From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000)
Chapter: Index
American Academy of Pediatrics, 317-318
American Public Health Association, 317-318
America's Children: Health Insurance and Access to Care, 535
Amygdala, 213
Animal studies, 73
brain development, 183, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196-198, 202, 203, 205-206, 212, 213-214, 217, 549, 550
gene-environment interactions, 51-52
language learning, 129
parental attachment and reaction to stress, 237
Annie E. Casey Foundation, 206
Antisocial behavior, 14, 34, 42, 51, 52, 176-180, 345, 404
cultural factors, 59-60
see also Child abuse and neglect;
Crime;
Violence and Aggressiveness
Armed Forces Qualifying Tests, 286
Asians, 59, 61-62, 65, 108, 131, 136
Assessment of programs, see Evaluation of programs
Attention, 92, 94, 115-121, 125, 161, 213, 349
brain development, 114
disorders, 29, 42, 51, 119-120, 177, 258, 333, 349
emotions and, 114
interventions, 349
parental factors, 119
Attitudes
disabled persons, attitudes toward, 174
nonparental care providers, 318
parents of children rejected by peers, 170-171
peers rejection, 5, 164, 165, 167-168, 170-171, 174, 176-177, 180-181
racial prejudice, 25, 58, 63, 64, 65, 249, 341, 356, 358
self-worth, 163, 230, 236, 253, 264, 265, 289, 291, 375
working poor, 272
see also Depression;
Motivational factors;
Temperament
Auditory perception, 53, 54, 125, 128, 130, 137, 143-144, 146, 150, 157, 299
brain development, 184, 187, 190, 195-196, 199, 205-206, 216
crying, 100
deafness and other impairments, 29, 111, 129, 130-132, 134, 136, 151-152, 190, 205-206, 216, 364, 392, 412-413
Autism, 42, 51, 129, 130, 133, 151-152, 161, 234, 274, 338, 343, 363
B
The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families, 542
Birth process, AIDS transmission, 541
Birthweight, 74, 79, 95, 97, 174, 274, 405
brain development, 206, 209, 211, 212
interventions, 211, 340, 349, 351, 361, 364, 540-541
see also Premature infants
Black persons, see African-Americans
Blindness and visual impairments, 132, 184, 189-190, 216, 392
Brain development, 3, 4, 6, 7, 21, 24-25, 37, 53-55, 182-217, 388, 391, 397, 412-413
amygdala, 213
animal models, 183, 189, 191, 193, 195, 196-198, 202, 203, 205-206, 212, 213-214, 217, 549, 550
attention, 114
auditory impairments, 190, 195-196, 199, 205-206, 216
auditory perception, 184, 187, 190, 195-196, 199, 205-206, 216
behavioral inhibition, 103
birthweight, 206, 209, 211, 212
cognitive development, 71-72, 114, 183, 198, 202, 204-205, 208, 211, 216, 550
cultural influences, 58
damage, 184-185, 195-197, 198-210, 333
dendrites, 24, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 196
depression and, 252
disabled children, 184:
see also “auditory impairments” supra
emotions, 37, 106, 114, 183, 198, 211, 212-215, 216
endocrine system, 176-177, 186, 193, 195, 199, 213, 214, 215
gender factors, 195
genetic factors, 53-54, 182-183
hippocampus, 188, 191, 202, 206, 549
infants, 20, 71-72, 184-185, 187, 188, 189, 198, 214-215
infectious diseases, 199-200, 216, 356, 391-392
interventions, 183, 196-198, 211, 217, 219
language, 70-71, 132-133, 135-136, 152, 183, 185, 187, 196, 198
learning, general, 186, 196-197, 207, 216, 538
memory, 184, 187, 191, 192, 196, 197, 201, 205, 206, 209, 213, 549-550, 551
mothers and infant stress, 214-215
neurochemical processes, 14, 25, 102, 182, 186, 191-193, 194, 212, 214, 404
nutrition and, 7, 34, 185, 198, 203-206, 208, 216, 217, 391, 392
premature births, 34, 196, 206-212
prenatal period, 71-72, 185, 186, 188, 195, 199, 216, 412
process of, 185-193
psychological factors, 184, 212-215, 217;
see also “emotions” supra
relationships with others, general, 71-72
self-regulation, 26, 71-72, 99, 183, 198, 211, 213, 404
social factors, general, 37, 71-72, 183, 198, 211, 212-215, 216
socioeconomic status, 208, 210, 400
synaptic development, 24, 183, 185-186, 187-191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 202, 550-551
techniques for studying, 184-185, 205, 206, 252, 549-552;
see also “animal models” supra
timing of development, 195, 216
visual perception, 183, 184, 187, 189-190, 194, 195, 199, 216
see also Toxins
Breast-feeding, 95, 99, 193, 204, 246, 539
C
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 200-201
Central nervous system, 7, 26, 198, 202, 391, 404, 412
see also Brain development
Child abuse and neglect, 7, 12-13, 55, 223, 231, 235, 250, 254-257, 264, 395, 543
brain development, 184, 212-215, 217, 256-257, 413
cultural factors, 231, 369-370
education of children, formal, 255
emotional factors, 231, 255, 256, 259
extent of, 254-255
intelligence impacts, 255
interventions, 12-13, 34-35, 233, 262-263, 397
interventions, evaluation of, 344, 345, 355, 357
language deprivation, 135, 155
maternal depression, 253
orphanage care, 257-259
racial and ethnic factors, 357
self-regulation, 109
sexual abuse, 256-257
social factors, general, 255
socioeconomic status, 274, 291-292
substance abuse and, 291
violence, abused children prone to, 255
Child care, see Family factors; Institutional care; Nonparental child care; Parents; Professional education
Child Care and Development Fund, 299-300
Children of Immigrants: Health, Adjustment, and Public Assistance, 535
Children's Bureau, 34
The Children's Vaccine Initiative: Achieving the Vision, 543
Chomsky, Noam, 58
Cognitive development, 5, 28, 82, 92, 124-126, 145-162, 394, 411
adoption and twin studies, 42, 146
brain development, 71-72, 114, 183, 198, 202, 204-205, 208, 211, 216, 550
cognitive mastery, 27, 152-154, 283
cultural factors, 68, 146, 246
developmental disabilities, general, 10, 28-29, 110, 121-122, 124, 162, 174, 234, 274, 338, 342, 343, 354, 356-357, 366-367, 370, 396, 405, 406
educational attainment and, 125
education of children, general, 145, 153, 157-159
executive function, 14, 95, 115-121, 149
friends and peers, 157, 158, 168, 174, 175, 179-180, 349
genetic factors, 148
infants, 146, 147-149, 151, 153, 245
interventions, 27, 124, 125, 150, 151, 155-159, 161, 341, 399
interventions, evaluation of, 342, 343, 344, 348;
see also “standardized tests” infra
language impairments and, 133, 134, 151, 338
maternal, 286
motivational factors, 27, 148, 152-154, 157-160
nonparental child care, 301, 310-312, 313-314
numeracy, 5, 82, 149, 151, 162, 246-247, 351, 387
nutrition, 204-205
orphanage care, impact on, 258, 259
parental factors, 74, 157, 244-247, 273, 286, 294, 295
single-parent families, 283
socioeconomic status, 125, 159-160, 247, 354
standardized tests, 84(n.3), 144, 153, 160, 318, 342, 343, 348, 349, 351, 379, 408;
see also IQ scores
see also Educational attainment;
Intelligence;
Learning, general;
Memory;
Problem solving
Colic, 101-102
Communication skills, see Language factors
Community factors, 2, 220, 222, 267, 328-336, 390
adolescents, 328, 329-330, 332, 335, 336
African-Americans, 329, 331, 344
crime, 330, 333, 335, 336, 340
diseases and disorders, 333, 335
educational attainment, 331-332
friends and peers, 269, 330, 331
gene-environment interactions, 52
