The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) sought better radiation detection monitors to help detect smuggled nuclear and radiological materials that could enter the United States in cargo containers, and DNDO put forward development and deployment of advanced spectroscopic portals (ASPs) to fill that need. The National Academies report describes merits, deficiencies, and options for improving testing, evaluation, and analysis of costs and benefits of ASPs. In particular, the report addresses DNDO’s 2008 performance tests, its characterization of results of the tests, and the scope and implementation of DNDO’s cost-benefit analysis, as well as deployment of ASPs.