An ad hoc committee will plan and convene a two-day public workshop that will explore current and emerging knowledge on the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings for the improvement of the nutritional quality of the food supply. The workshop agenda will feature expert presentations and discussion to: (1) understand how diet influences the human microbiome, as well as how the microbiome influences the response to diet and dietary components; (2) become acquainted with the acquisition of, and potential ways to modify, the human microbiome to reduce risk and prevent or treat disease; (3) explore the societal and policy implications of applying research findings to the food supply; and (4) identify opportunities for future research and food product and technology development on the interaction between the human microbiome and diet or dietary components and how this interaction influences health outcomes. An individually-authored summary of the workshop will subsequently be prepared by a designated rapporteur.