Workshop
At some point during 2009, more than 17 million households in the United States had difficulty providing enough food for all their members because of a lack of resources. In more than one-third of these households, the food intake of some household members was reduced and normal eating patterns were disrupted due to limited resources. The Workshop on Understanding the Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Obesity was held to explore the biological, economic, psychosocial, and other factors that may influence the relationship between food insecurity, overweight, and obesity in the United States.
Hunger and Obesity examines current concepts and research findings in the field. The report identifies information gaps, proposes alternative approaches to analyzing data, recommends new data that should be collected, and addresses the limitations of the available research.
250 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-18742-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-18743-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/13102
Institute of Medicine. 2011. Hunger and Obesity: Understanding a Food Insecurity Paradigm: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The number of incidents involving disruptive, threatening, or violent behavior in commercial airports has increased in recent years. However, much of the response to these incidents has been focused on addressing behavior in flight, leaving airport operators with limited guidelines tailored to the airport environment.
ACRP Research Report 280: Reducing and Managing Disruptive and Unruly Behavior in Airports: A Guide, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, presents a practical guide for reducing and responding to incidents of disruptive, threatening, or violent behavior in an airport setting. The guide examines the topic holistically and offers a structured approach to understanding root causes, prevention and mitigation strategies, coordinated response, and postincident analysis.
100 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99376-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99377-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29156
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Reducing and Managing Disruptive and Unruly Behavior in Airports: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
TRB Special Report 358: Peer Review of the Federal Aviation Administration’s Study of the Effects of Passenger Seat Width and Pitch on Airplane Evacuation Performance presents a peer review of a research project conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA's) Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) to assess whether airplane evacuation times can be affected by variations in passenger seating space, and particularly the dimensions of seat width and seat pitch. CAMI requested the review because of FAA’s interest in knowing whether the project’s results may be informative to pending decisions about whether to regulate the width and pitch of passenger seats. Of concern is that constrained seat space may interfere with cabin evacuations during an emergency, especially because the average body size (e.g., girth, weight) of Americans has been increasing. In this regard, the findings from the review suggest that CAMI’s research project does not provide the information needed for the proposed purpose. The project’s fundamental shortcoming is that it does not directly assess how seat width and pitch interact with passenger body size variables to affect evacuation performance, and especially for plausible scenarios in which the number and concentration of people with large body sizes on a flight may differ from the pattern for the flying public generally.
112 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73539-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73540-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29070
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Peer Review of the Federal Aviation Administration's Study of the Effects of Passenger Seat Width and Pitch on Airplane Evacuation Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The level of service (LOS) concept has been used for over 50 years by state departments of transportation (DOTs) in the U.S. for policy setting, planning, analysis, and communication efforts. Adoption of the LOS framework by individual state DOTs has generally been consistent with the Highway Capacity Manual, although usage and application may vary across different state DOTs.
NCHRP Synthesis 652: Traffic Capacity Level of Service: Adaptations and Usage, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, includes findings that may assist state DOTs in improving their LOS practices and policies.
104 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99336-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99337-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29143
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Traffic Capacity Level of Service: Adaptations and Usage. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
On October 9, 2024, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop, Leveraging the National Climate Assessment to Empower Communities, in Washington, DC. Through presentations and discussion, workshop participants explored possibilities and challenges for broadening the reach of the National Climate Assessment to increase community engagement and application of report findings. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
12 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99185-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29122
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Leveraging the National Climate Assessment to Empower Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The Safe System approach is a holistic approach that provides a framework for making the U.S. national transportation system safer. It is based on building and reinforcing multiple layers of protection to prevent crashes from happening and minimize the harm caused when crashes occur. This safety approach differs from conventional ones because it focuses on human vulnerability and creates a system with many redundancies to protect all transportation users.
NCHRP Research Report 1135: A Guide to Applying the Safe System Approach to Transportation Planning, Design, and Operations, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, presents information for applying the Safe System approach among state departments of transportation and other transportation agencies.
Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 413: Applying the Safe System Approach to Transportation Planning, Design, and Operations.
102 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99350-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99352-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29147
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. A Guide to Applying the Safe System Approach to Transportation Planning, Design, and Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The Safe System paradigm represents a pivot away from the “Responsibility” paradigm, which emerged in the 1980s in the United States. Whereas until recently, speed was considered safe—assuming drivers were responsible—and other road users were generally thought to be responsible for their own safety and the safety of others, the Safe System paradigm recognizes the fallibility of humans and places greater responsibility on system operators for keeping road users safe and protected.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 413: Applying the Safe System Approach to Transportation Planning, Design, and Operations, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1135: A Guide to Applying the Safe System Approach to Transportation Planning, Design, and Operations.