interventions, 36, 262, 278, 328, 332, 334-335, 336, 339, 340, 355-358, 363, 366-367, 410-411
interventions, evaluation of, 278, 328, 334-335, 336
military personnel, 8, 318, 319, 321
nonparental care settings, 300, 313, 316, 317-320
parental factors, 262, 330, 331, 336
social factors, general, 330, 331, 332-333, 358
socioeconomic status, 329-336, 357, 395
substance abuse, 334-335
toxins in the environment, 330, 333, 336
violence, 7, 36, 266, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334-335, 336, 356, 390
see also Friends and peers;
Local government;
Urban areas
Comprehensive School Health Programs, 542
Computer applications, 20
Conscience, 118, 236-237, 241-244
see also Moral development
Consortium for Longitudinal Studies, 350
Consumer Product Safety Commission, 320
Costs and cost-effectiveness
brain, technologies for study, 551
disabled children, nonparental child care, 324-325
grade retention, schools, 350
interventions, 10-11, 77, 343, 367, 372, 373-378, 380, 398, 409
language interventions, 145
nonparental child care, 305, 319, 321-322, 323, 324-325
urban low-income areas, interventions, 336
Crime, 11, 20, 165, 177-178, 180-181, 250, 274
high school dropouts, 124-125
interventions, 312-312, 340, 393
interventions, evaluation of, 343, 344, 345, 378-379
urban low-income areas, 330, 333, 335, 336, 340
see also Child abuse and neglect;
Substance abuse;
Violence amd aggressiveness
Crying, 26, 96, 100-103, 107, 292, 355, 389
cultural factors, 100-101, 248
Cultural factors, 3, 24, 25-26, 37, 57-69
antisocial behavior, 59-60
brain development, 58
breast-feeding, 248
cognitive development, 68, 146, 246
defined, 60
diversity, 2, 11-12, 15, 26, 29, 36, 57, 62-65, 332, 346-347, 384, 400, 408
education, attitudes toward, 248-249
emotional expression, 59-60, 68, 100-101, 105, 106, 108, 248
family factors, 25, 29, 67, 354
friends and peers, 25, 64-65, 69, 171, 179
interventions, cultural competence, 11-12, 20, 66-67, 346-347, 353, 367, 369-370, 380, 398, 400, 408-409
historical perspectives on research, 57-58, 337
language learning, 127, 128, 138
middle childhood years, 536
moral development, 60
mothers, 61, 96, 232, 248, 249
nonparental child care, 69, 303, 306, 401
parenting, 25, 59, 60-61, 96, 108, 232, 239, 246, 247-250, 263-264, 354, 401
race/ethnicity, general, 25, 36, 58, 249;
see also “diversity” supra
relationships, general, 59-60
self-regulation, 25, 26-27, 60, 95-96, 99, 100, 105, 123
sleep, 60-61, 95-96, 242, 251, 253
temperament, 59-60
see also Community factors;
Foreign countries;
Language factors;
Race/ethnicity;
Social factors;
Socioeconomic status
Curiosity, 5, 23, 27, 89-90, 148, 385, 387
parental attachment and, 230-231, 233
D
Deafness and other auditory impairments, 29, 111, 129, 130-132, 134, 136, 151-152, 364, 392, 412-413
brain development, 190, 195-196, 199, 205-206, 216
Delinquency, see Crime
Demographic factors, 65, 346, 354
cultural diversity, 2, 11-12, 15, 26, 29, 36, 57, 62-69, 332, 346-347, 384, 400, 408
immigrants, 14, 63, 64, 65, 68, 229, 248, 281-282, 369, 401, 535, 537
see also Language factors;
Mobility;
Race/ethnicity;
Socioeconomic status;
Urban areas;
specific minority groups
Dendrites, 24, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 196
Department of Defense, 8, 318, 319, 321, 393
Department of Health and Human Services, see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institutes of Health
Department of Labor, see Children's Bureau
Depression, 29, 104, 109, 122, 274
brain activity, 252
maternal, 250, 251-254, 309, 310, 332, 355, 370, 390
socioeconomic status, 251, 253, 254, 289, 332
urban low-income areas, 332
Development During Middle Childhood: The Years from Six to Twelve, 536
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 119-120
Diet, see Nutrition
Disabled children, 3, 5-6, 10, 11, 14, 29, 42-44, 536
attitudes toward, 174
blindness and other visual impairments, 132, 184, 189-190, 199, 216, 392
brain development, 184, 190, 195-196, 199, 205-206, 216
cognitive development, 71-72, 114, 183, 198, 202, 204-205, 208, 211, 216, 550;
see also “developmental” infra
cost of nonparental care, 324-325
cultural factors, 25, 338, 370
deafness and other auditory impairments, 29, 111, 129, 130-132, 134, 136, 151-152, 364, 392, 412-413
brain development, 190, 195-196, 199, 205-206, 216
developmental, 10, 28-29, 110, 121-122, 124, 162, 174, 234, 274, 338, 343, 354, 356-357, 366-367, 370, 396, 405, 406
Down syndrome, 110, 129, 132-133, 161, 234, 338, 342, 357, 363, 370
executive function deficits, 116-117, 120-121
family factors, 346, 352, 353, 363-364
friends and peers, interaction with, 174-175, 177-178
health care, 325
historical perspectives, 323
interventions, 29, 35, 142-145, 162, 175, 300, 325, 338, 343, 346, 365-367, 370, 396, 401
interventions, evaluation of, 325, 343, 365-367
language impairments, 129, 130-133, 134, 140-145, 151, 162, 174, 196, 338, 343, 346, 348, 354, 356-357
legislation, 12, 35, 346, 358, 372-373, 402
molecular genetics, 50-51, 405
nonparental child care, 323-325
normal variations vs impairments, 4, 28-29
number of, 323
parental employment, 323-324
premature infants, 209
see also Antisocial behavior
socioeconomic status, 354
special education, 157, 343, 349-351, 358, 372, 375-378 (passim), 536, 540
see also Diseases and disorders
Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention, 536
Disciplining of child, 25, 52, 62, 171, 243, 244, 292, 293, 354, 370, 395
Diseases and disorders, other, 10, 29, 274
AIDS, 541
asthma, 335
attention disorders, 29, 42, 51, 119-120, 177, 258, 333, 349
autism, 42, 51, 129, 130, 133, 151, 152, 161, 234, 274, 338, 343, 363
brain damage, 184-185, 195-197, 198-210, 333
cerebral palsy, 209, 211, 323, 338, 357, 370
colic, 101-102
cultural factors, 25
emotional, 5, 6, 14, 28-29, 42, 104-105, 109, 110, 115, 122-123, 174-175, 176-180, 239, 333, 335, 338, 387, 390
fetal alcohol syndrome, 200-203
iron-deficiency anemia, 199, 204-206, 406
memory and verbal functioning, 196
rubella, 199-200
seizures, 196
self-regulatory impairments, 5, 29, 42, 51, 94, 119-120, 175, 387
sudden infant death syndrome, 99
urban low-income areas, 333, 335
see also Depression;
Disabled children;
Health care
Divorce and marital conflict, 78-79, 108-109, 234, 253, 254, 283-284
Down syndrome, 110, 129, 132-133, 161, 234, 338, 342, 357, 363
Drug abuse, see Alcohol abuse; Substance abuse
Drug treatment, 122-123, 191-192, 216
E
Eager to Learn: Educating Our Preschoolers, 146, 536
Early Child Care Research Network, 300-305, 311-312, 320, 321
Early Head Start program, 35
Early Intervention Collaborative Study, 363
Ecological models, 24, 58, 175, 220, 266, 329, 340
The Ecology of Human Developmentx, 58
Economic factors, 3, 8, 15, 36-37, 536
market forces, 36
see also Costs and cost-effectiveness;
Employment;
Funding;
Socioeconomic status
Educating One and All: Students with Disabilities and Standards-Based Reform, 536
Educational attainment, 9, 124-125, 142, 159, 290, 351
employability and, 36
high school dropouts, 124-125, 274, 334
