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Benefit–Cost Analyses Guidebook for Airport Stormwater. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Airports in the United States are responding to the demand for increased air travel with sustainable development that incorporates more energy-efficient and lower-emission technologies. Funding for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-reducing technologies, such as electrification, alternative fuels, and renewable energy, has also become more accessible as technologies are proven to be safe, reliable, and cost-effective.
Newer strategies and programs to reduce GHG emissions reach beyond airport operations to incorporate the traveling public. These are among the findings in the TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 100: Airport Greenhouse Gas Reduction Efforts. The report assesses (1) the state of practice of GHG emissions reduction initiatives at airports, and (2) the lessons learned to support the successful implementation of future GHG reduction projects.
The report also finds that large airports are taking the lead in moving beyond reduction strategies for their own emissions and tackling those produced by tenants and the traveling public by supporting the use of alternative fuels and directing passengers to airport carbon offset platforms.
It is clear that airports regard energy-efficiency measures to be the most effective practice to reducing GHG emissions. Smaller airports, in particular, are adopting new technologies associated with more efficient heating and cooling infrastructure and lighting systems because they decrease energy consumption and make economic sense. GHG reduction projects are being implemented by different types of airports across the industry because of the cost savings and the environmental benefits of the new technology.
Airports are actively benchmarking emission-reduction progress in comparison with similar efforts at airports around the world by using frameworks employed by the industry globally, such as the Airport Carbon Accreditation Program and the airport carbon emissions reporting tool (ACERT), to measure their GHG emissions.
Innovative approaches are allowing airports to address rapidly changing consumer behaviors, like those presented in recent years by transportation network companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft. These policy-based solutions offer the potential for wider adoption as they enable airports to act without significant capital expenditures.
118 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-48079-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-49922-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/25609
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Airport Greenhouse Gas Reduction Efforts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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