53 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99355-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29148
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Applying the Safe System Approach to Transportation Planning, Design, and Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Transportation planning agencies and officials face a rapidly evolving technical, policy, legislative, and procedural environment. Agency professionals often seek the guidance of peers and experts to help them effectively address these challenges. Challenges include managing the demand for new transportation technologies and services within the confinements of existing streets, navigating the effects of growing e-commerce on travel patterns, managing resilience and risks, and implementing transportation planning in compliance with federal and state laws and regulations.
NCHRP Research Report 1158: Developing Snapshots for Transportation Planning, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents the process of developing four Snapshots of Planning Practices, concise and visually appealing documents that report on current planning practices in use by transportation agencies in four practice areas: Complete Streets, Data Sharing for Performance Management, Collaboration on Local Freight Delivery, and Economic Analysis to Support Decision-Making.
Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 431: Snapshots of Planning Practices.
52 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99418-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99419-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29170
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Developing Snapshots for Transportation Planning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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For over 60 years, public health newborn screening programs have served families in the United States by identifying babies at risk of serious but treatable conditions and connecting them to clinical care. Today, more than 98% of infants receive dried blood spot screening, which entails collecting a few drops of blood during the first days of life, applying them to a paper card, and sending the card to a lab to be tested for markers of specific health conditions like congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell disease. The public health impacts of newborn screening are vast, with over 7,000 infants identified annually for timely interventions. Despite these achievements, challenges in implementing newborn screening programs persist.
In response to a congressional request, the Office on Women's Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services asked the National Academies to convene an ad hoc committee of subject matter experts to examine the current landscape of newborn screening in the United States, recommend options to strengthen this public health service, and establish a vision for the future. Supplementary funding was provided by the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative to enable additional public engagement. The resulting report provides actionable recommendations for navigating the path ahead while preserving and enhancing what is already considered a valuable and effective public health achievement.
278 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99216-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99217-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29102
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Newborn Screening in the United States: A Vision for Sustaining and Advancing Excellence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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NCHRP Web-Only Document 431: Snapshots of Planning Practices, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, presents a series of illustrated "snapshots" that serve as a resource for transportation-planning practice development and provide information for realistic practice implementation and program advancement.
The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1158: Developing Snapshots for Transportation Planning.
22 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99436-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29175
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Snapshots of Planning Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Contrails are visible lines in the sky behind aircraft that occur when warm jet engine exhaust meets the colder surrounding atmosphere, forming small ice crystals. Most contrails dissipate within about 10 minutes, but they can last for hours under certain conditions. Persistent contrails can contribute to atmospheric warming and are estimated to have a climate impact on par with carbon dioxide emissions from aviation.
In early 2024, NASA requested that the National Academies develop a national research agenda to better understand, quantify, and develop technical and operational solutions to reduce the global climate impact of aviation-induced cloudiness and persistent contrails. This report presents priorities for a national contrails research strategy and provides a vision for how this research could eventually support operational contrails mitigation. This research would support the global economic competitiveness of the U.S. civil aviation industry in the context of emerging international aviation regulations.
98 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73551-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73552-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29073
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Developing a Research Agenda on Contrails and Their Climate Impacts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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On transit systems across the United States, rising rates of drug use along with deteriorating safety conditions for customers and staff have become increasingly pressing and complex issues for transit agencies to solve. Many challenges surround agencies’ responses to drug use on transit, such as inconsistent data collection and the low uptake of support services.
TCRP Synthesis 179: The Impacts of and Response to Drug Use on Transit, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, documents and synthesizes the current practices of transit agencies in addressing the consumption and distribution of illegal drugs on their systems, as well as the resulting effects on customer and staff safety and security.
90 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99396-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99397-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29161
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Impacts of and Response to Drug Use on Transit. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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In recent years, Lidar technology has improved. Additionally, the experiences of state departments of transportation (DOTs) with Lidar have grown, and documentation of existing practices, business uses, and needs would now benefit state DOTs’ efforts.
NCHRP Synthesis 642: Practices for Collecting, Managing, and Using Light Detection and Ranging Data, from TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents state DOTs’ practices related to technical, administrative, policy, and other aspects of collecting, managing, and using Lidar data to support current and future practices.
210 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71799-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71800-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29042
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Practices for Collecting, Managing, and Using Light Detection and Ranging Data. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Visual field is the total area of space a person can see when the eyes are focused on a central point. Impairment of the visual field can have significant negative effects on well-being. Individuals with moderate to severe visual field loss may have difficulty performing routine tasks, such as reading, driving, and navigating environments, as well as engaging in social activities. More profound loss leads to greater disability and poorer quality of life. Nearly 8 million people in the U.S. indicate they have blindness or difficulty seeing even while wearing corrective lenses, and the prevalence of visual impairment among U.S. preschool-aged children may be as high as five percent.
Testing for visual field impairment involves a combination of hardware, stimuli, testing patterns, and algorithms. The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses the results of such testing to determine whether applicants for disability based on visual field loss qualify for benefits. In response to a request from SSA, the National Academies convened a committee of experts to review the research and science on methods for testing visual field impairment. The resulting report reviews current and emerging practices and known limitations in visual field testing and offers conclusions to inform disability evaluations.