interventions, evaluation of, 342, 343, 349-350
maternal, 2, 97, 281, 282, 289, 290, 294, 311, 354, 361
parental, general, 74, 221, 267-268, 281-282, 286, 296-297, 353
race/ethnicity and, 281-282
single-parent families, 283, 289
urban low-income communities, 331-332
see also Literacy;
Numeracy
Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 35, 346, 358
Education of children, formal, 5, 8, 35, 247, 339, 538, 542
abused children, 255
cognitive development, 145, 153, 157-159
cultural attitudes toward, 248-249
grade retention, 343, 350-351, 372, 378, 354
language development, 138, 145, 149
peer relations of children, 163, 164-165, 169, 177
school readiness, 6, 36, 145, 149, 219, 263, 314, 349, 386, 388
second-language students, 538
socioeconomic status, 11, 277-278, 288, 344
special education, 157, 343, 349-351, 358, 372, 375-378 (passim), 536, 540
standards-based reform, 35, 36, 390, 536
see also Preschool programs;
Standardized tests
Education, other, see Parent education; Professional education; Public education
Emergency Medical Services for Children, 537
Emotional factors, 2, 5, 14, 28, 42, 90, 383, 386, 387-388, 405, 408, 411
abused children, 231, 255, 256, 259
adoption and twin studies, 42
attention, 114
brain development, 37, 106, 114, 183, 198, 211, 212-215, 216
caregivers, 341
crying, 26, 96, 100-103, 107, 248, 292, 355, 389
cultural factors, 59-60, 68, 100-101, 105, 106, 108, 248
disorders, 5, 6, 14, 28-29, 42, 104-105, 109, 110, 115, 122-123, 174-175, 176-180, 239, 333, 335, 338, 387, 390
effortful control, 114-115, 118, 173
friends and peers, 163, 164-165, 169, 177
intervention programs, 11, 211, 341, 398-399
intervention programs, evaluation, 348, 398
language development, 136, 161
neurochemistry, 193
nonparental caregivers, 234-236, 310, 312-314, 315, 320
orphanage care, impact on, 259
parenting, general, 97, 107-109, 110, 113-114, 225, 226, 229-238, 236, 251-254
parents with emotional problems, 234, 250, 251-254, 274, 289-292, 389-390
self-regulation and, 26, 92, 93-94, 104-115, 118, 121, 183, 198
single-parent families, 283
social factors in emotional regulation, 107, 109-110, 112, 113, 183, 198, 211, 405
socioeconomic status and emotional regulation, 106, 251, 292-293
unemployed fathers, 273
urban low-income areas, 330
vocabulary development and, 113-114
see also Depression;
Relationships, general;
Temperament
community factors, 329, 330, 332
high school dropouts, 124-125
nonparental child care providers, 316-317, 319, 393, 398
parental occupation status, 74, 267, 286, 287, 290, 294
parents, 2, 8, 11, 36, 220, 221, 228, 266, 267, 269-275, 276, 279-280, 285, 294, 296, 299, 305, 383, 393-394, 399, 544
of disabled children, 323-324
mothers, 2, 8, 11, 68-69, 228, 269, 270, 271, 272-273, 280, 289, 296, 297, 300, 303, 305, 306, 322-323, 324, 344, 399
nonparental child care, 8, 220, 221, 297, 302-303, 390-391
nonstandard hours of work, 9, 11, 296, 393, 399
parental leave, 8, 302-303, 324, 358, 392
poor persons, working, 11, 271-273, 280, 289, 396
unemployment, 273, 279-280, 332
dropouts, 125
urban low-income areas, 329, 330, 332
welfare recipients, 11, 271-272, 278-280
Endocrine system, 14, 40, 51, 98, 99, 106, 237, 252, 404
brain development, 176-177, 186, 193, 195, 199, 213, 214, 215
Ethical issues, 37
conscience, 118, 236-237, 241-244
research ethics, 73, 77, 78, 129
see also Moral development
Ethnicity, see Race/ethnicity
Evaluation of programs, 10-12, 13-15, 36, 70-71, 73, 75-87, 161, 342-358, 359-369, 373-382, 402, 403-411
causal effects, defining and estimating, 11, 37, 70-88, 159, 170, 258, 261, 342, 354, 359-361, 397-398, 403, 406-410, 545-548
child abuse, 344, 345, 355, 357
cognitive development, 342, 343, 344, 348;
see also “standardized tests” infra
community interventions, 278, 328, 334-335, 336
cost of interventions, 10-11, 77, 343, 367, 372, 373-378, 380, 398, 409
crime prevention, 343, 344, 345, 378-379
cultural competence, 11-12, 20, 66-67, 346-347, 353, 367, 369-370, 380, 398, 400, 408-409
disabled children, 325, 343, 365-367
educational attainment, 342, 343, 349-350
families, 345, 346, 352-355, 356, 363, 366-368, 379, 543
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), 247, 279, 293, 355
intelligence factors, 343, 344, 347-348, 350, 351, 361, 385, 372, 375, 376, 378, 379, 408
IQ scores, 343, 344, 347-348, 350, 351, 361, 372, 375, 376, 378, 379-380, 385, 408
literacy, 345-346
nonparental child care, 278, 300-305, 311-312, 314-323, 325
orphanage-reared children, 257-260
parenting interventions, 257-260, 262-264, 407-408
political factors, 12, 77, 358-359
postintervention followup, 84, 105-106, 143, 153, 171, 197, 205, 210, 220, 233, 285, 314, 343, 350, 351, 352, 355, 363, 367, 371-372, 375-376, 378-380
preschool, 339, 351, 362, 388, 539
socioeconomic status, 11, 14, 74, 342-345, 354, 362, 365, 396, 398
special education, 157, 343, 349-351, 358, 372, 375-378 (passim), 536, 540
standardized evaluation designs, 15, 70, 362, 399, 409
standardized tests, 84(n.3), 144, 153, 160, 318, 342, 343, 348, 349, 351, 379, 408
urban low-income areas, 278, 328, 334-335, 336
see also Longitudinal studies
Even Start Family Literacy Program, 263
Executive function, 14, 95, 115-121, 149
F
Family and Medical Leave Act, 8, 302-303, 358, 392
Family factors, 24, 52, 177-178, 219, 220, 221, 267-296, 384, 394
cognitive development, 156-157, 247, 283
community-related, 269, 330, 332, 336
disabled children, 346, 352, 353, 363-364
friends and peers, support by, 269
interventions, 11, 339, 341, 393
interventions, evaluation of, 345, 346, 352-355, 356, 363, 366-368, 379, 543
literacy, 345
middle childhood years, 536
self-regulation, 96
seriously troubled families, 2, 8, 10, 355, 384
violence, 7, 8, 55, 353, 355, 365, 370, 390, 393, 543
see also Child abuse and neglect
shared and nonshared environments, 47-50
urban low-income areas, 330, 332, 336
see also Child abuse and neglect;
Demographic factors;
Home services;
Marital relationship;
Parents;
Relatives, not in nuclear family;
Siblings;
Single parents;
Socioeconomic status
Fathers, 52, 228-229, 233, 234, 264, 269, 272, 273, 284, 285, 287, 301, 303, 305
see also Parents
devolution to state and local governments, 36
federal-state-local task force on public investment, 10, 299-300, 396
taxation, 10, 340, 359, 396, 414, 538
see also Funding;
Legislation;
specific departments and agencies
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 200-203, 537
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment, 537
Food and nutrition, see Nutrition
Foreign countries, 59, 61-62, 363
adoption, 250
crying, 100-101
deaf children, 131
immigrants, 14, 63, 64, 65, 68, 229, 248, 281-282, 369, 401, 535, 537
nonparental child care, 303
orphanages in Romania, 257, 259, 260
self-regulation, cultural practices, 95-96, 100, 123
separation from parents, 232
socioeconomic status, 276, 277, 278
Foreign languages, 158
cultural competence, 11-12, 20, 66-67, 346-347, 353, 367, 369-370, 380, 398, 400, 408-409
learning of, 127, 128-129, 130, 134-136
second-language students, 538
Foster care, see Adoption and foster care; Institutional care; Orphans and orphanages
Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, 285
Friends and peers, 5, 14, 92, 163-181, 388, 406
animal studies, 51-52
behavioral inhibition, 103, 171-172
caregiver attachment and relations with, 235, 236
cognitive development, 157, 158, 168, 174, 175, 179-180, 349
community factors, 269, 330, 331
cultural factors, 25, 64-65, 69, 171, 179
disabled children, interactions with, 174-175, 177-178
education, formal, 163, 164-165, 169, 177
preschool, 164, 170, 174, 175, 177
family support by, 269
Hispanics, 179
infants, 166, 167, 169, 170, 349
interaction ratings, 70
interventions, 165, 175, 179-180, 181
IQ scores and, 174
language factors, 168
middle childhood years, 536
nonparental child care, 303, 313
parental factors, 169-171, 177-178, 179, 236, 239-243, 247
rejection by, 5, 164, 165, 167-168, 170-171, 174, 176-177, 180-181
temperament and, 165, 171-173, 175
urban low-income areas, 330, 331
violent interactions with, 168, 170, 171, 173, 176-178, 179, 180
see also Siblings
From Generation to Generation: The Health and Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families, 537
Funding, 8, 10, 11, 337, 361-362, 380, 393, 409, 414-415
Child Care and Development Fund, 299
federal-state-local task force on public investment, 10, 299-300, 396
Head Start, 299
historical perspectives, 34-35
program evaluation and, 70-71, 75-76, 77
see also Costs and cost-effectiveness
G
Gender factors
brain development, 195
friends, relationships with, 158, 172-173
nonparental care, 301
see also Fathers;
Mothers
Genetic factors, 13-14, 41-56, 386, 405-406
adoption research, 41-44, 45-48, 250, 286
animal studies, 51-52
behavioral, 41-50, 55, 56, 219, 222, 227, 250, 284, 286-289, 388
brain development, 53-54, 182-183
cognitive development, 148
heritability estimates, 41, 42, 44-47, 50
interventions, 44, 46-47, 56, 142, 219, 341, 389
IQ scores, 45-46, language learning, 129, 138, 141-142
molecular, 13, 20, 39-40, 50-52, 55, 56, 405
nature and nurture issues, 1, 3, 4, 6-7, 19-20, 22-25, 37, 39-56, 388-389, 404-405
plasticity, 31
psychological factors, 41-51, 52, 55, 56, 405
race/ethnicity, 44
shared and nonshared environments, 47-50
socioeconomic status, 44, 45-46, 55, 222, 286
twin studies, 41-42, 44, 47-48, 132, 138
Government role, see Federal government; Local government; Political factors; State government
Grandparents, 234, 249, 264, 300, 305-306
Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, 537-538
H
Handbook of Child Psychology, 57
Handicapped Children's Early Education Program, 35
cultural competence, 11-12, 67
disabled children, 325
emergency medical services, 537
historical perspectives, 34, 35
Health insurance, 278, 280, 302, 400, 414, 535
Medicaid, 400
State Children's Health Insurance Program, 35, 400
Hearing, see Auditory perception
Hippocampus, 188, 191, 202, 206, 549
friends and peers, 179
nonparental child care, 303, 306
socioeconomic status, 269, 272, 281-282, 283
urban low-income areas, 329, 331
Historical perspectives, 34-37
cultural factors, research, 57-58, 337
disabled children, 323
genetics, nature vs nurture, 23, 40, 45
nonparental child care, 298
parenting, 226-227, 228, 264, 269-270
socioeconomic status, 267, 269-270, 275, 276, 290, 295
study at hand, methodology, 33-34
see also Legislation
HIV, see AIDS
Home environment, see Family factors
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), 247, 279, 293, 355
Home services, 11, 34, 81, 97, 211, 222, 262-263, 301, 316, 353-354, 355, 361, 363, 364, 379, 399
maternal depression, 254
Housing
How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School, 538
Hyperactivity, see “disorders” under Attention
I
Immigrants, 14, 63, 64, 65, 68, 229, 248, 281-282, 369, 401, 535, 537
Improving Schooling for Language-Minority Children: A Research Agenda, 538
Improving Student Learning: A Strategic Plan for Education Research and Its Utilization, 538
Income, see Socioeconomic status
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 12, 35, 346, 358, 372-373, 402
Infant Health and Development Program, 210, 211, 332, 351, 361, 365, 367
Infants, 5, 6, 7, 8, 23, 30, 89, 90, 384, 405
adoption, 364
brain development, 20, 71-72, 184, 187, 188, 189, 214-215
breast-feeding, 95, 99, 193, 204, 246, 539
cognitive development, 146, 147-149, 151, 153, 245
communications skills, 124, 127, 185
disabilities due to prematurity, 209
Early Head Start program, 35
emotions, general, 106, 107, 109-110
executive function, 116-117
fetal alcohol syndrome, 200-203
interventions, 97, 210, 211, 332, 351, 361
language learning, 127, 185, 211
lead poisoning, 529
learning capacity, 23, 27, 412
maternal depression, 252-253
mothers, relationship to, 97, 233, 234-235, 237, 300, 301, 307-310, 365
mothers, working, 270
nonparental child care, 298, 300, 303, 304, 306, 311, 316, 384
nutrition, 203, 204-206, 257, 259, 260, 406, 540, 543-544;
see also “breast-feeding” supra
parent-infant attachment, 97, 225, 226, 229-238, 349, 392
parents' reaction to crying, 100-101
relationships, 27-28, 166, 173
self-regulation, 94, 95-103, 106, 107, 109-110, 116-117, 122, 241-242
sudden infant death syndrome, 99
vocabulary development, 211
see also Birthweight;
Premature infants;
Prenatal period
Infectious diseases, 199-200, 216, 356, 391-392
cognitive development, 146, 157
crying, 101
infants, 2, 34, 101, 257, 259, 260
orphanages, 225, 231, 250, 257-260;
see also Adoption
see also Education of children, formal;
Nonparental child care
Intelligence, 30, 155, 160-161, 162, 174, 286
abused children, 255
fetal alcohol syndrome, 201
interventions, evaluation of, 343, 344, 347-348, 350, 351, 361, 372, 375, 376, 378, 379, 385, 408
language development and, 137-138
nonparental child care, 310
orphanage care and, 258
parental input, 247
socioeconomic status, 45-46, 286-287, 288, 344
twin and adoption studies, 44
see also IQ scores
International perspectives, see Foreign countries
Interventions, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 32, 70-71, 219, 266, 299, 300, 337-380, 383, 397-398
access barriers, 66, 254, 367-368, 400, 535;
see also “cultural competence” infra
alcohol abuse, 203
attention disorders, 349
birthweight, 211, 340, 349, 351, 361, 364, 540-541
brain development, 183, 196-198, 211, 217, 219
child abuse, 12-13, 34-35, 233, 262-263, 397
cognitive development, 27, 124, 125, 150, 151, 155-159, 161, 341, 399
community factors, 36, 262, 278, 328, 332, 334-335, 336, 339, 340, 355-358, 363, 366-367, 410-411
cost of, 10-11, 77, 145, 336, 343, 367, 372, 373-378, 380, 398, 409
crime prevention, 312-312, 340, 393
cultural competence or providers, 11-12, 20, 66-67, 346-347, 353, 367, 369-370, 380, 398, 400, 408-409
definition of parenting, 226
disabled children, 29, 35, 142-145, 162, 175, 300, 325, 338, 343, 346, 365-367, 370, 396, 401
emotional factors, 11, 211, 341, 398-399
employment training, 264, 340, 344
family factors, 11, 339, 341, 393
fragmentation of infrastructure, 9, 11, 372-373, 394-395