160 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99252-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99253-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29124
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Visual Field Assessment and Disability Evaluation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
In response to the buildup of U.S. and Russian nuclear arsenals during the Cold War, a series of major scientific studies conducted in the 1980s issued warnings about the potential for a "nuclear winter" scenario - the possibility that a large-scale nuclear exchange could inject massive amounts of soot and particulates into the upper atmosphere that would block incoming solar radiation and cause major ecosystem and societal disruptions. In the decades since that concept emerged, profound military, political, and technological changes have reshaped the nuclear landscape, while scientific advances have deepened the understanding of, and ability to model, Earth system processes. It is in this context that the U.S. Congress asked for this report to re-examine the potential environmental, social, and economic effects that could unfold over the weeks to decades after a nuclear war.
The effects of any given nuclear exchange would depend on key processes and interactions along a causal pathway with six stages: weapon employment scenarios and effects; fire dynamics and emissions; plume rise, fate, and transport; physical Earth system impacts; ecosystem impacts; and socioeconomic impacts. Impacts of radioactive fallout were not included in the assessment. Potential Environmental Effects of Nuclear War identifies major uncertainties and data gaps at each stage of the causal pathway that currently limit researchers' ability to understand and model the effects of a nuclear war. This report recommends that relevant U.S. agencies coordinate the development of and support for a suite of model intercomparison projects to organize and assess models to reduce uncertainties in projections of the climatic and environment effects of nuclear war.
234 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71617-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99416-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27515
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Potential Environmental Effects of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Meeting the United States' growing demand for reliable, resilient, and affordable energy will require expanded electric transmission capacity across the nation. As grid planners identify paths to accomplishing this expansion, the co-location of transmission lines along highway and rail rights of way (ROWs) may be one option for siting future transmission infrastructure. While this approach can potentially offer benefits for feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and public acceptance, there are few successful examples of this approach to date and many policy, logistical, design, and construction challenges to consider.
To provide a forum for discussing opportunities for the use of transportation ROWs for electrical transmission, the challenges involved, and potential solutions to overcome barriers, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted the workshop on Reinventing the Right of Way: Policy, Technical, and Economic Implications of Siting Transmission Lines Along Transportation Corridors on April 7-9, 2025. The workshop convened stakeholders in the planning, operations, ownership, use, and regulation of transmission projects and transportation ROWs to establish a shared understanding of the issues and elicit constructive suggestions for action.
12 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99445-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29178
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Reinventing the Right of Way: Policy, Technical, and Economic Implications of Siting Transmission Lines Along Transportation Corridors: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Diagnostic errors are a significant patient safety concern, impacting millions of people across the United States each year. Strengthening education and training for all health care professionals involved in the diagnostic process is essential to improving diagnostic accuracy, timeliness of treatment, and patient outcomes.
In April 2025, the National Academies Forum on Advancing Diagnostic Excellence hosted a public workshop to examine approaches to strengthening health care professional education and training in diagnosis. Speakers explored key topics such as improving diagnostic reasoning for trainees and educators, promoting the appropriate use of diagnostic tests and technologies, fostering patient-centered communication, and advancing interprofessional collaboration. This Proceedings of a Workshop-In Brief highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
19 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99468-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29203
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Advancing Health Care Professional Education and Training in Diagnostic Excellence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Addressing the complex challenges to increased extreme weather impacts on communities in the Gulf Coast region requires connected and interdisciplinary approaches, in addition to strong institutional partnerships. Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) and Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) bring essential community knowledge, research expertise, and long-standing regional engagement that can enhance the design and implementation of public health and resilience strategies in preparation for future climate emergencies.
To explore ways to strengthen partnerships and address institutional barriers in the Gulf region, the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on February 20, 2025 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Workshop participants explored opportunities for HBCUs and MSIs to expand their leadership in community-engaged research on extreme weather events and environmental stressors on human health and resilience. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
14 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99524-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29216
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Building Health and Resilience Research Capacity in the U.S. Gulf Coast: Elevating Partnerships: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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In the face of growing uncertainties, supply chain resilience is coming to be seen as increasingly important. Vulnerabilities revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the fragility of the global supply chain but have also spurred research and uncovered effective practices and strategies to mitigate and manage supply chain disruptions.
NCHRP Research Report 1154: Supply Chain Challenges and Solutions amid COVID-19, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, provides an overview for understanding the elements of supply chains, describing the suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and end users, as well as the supporting infrastructure. The supply chain challenges identified in this report are organized into eight categories: physical congestion and capacity, information and data, security, equipment, workforce, regulatory, and supplier source.
76 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99366-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99367-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29153
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Supply Chain Challenges and Solutions amid COVID-19. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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