friends and peers, 165, 175, 179-180, 181
genetic research and, 44, 46-47, 56, 142, 219, 341, 389
individualized, 32, 44, 67, 119, 120, 211, 261-262, 346, 360-361, 364
infants, 97, 210, 211, 332, 351, 361
infectious diseases, 200
language skills, 11-12, 124, 125, 130, 139-140, 142-145, 151, 263, 341, 349, 399
maternal depression, 254
motivational factors, 32
parent education, 261, 263, 344, 345, 361, 378, 407
parenting, other, 211, 226, 233, 260-264, 265-266, 280, 295-296, 340, 349, 351, 353-354, 359-360, 363-364, 392-393, 407-408
peers and friends, relations with, 165, 175, 179-180, 181
postintervention followup, 84, 105-106, 143, 153, 171, 197, 205, 210, 220, 233, 285, 314, 343, 350, 351, 352, 355, 363, 367, 371-372, 375-376, 378-380
premature infants, 211-212
prenatal, 34, 339, 353, 355, 364, 393, 399-400
reading, 345-346, 351, 541, 542
relationships, general, 28, 32, 346, 348-349, 388, 392-393
self-regulation, 348-349, 386, 387-389
social factors, general, 11, 341, 398-399
socioeconomic status, 34, 35, 261, 262, 344, 410-411
state and local government roles, 12-13, 35, 36, 299, 402, 414
theoretical issues, 36, 338-342;
see also Ecological models
toxins, environmental, 356, 393
urban low-income areas, 36, 262, 278, 328, 332, 334-335, 336, 339, 340, 355-358, 363, 366-367, 410-411
see also Drug treatment;
Education of children, formal;
Evaluation of programs;
Health care;
Home services;
Institutional care;
Preschool programs;
Professional education
IQ scores, 30, 84(n.3), 137, 138, 155, 156, 160-161, 247, 255, 258
adoption and, 45-46
friends and peers, 174
genetics, 45-46, intervention evaluations, 343, 344, 347-348, 350, 351, 361, 372, 375, 376, 378, 379-380, 385, 408
socioeconomic status, 45-46, 286-287, 288, 344
Iron-deficiency anemia, 199, 204-206, 406
K
KidsCount, 206
L
Language factors, 5, 8, 28, 68, 90, 92, 117, 124-145, 161-162, 394, 408, 538
animal studies, 129
blind persons, 132
brain development, 70-71, 132-133, 135-136, 152, 183, 185, 187, 196, 198
cognitive development and impairments, 133, 134, 151, 338
cultural competence, 12, 20, 66-67, 346, 401
cultural, language learning, 127, 128, 138
education, formal, 138, 145, 149
friends and peers, 168
impairments, 129, 130-133, 134, 140-145, 151, 162, 174, 196, 338, 343, 346, 348, 354, 356-357
intelligence and learning, 137-138
interventions, 11-12, 124, 125, 130, 139-140, 142-145, 151, 263, 341, 349, 399
learning, 12, 127, 128-129, 130, 134-136, 138, 141-142, 144, 145, 146, 150, 185
longitudinal studies, 138-139, 184-185
nonparental child care, 310-312, 313-314
orphanage care, impact on, 258, 259
parents, general, 132, 137, 138, 140, 144, 244, 246-247, 294
socioeconomic status, 125, 130, 137, 138, 139, 142, 310, 311
timing of learning, 134-136, 144, 145, 150
see also Foreign countries;
Literacy;
Reading;
Vocabulary development
Lead poisoning, 199, 333-334, 406, 539
Learning from Experience: Evaluating Early Childhood Demonstration Programs, 539
Learning, general, 4, 5, 124-162, 349, 354, 386
brain development, 186, 196-197, 207, 216, 538
foreign languages, 127, 128-129, 130, 134-136
infants, capacity, 23, 27, 127, 185, 412
language, 12, 127, 128-129, 130, 134-136, 138, 141-142, 144, 145, 146, 150, 185
parental role, 244-247
persistence, 5, 124-125, 152, 153, 388
socioeconomic status and home learning, 293-295
see also Cognitive development;
Curiosity;
Educational attainment;
Education of children, formal;
Intelligence
Legislation, 358-359
Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 35, 346, 358
Family and Medical Leave Act, 8, 302, 358, 392
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 12, 35, 346, 358, 372-373, 402
Military Child Care Act, 319
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 35, 285, 298-299, 358
Sheppard-Towner Act, 34
Social Security Act, 34-35, 400
Literacy, 5, 83, 126, 145, 151, 246-247, 263, 299, 387, 400
family factors, 345
interventions, evaluation of, 345-346
parental educational attainment and, 282
second-language students, 538
see also Reading;
Vocabulary development
Local areas, see Community factors
Local government, 12-13, 36, 402, 414
federal devolution trends, 36
federal-state-local task force on public investment, 10, 299-300, 396
maternal interventions, 262
welfare reform studies, 278-279
Longitudinal studies, 77-78, 82, 84, 127, 138-139, 406
brain damaged children, 184-185
cognitive development, 153
language development, 138-139, 184-185
postintervention followup, 84, 105-106, 143, 153, 171, 197, 205, 210, 220, 233, 285, 314, 343, 350, 351, 352, 355, 363, 367, 371-372, 375-376, 378-380
parenting, 220, 236, 250-251, 294
socioeconomic status, 268, 271, 279, 286-288, 343
M
MacArthur Foundation Research Network, 340
Magnetic resonance imaging, 184, 551-552
Manual of Child Psychology, 57
Marijuana, 291
Marital relationship, 227, 262
divorce and marital conflict, 78-79, 108-109, 234, 253, 254, 283-284
unmarried mothers, 283, 284, 285
urban low-income areas, 329
see also Single parents
Mass media, 36
brain development coverage, 20, 92
television, 221
time spent exposed to, 221
Mathematics, see Numeracy
Mead, Margaret, 57
Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations, 539
Medicaid, 400
Medical care, see Health care
Memory, 29, 54, 82, 83, 146, 150, 236, 408, 412
brain development, 184, 187, 191, 192, 196, 197, 201, 205, 206, 209, 213, 549-550, 551
disorders, 196
friends and peers, 160, 161, 175
parental attachment and, 236
self-regulation, 116, 117, 120
Mental health, see Alcohol abuse; Child abuse and neglect; Emotional factors; Psychological factors; Substance abuse
Meta-analysis, 81-82
Military Child Care Act, 319
Military personnel, children of, 8, 318, 319, 321, 393
Mind in Society, 58
Minorities, see Race/ethnicity
Mobility, urban low-income families, 331, 334
Moral development, 5, 28, 37, 90
citizenship responsibilities, 352
cultural factors, 60
see also Conscience;
Ethical issues
Mothers, 237, 261-263, 264, 278
alcohol abuse, 197, 198, 200-203, 251
behavioral inhibition and, 103, 172
brain development of infant, stress, 214-215
breast-feeding, 95, 99, 193, 204, 246, 539
cognitive factors, 286
depression, 250, 251-254, 309, 310, 332, 355, 370, 390
educational attainment, 2, 97, 281, 282, 289, 290, 294, 311, 354, 361
employment, 2, 8, 11, 68-69, 228, 269, 270, 271, 272-273, 280, 289, 296, 297, 300, 303, 305, 306, 322-323, 324, 344, 399
fathers taking on role of, 228, 229
friends and peers of children, 169, 170, 172
grandmothers, 234
home learning environment, 294
infants of working mothers, 270
infants relationship to, 97, 233, 234-235, 237, 300, 301, 307-310, 365
language development, 137, 138
local government interventions, 262
nonparental care and, 300, 301, 307-310
premature infants, relationship to, 97
self-regulation, 52, 96, 97, 251, 252-253, 292-293
single parents, 228, 283, 284, 285, 289, 394
teenage, 8, 226-227, 274, 355, 542
urban low-income areas, 332, 333
see also Parents;
Prenatal period
Motivational factors, 149, 356, 386, 538
cognitive development, 27, 148, 152-154, 157-160
interventions, 32
parental attachment, 230
self-regulation and, 93-94
see also Curiosity;
Depression;
Temperament
Motor skills, 26, 82, 152, 189, 197, 203, 204, 205, 216, 217, 338, 348, 363, 404
cognitive assimilation/mastery motivation, 27, 153
N
National Association for the Education of Young Children, 319
National Household Education Survey, 297-298
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 300-305, 311-312, 320, 321
National Institutes of Health, 15, 179, 410
Neglect, see Child abuse and neglect
Neighborhoods, see Community factors
Neurochemical processes, 14, 25, 102, 182, 186, 191-193, 194, 212, 214, 404
drug treatment, 122-123, 191-192, 216
see also Endocrine system;
Toxins
Neurological development, 7, 13-14, 120-121, 152, 185, 340, 388, 391-392, 404-405, 406
central nervous system, 7, 26, 198, 202, 391, 404, 412;
see also Brain development
sleep, 99
see also Motor skills;
Plasticity;
Toxins
Nonparental child care, 8, 73, 220, 221-222, 234-236, 297-327, 328, 390-391
adolescents, 312-313
African-Americans, 306
attitudes toward, 318
cognitive development, 301, 310-312, 313-314
community settings, 300, 313, 316, 317-320
Department of Defense, 8, 318, 319
disabled children, 323-325
emotional factors, 234-236, 310, 312-314, 315, 320
employment of parents and, 8, 220, 221, 297, 302-303, 390-391
employment situation of, 316-317, 319, 393, 398
foreign countries, 303
gender factors, 301;
see “mothers” infra
interventions, evaluation of, 278, 300-305, 311-312, 314-323, 325
historical perspectives, 298
infants, 298, 300, 303, 304, 306, 311, 316, 384
language factors, 310-312, 313-314
mothers and, 300, 301, 307-310
parental decisions on, 300-307, 314, 319, 321, 323, 325-326
political factors, 299-300, 314, 317-320
racial and ethnic variations, 303, 306
relatives, not in nuclear family, 301, 303, 315, 325
grandparents, 234, 249, 264, 300, 305-306
siblings as caregivers, 303
single-parent families, 299, 305, 307
social factors, general, 310, 312-314
socioeconomic status, 301, 303, 309, 310, 311, 322-323, 326
nonparental child care providers, situation of, 316-317, 319, 393-398
standards of care, 35, 317-318, 319, 320, 321, 322-323, 367, 372, 378, 394, 395, 414
structural features, 315-317
temperament of child, 301
time factors, 301-302, 326-327, 384, 394
welfare recipients, 303
see also Education of children, formal;
Home services;
Interventions;
Orphans and orphanages;
Professional education
Nonrandom statistical studies, see Quasi-experimental studies
Numeracy, 5, 82, 149, 151, 162, 246-247, 351, 387
Nutrition, 26, 45, 62, 73, 74, 185, 198, 203-206, 207, 353, 378, 406, 541
brain development, 7, 34, 185, 198, 203-206, 208, 216, 217, 391, 392
breast-feeding, 95, 99, 193, 204, 246, 539
cognitive development, 204-205
infants, other than breast-feeding, 203, 204-206, 257, 259, 260, 406, 540, 543-544
iron-deficiency anemia, 199, 204-206, 406
maternal depression, 252
orphanage care, impact on, 259
pesticides in food, 540
prenatal, 73, 203-204, 208, 209, 210, 406, 539, 540
self-regulation, 95
Women, Infants, and Children program, 406, 543-544
Nutrition During Lactation, 539
Nutrition During Pregnancy: Part I: Weight Gain; Part II: Nutrient Supplements, 539
Nutrition Services in Perinatal Care, 540
O
Orphans and orphanages, 225, 231, 250, 257-260
see also Adoption and foster care
P
Parent-Child Development Centers, 351, 367
Parent education, 75, 261, 263, 344, 345, 361, 371, 378, 407, 411
see also “maternal” and “parental, general” under Educational attainment
Parents, 7, 8, 11, 24, 30, 52, 74-75, 207, 219-220, 225-266, 389, 412
affective disorders, parents with, 109
alcohol abuse, 197, 198, 200-203, 251, 291
attachment security, 73, 229-238, 239, 264-265, 308
attention regulation development, 119
attitudes toward children rejected by peers, 170-171
child's influence on parenting, 227
cognitive development and, 74, 157, 244-247, 273, 286, 294
community factors, 262, 330, 331, 336
conflict management by, 239-241
crying by infants, reaction to, 100-101
cultural factors, 25, 59, 60-61, 96, 108, 232, 239, 246, 247-250, 263-264, 354, 401
curiosity of child, 230-231, 233
deaf, 132
definition of parenting, 226
of disabled children, 234, 323-324, 325
disciplining of child, 25, 52, 62, 171, 243, 244, 292, 293, 354, 370
divorce and marital conflict, 78-79, 108-109, 234, 253, 254, 283-284
educational attainment, 74, 221, 267-268, 281-282, 286, 296-297, 353
maternal, 2, 97, 281, 282, 289, 290, 294, 311, 354, 361
emotional problems of parents, 234, 250, 251-254, 274, 289-292, 389-390
emotions, general, 97, 107-109, 110, 113-114, 225, 226, 229-238, 236, 251-254
employment;
see “parental occupational status” and “parents” under Employment
friends and peers of children, 169-171, 177-178, 179, 236, 239-243, 247
grandparents, 234, 249, 264, 300, 305-306
historical perspectives, 226-227, 228, 264, 269-270
interventions, evaluation of, 257-260, 262-264, 407-408
interventions, other, 211, 226, 233, 260-264, 265-266, 280, 295-296, 340, 349, 351, 353-354, 359-360, 363-364, 392-393, 407-408
interventions, parent education, 261, 263, 344, 345, 361, 378, 407
language development, 132, 137, 138, 140, 144, 244, 246-247, 294
learning, general parental role, 244-247
literacy, 282
longitudinal studies, 220, 236, 250-251, 294
memory and parental attachment, 236
mentally ill, general, 260, 338, 355, 357, 390, 393, 395, 413
motivation and parental attachment, 230
peer relations of children, 163, 239-244
premature infants, relationship to, 97, 234
problem-solving behavior, 238-239
racial and ethnic factors, 229, 232, 263-264, 283
self-regulation in children, 96, 97, 98-99, 100-101, 107-109, 110, 113-114, 119, 227, 230, 233, 239-244, 262, 273
shared and nonshared environments, 47-50
sleeping practices, 61, 96, 97, 98-99
social aspects of attachment, 227, 236, 237, 238, 243
substance abuse, 93, 124-125, 199, 253, 274, 291, 296, 356, 390, 392, 393, 398
temperament of, 233
time spent with children, 8, 220, 269, 271, 284, 296
urban low-income areas, 330, 331, 336
vocabulary development, 246
see also Adoption and foster care;
Child abuse and neglect;
Family factors;
Fathers;
Marital relationship;
Mothers;
Nonparental child care;
Single parents;
Socioeconomic status
Peers, see Friends and peers
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 35, 285, 298-299, 358
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, 540
Pharmaceuticals, see Drug treatment
Piaget, Jean, 58
Placing Children in Special Education: A Strategy for Equity, 540
Plasticity, 24, 31-32, 191, 192, 194, 195, 198, 397
Play, 90, 165-169, 230-231, 237, 242
Political factors, 3, 15, 22, 34-37, 247, 337, 339, 385, 396, 401
citizenship responsibilities, 352
evaluation of interventions, 12, 77, 358-359
nonparental care providers, 299-300, 314, 317-320
see also Legislation
Positron emission tomography, 184, 185, 550-551, 552
Poverty, see Socioeconomic status; Welfare reform
Pregnancy, see Prenatal period; Teen pregnancy
Premature infants, 34, 91, 97, 196, 206-212, 234, 353, 405
brain development, 34, 196, 206-212
intelligence of child, 208, 211
interventions, 34, 339, 353, 355, 364, 393, 399-400
parents, relationship to infant, 97, 234
socioeconomic status, 208, 210
vocabulary development by, 211
Prenatal Care: Reaching Mothers, Reaching Infants, 540
Prenatal/Early Infancy Project, 363
Prenatal period, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 41-42, 71-72, 74, 91, 226, 405, 406, 540
adoption research, 41-42
AIDS, 541
alcohol abuse, 197, 198, 200-203
brain development, 71-72, 185, 186, 188, 195, 199, 216, 412
infectious disease, 199
interventions, 34, 203, 339, 355, 364, 393, 399-400
Medicaid eligibility, 400
nutrition, 73, 203-204, 208, 209, 210, 406, 539, 540
substance abuse, 73
teen pregnancy, 542
toxin exposure, 146
see also Premature infants
Preschool programs, 146, 157, 158, 159, 300, 303, 304, 306, 339, 351, 536
evaluation of, 339, 351, 362, 388, 539
friends and peers, 164, 170, 174, 175, 177
Head Start program, 35, 179, 299-300, 362, 378, 401
school readiness, 6, 36, 145, 149, 219, 263, 314, 349, 386, 388
socioeconomic status and, 69, 278, 294, 297
President's Council of Economic Advisers, 10, 396
Preventing Low Birthweight, 540-541
Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children, 541
Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies: Tools for Policymakers and Public Health Workers, 541
Problem solving, 92, 94, 115-116, 134, 147, 150, 349
orphanage care, impact on, 258
parental, 238-239
Professional education, 5, 6, 12, 13, 21, 33, 38, 315-316, 317, 318, 319, 325, 339, 341, 365-366, 387, 396, 398, 402-403, 409, 536, 540
cultural competence, 11-12, 20, 66-67, 346-347, 353, 367, 369-370, 380, 398, 400, 408-409
Project CARE, 355
Psychological factors, 6, 29-30, 36, 44, 292, 338, 340, 353, 387, 388, 405, 406
animal studies on stress, 237
antisocial behavior, 14, 34, 42, 51, 52, 59-60, 176-180, 345, 404
anxiety disorders, 29, 102, 109, 122, 165, 205, 214, 251, 255, 353, 355, 387, 405-406
brain development, 184, 212-215, 217
early precursors of psychopathology, 15
genetic, 41-51, 52, 55, 56, 405
maternal mental illness, 250, 251-254, 291, 310, 332, 355, 370, 390
parental mental illness, general, 260, 338, 355, 357, 390, 393, 395, 413
self-regulatory impairments, 5, 29, 42, 51, 94, 119-120, 175, 387
urban low-income areas, 332
see also Alcohol abuse;
Attitudes;
Child abuse and neglect;
Cultural factors;
Depression;
Emotional factors;
Motivational factors;
Substance abuse;
Temperament
Public education, 411-414
see also Education of children, formal;
Mass media
Q
Quasi-experimental studies, 74, 75, 77-78, 81, 84, 334-335, 363, 368, 409, 547
R
Race/ethnicity, 9, 11-12, 14, 23, 58, 179, 384
child abuse, 357
community factors, 329, 332, 333
cultural diversity, 2, 11-12, 15, 26, 29, 36, 57, 62-65, 332, 346-347, 384, 400, 408
cultural factors, general, 25, 36, 58, 249
educational attainment, 281-282
ethnicity defined, 63-64
fathers, 229
genetic research, 44
immigrants, 14, 63, 64, 65, 68, 229, 248, 281-282, 369, 401, 535, 537
nonparental child care, 303, 306
parenting practices, 229, 232, 263-264, 283
poverty and, 25, 276, 329, 332, 333, 354, 357
racism and discrimination, 25, 58, 63, 64, 65, 249, 341, 356, 358
single-parent families, 283
socioeconomic status, 25, 276, 329, 332, 333, 354, 357
special education placement, 540
urban low-income areas, 329, 331, 332, 333
see also African-Americans;
Asians;
Foreign countries;
Hispanics;
Language factors
Reading, 49, 83, 90, 116, 126, 137-138, 151, 162, 244, 246-247, 262, 292-293, 294, 313
interventions, 345-346, 351, 541, 542
see also Literacy;
Vocabulary development
Reducing the Odds: Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States, 541
Regulatory factors, children, see Self-regulation
Relationships, general, 1-2, 3, 4, 7, 27-28, 385, 388-392
antisocial behavior, 14, 34, 42, 51, 52, 59-60, 176-180, 345, 404
brain development, 71-72
cooperation, 239-243
cultural factors, 59-60
interaction ratings, 70
interventions, 28, 32, 346, 348-349, 388, 392-393
see also Family factors;
Friends and peers;
Parents
Relatives, not in nuclear family, 234, 268-269, 301, 303, 305-306, 315, 325
grandparents, 234, 249, 264, 300, 305-306
Rubella, 199-200
S
Scaffolding, 245-246
School readiness, 6, 36, 145, 149, 219, 263, 314, 349, 386, 388
Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment, 542
Seizures, 196
Self-regulation, 3, 5, 14, 15, 26-27, 37, 42, 92, 93-123, 161, 175, 292, 408
adolescents, 94, 104, 115, 116, 118
adoption and twin studies, 42
brain development, 26, 71-72, 99, 183, 198, 211, 213, 404
child abuse, 109
conscience, 118, 236-237, 241-244
crying, 26, 96, 100-103, 107, 248, 292, 355, 389
cultural factors, 25, 26-27, 60, 95-96, 99, 100, 105, 123
disciplining of child, 25, 52, 62, 171, 243, 244, 292, 293, 354, 370, 395
emotional factors, 26, 92, 93-94, 104-115, 118, 121, 183, 198
executive function, 14, 95, 115-121, 149
family factors, 96
impairments, 5, 29, 42, 51, 94, 119-120, 175, 387
infants, 94, 95-103, 106, 107, 109-110, 116-117, 122, 241-242
interventions, 348-349, 386, 387-389
learning, 5
maternal role, 52, 96, 97, 251, 252-253, 292-293
motivation, 93-94
nutrition, 95
orphanage care, impact on, 258
parental employment, 273
parenting and, 96, 97, 98-99, 100-101, 107-109, 110, 113-114, 119, 227, 230, 233, 239-244, 262, 273
relationships, general, 93-94, 122
temperament, 103, 106, 109, 114, 115, 122, 233
violence and, 104
see also Attention
Self-worth, 163, 230, 236, 253, 264, 265, 289, 291, 375
Sensory-motor skills, see Motor skills
Sensory perception, see Auditory perception; Visual perception
Sexual abuse, 256-257
Sheppard-Towner Act, 34
Siblings, 166, 238, 239-240, 288, 349
conscience, 244
nonparental child care, 303
shared environments, 47-50
twin studies, 41-42, 44, 47-48, 132, 138
Single parents, 283-284, 285, 288, 290-291, 394, 544
African-Americans, 283, 290-291
cognitive factors, 283
educational attainment, 283, 289
emotional factors, 283
female, 228, 283, 284, 285, 289, 394
nonparental child care, 299, 305, 307
social factors, general, 283, 284
socioeconomic status, 283, 284, 288, 290-291
unmarried mothers, 283, 284, 285
Sleep, 355
cultural factors, 60-61, 95-96, 242, 251, 253
socioeconomic status, 61
sudden infant death syndrome, 99
urban areas, 61
Smoking, 8, 73, 262, 393, 537-538
Social factors, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, 24, 28, 36-37, 383, 385, 386, 387-388, 390
abused children, 255
antisocial behavior, 14, 34, 42, 51, 52, 59-60, 176-180
brain development and, 37, 71-72, 183, 198, 211, 212-215, 216
community factors, 330, 331, 332-333, 358
emotional regulation, 107, 109-110, 112, 113, 183, 198, 211, 405
see also “antisocial behavior” supra
intervention programs, 11, 341, 398-399
interventions, evaluation of, 343, 348, 349
maternal depression, 252-253, 332
nonparental child care, 310, 312-314
orphanage care, impact on, 258, 259
parental attachment, 227, 236, 237, 238, 243
single-parent families, 283, 284
urban low-income areas, 330, 331, 332-333
see also Community factors;
Cultural factors;
Demographic factors;
Family factors;
Friends and peers;
Political factors;
Relationships, general
Social Security Act, 34-35, 400
Socioeconomic status, 2, 5, 9, 10, 14, 23, 25, 36, 37, 220-222(passim), 234, 267-268, 269-296, 383-384, 390, 393-396, 407
adolescents, 277-278, 279, 290-291, 328, 329-330, 332, 335, 336
adoption, 260
brain development and, 208, 210, 400
cognitive development, 125, 159-160, 247, 354
community factors, 329-336, 357, 395
depression, 251, 253, 254, 289, 332
developmental disabilities, 354
disabilities and, 354
educational attainment, 9, 290
education of children, formal, 11, 277-278, 288, 344
emotional regulation, 106, 251, 292-293
father's, 228
foreign countries, 276, 277, 278
genetics and, 44, 45-46, 55, 222, 286
high school dropouts, 124-125, 334
Hispanics, 269, 272, 281-282, 283
historical perspectives, 267, 269-270, 275, 276, 290, 295
home learning, 293-295
intelligence, other than IQ, 45-46, 286-287, 288, 344
interventions, 34, 35, 261, 262, 344, 410-411
interventions, evaluation, 11, 14, 74, 342-345, 354, 362, 365, 396, 398
language development, 125, 130, 137, 138, 139, 142, 310, 311
longitudinal studies, 268, 271, 279, 286-288, 343
maternal depression, 251, 253, 254, 332
maternal, other, 233, 268, 294
nonparental child care, 301, 303, 309, 310, 311, 322-323, 326
nonparental child care providers, situation of, 316-317, 319, 393-398
parental beliefs, 292-293
parenting interventions, 261, 262
preschool program participants, 69, 278, 294, 297
racial and ethnic factors, 25, 276, 329, 332, 333, 354, 357
single-parent families, 283, 284, 288, 290-291
sleeping practices, 61
urban low-income communities, 329-336, 357, 395
see also Educational attainment;
Employment;
Welfare;
Welfare reform
Special education, 157, 343, 349-351, 358, 372, 375-378 (passim), 536, 540
Special needs children, see Disabled children
Standardized tests, 84(n.3), 144, 153, 160, 318, 342, 343, 348, 349, 351, 379, 408
see also IQ scores
Standards
education reform, 35, 36, 390, 536
evaluation designs, 15, 70, 362, 399, 409
nonparental child care providers, 35, 317-318, 319, 320, 321, 322-323, 367, 372, 378, 394, 395, 414
Starting Out Right: A Guide to Promoting Children's Reading Success, 542
State government, 12-13, 35, 36, 299, 402, 414
federal devolution trends, 36
federal-state-local task force on public investment, 10, 299-300, 396
Substance abuse, 93, 124-125, 199, 253, 274, 291, 296, 356, 390, 392, 393, 398
child abuse and, 291
high school dropouts, 124-125
marijuana, 291
prenatal, 73
urban low-income areas, 334-335
Sudden infant death syndrome, 99
Synapses, 24, 183, 185-186, 187-191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 202, 550-551
T
Taxation, 10, 340, 359, 396, 414, 538
Technological innovations
brain, study of, 184-185, 205, 206, 252, 549-552
computer applications, 20
Teen pregnancy, 8, 226-227, 274, 355, 542
Television, time spent watching, 221
Temperament, 24, 244, 349, 353, 389, 406
adoption and twin studies, 42
behavioral inhibition, 102-103, 171-172
colic, 101-102
cultural factors, 59-60
friends and peers, relations with, 165, 171-173, 175
maternal discipline and, 52
neurochemistry, 193
nonparental care, 301
parental attachment and, 233
self-regulation, 103, 106, 109, 114, 115, 122, 233
see also Antisocial behavior;
Curiosity
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 285, 358, 396
Time factors
cognitive development, 150-152, 155
early experiences, timing of, 4, 31-32, 195, 216
employment, nonstandard hours of work, 9, 11, 296, 393, 399
home, time spent at, 220
interventions, 344, 360, 362-364
language learning, timing of, 134-136, 144, 145, 150
mass media, time exposed to, 221
nonparental child care, 301-302, 326-327, 384, 394
parental, spent with children, 8, 220, 269, 271, 284, 296
poverty, timing of, 279
see also Premature infants
Time-series studies, 84-86
Tobacco, see Smoking
Toxins, 7, 8, 14, 146, 184, 196, 198, 199, 216, 217, 392, 413
lead poisoning, 199, 333-334, 356, 406, 539
pesticides, 540
smoking, 8, 73, 262, 393, 537-538
urban low-income areas, 330, 333, 336
see also Alcohol abuse;
Substance abuse
Training, see Parent education;
Professional education
U
Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect, 543
Unemployment, 273, 279-280, 332
dropouts, 125
adolescents, 328, 329-330, 332, 335, 336
African-Americans, 329, 331, 344
crime, 330, 333, 335, 336, 340
depression, psychological, 332
diseases and disorders, 333, 335
educational attainment, 331-332
emotional factors, 330
interventions, 36, 262, 278, 328, 332, 334-335, 336, 339, 340, 355-358, 363, 366-367, 410-411
interventions, evaluation of, 278, 328, 334-335, 336
marital relations, 329
parents, general, 330, 331, 336
poor neighborhoods, 329-336
racial and ethnic factors, 329, 331, 332, 333
sleeping practices, 61
social factors, 330, 331, 332-333
socioeconomic status, 329-336, 357, 395
substance abuse, 334-335
toxins, environmental, 330, 333, 336
violence, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334-335, 336, 356, 390
unmarried parents, 285
U.S. Surgeon General, see Surgeon General
V
Vaccines, see Immunization
Violence and aggressiveness, 7, 36, 265, 274, 390
abused children, prone to, 255
community factors, 7, 36, 266, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334-335, 336, 356, 390
family, general, 7, 8, 55, 353, 355, 365, 370, 390, 393, 543
friend and peer interactions, 168, 170, 171, 173, 176-178, 179, 180
maternal depression and, 251
self-regulation, 104
unemployed fathers, 273
urban low-income areas, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334-335, 336, 356, 390
see also Antisocial behavior;
Child abuse and neglect;
Crime
Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs, 543
Visual perception, 53, 54, 83, 95, 118, 130, 147, 299
blind and visually impaired persons, 132, 184, 189-190, 199, 216, 392
brain development, 183, 184, 187, 189-190, 194, 195, 199, 216
Vocabulary development, 82, 83, 85, 125, 137-139, 140, 145, 161-162, 262, 351
emotional, 113-114
parental role, 246
premature infants, 211
W
Welfare, 8, 9, 10, 12-13, 267, 268, 278-280, 285, 289, 344, 395-396
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 35
cost-benefit analyses, 343
high school dropouts, 124-125
historical perspectives, 34-35
Medicaid eligibility, 400
nonparental child care, 303
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 285, 358, 396
Women, Infants, and Children program, 406, 543-544
working recipients, 11, 271-272, 278-280
Welfare reform, 8, 12-13, 266-268, 272, 273, 278-279, 280, 292, 295, 323-324, 390, 392, 394, 395, 402, 406-407, 411
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 35, 285, 298-299, 358
Who Cares for America's Children?
, 543WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment
, 543-544Women, Infants, and Children program, 406, 543-544
Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement, 351
Work and Family: Policies for a Changing Work Force
, 544
