National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Topic

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Subtopics
1. Agricultural Chemicals
2. Animal Health and Welfare
3. Conservation
4. Crop Management
5. Decarbonization
6. Energy Demand and Use
7. Energy Sources and Renewables
8. Environmental Monitoring
9. Fisheries Management
10. Food Production
11. Food Safety
12. Forest Management
13. Fuel
14. Land Management
15. Minerals
16. Ocean Management
17. Plant Diseases and Pests
18. Soil Management
Data and Statistics

Subtopics
1. Data Analytics
2. Data Collection
3. Data Infrastructure
4. Data Privacy
5. Demographics
6. National Statistics
7. Statistical Analysis
Economy and Workforce

Subtopics
1. Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery
2. Business Partnerships
3. Commercialization
4. Economic Development
5. Economic Policy
6. Labor Economics
7. Organizational Leadership
8. Professional Development
9. Workforce Development
Education

Subtopics
1. Academic Standards and Testing
2. Athletics and Physical Activity
3. Educational Administration
4. English Language Learning
5. Higher Education
6. Pre-K to Grade 12 Education
7. School Safety
8. Teacher Development
9. Technical Education
Engineering

Subtopics
1. Automation
2. Biotechnology
3. Manufacturing Technologies
4. Mining and Energy Extraction
5. Nanotechnology
6. Plastics
7. Safety Critical Systems
Environment and Biology

Subtopics
1. Aquatic Ecosystems
2. Climate Change
3. Environmental DNA
4. Evolution and Geologic History
5. Genetics
6. Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and Sea Levels
7. Hazards, Disasters, and Extreme Events
8. Microorganisms and Microbiomes
9. Pollinators and Insects
10. Pollution
11. Terrestrial Ecosystems
12. Weather
13. Wildlife
Health and Medicine

Subtopics
1. Dietary Guidelines and Nutrition
2. Diseases and Conditions
3. Health Care
4. Medical Technology
5. Pharmaceuticals
6. Public Health
Information Technology

Subtopics
1. Artificial Intelligence
2. Communications Infrastructure
3. Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet of Things
4. Cybersecurity
5. Digital Apps and Services
6. Digital Models
7. Digital Transformation
8. Hardware Development
9. High-Performance Computing
10. Human–Computer Interaction
11. Quantum Computing
12. Software Development
Infrastructure and the Built Environment

Subtopics
1. Accessible Infrastructure
2. Bridges, Roads, and Highways
3. Buildings
4. Design and Construction
5. Energy Generation, Transmission, and Distribution
6. Environmental Health and Safety
7. Infrastructure Asset Maintenance
8. Maritime Infrastructure
9. Pipelines and Tank Farms
10. Property and Real Estate
11. Rural Development
12. Urban Planning
13. Waste Management and Recycling
14. Water and Wastewater Utilities
Law, Society and Justice

Subtopics
1. Abuse and Harassment
2. Black, Indigenous, and People of Color
3. Children and Youth in Care
4. Community Engagement
5. Community Resilience and Sustainability
6. Crime and Policing
7. Criminal Justice System
8. Displaced Persons
9. Elections and Voting
10. Ethics
11. Food Security
12. Gender and Identity
13. Globalization
14. Housing and Homelessness
15. Human and Civil Rights
16. Humanitarian Aid
17. Immigration
18. Law and Justice
19. Military and Veterans
20. Misinformation
21. Poverty and Economic Mobility
22. Racism and Discrimination
23. Rural Communities
Legislation and Policy

Subtopics
1. Executive Order Analysis
2. Legal Research
3. Legislation Analysis
4. Policy Analysis
5. Provision Analysis
Research and Standards

Subtopics
1. Community-Based Research
2. Emerging Technologies
3. Innovation
4. Intellectual Property
5. Open Science
6. Research
7. Science Communication
8. Science Funding
9. Scientific Integrity
Space, Security and Conflicts

Subtopics
1. Military and Defense
2. Security
3. Space
Transportation

Subtopics
1. Air Transportation
2. Freight and Supply Chain
3. Maritime Transportation
4. Public Transportation
5. Rail Transport
6. Road Transportation
7. Sustainable Transportation
8. Traffic Management and Road Safety
9. Transportation Planning
10. Vehicles
11. Vulnerable Road Users
12. Winter Maintenance

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Conventional prompt global strike (CPGS) is a military option under consideration by the U.S. Department of Defense. This book, the final report from the National Research Council's Committee on Conventional Prompt Global Strike Capability, analyzes proposed CPGS systems and evaluates the potential role CPGS could play in U.S. defense.

U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike provides near-, mid-, and long-term recommendations for possible CPGS development, addressing the following questions:

Does the United States need CPGS capabilities?
What are the alternative CPGS systems, and how effective are they likely to be if proposed capabilities are achieved?
What would be the implications of alternative CPGS systems for stability, doctrine, decision making, and operations?
What nuclear ambiguity concerns arise from CPGS, and how might they be mitigated?
What arms control issues arise with CPGS systems, and how might they be resolved?
Should the United States proceed with research, development, testing, and evaluation (RDT&E) of the Conventional Trident Modification (CTM) program5 and, ultimately, with CTM production and deployment?
Should the United States proceed with the development and testing of alternative CPGS systems beyond CTM?

Publication information

238 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-11459-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-11460-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/12061

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2008. U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike: Issues for 2008 and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The Department of Defense (DOD) is committed to transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the future. One approach to achieving this transformation is by leveraging advances in science and technology. New technologies and innovations are integral to today's military actions, and associated changes have rippled through all aspects of operations, highlighting the need for changes in policies related to military personnel. At the request of the Force Chief of Naval Operations, the NRC reviewed the military manpower and personnel policies and studies currently underway in the DOD and developed an implementation strategy for the Department of the Navy's future military manpower and personnel needs. This book presents an introduction to current personnel policies of and concerns facing the Naval forces; an assessment of demographic, technological, and other forces affecting future personnel needs and availability; a summary and assessment of previous studies; an examination of the role of research tools in implementing personnel policy change; and an analysis of obstacles to and strategies for transforming the Naval forces.

Publication information

170 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-11265-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-11266-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/12030

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2008. Manpower and Personnel Needs for a Transformed Naval Force. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Attacks in London, Madrid, Bali, Oklahoma City and other places indicate that improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are among the weapons of choice of terrorists throughout the world. Scientists and engineers have developed various technologies that have been used to counter individual IED attacks, but events in Iraq and elsewhere indicate that the effectiveness of IEDs as weapons of asymmetric warfare remains. The Office of Naval Research has asked The National Research Council to examine the current state of knowledge and practice in the prevention, detection, and mitigation of the effects of IEDs and make recommendations for avenues of research toward the goal of making these devices an ineffective tool of asymmetric warfare. The book includes recommendations such as identifying the most important and most vulnerable elements in the chain of events leading up to an IED attack, determining how resources can be controlled in order to prevent the construction of IEDs, new analytical methods and data modeling to predict the ever-changing behavior of insurgents/terrorists, a deeper understanding of social divisions in societies, enhanced capabilities for persistent surveillance, and improved IED detection capabilities.

Publication information

36 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-10915-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-10916-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11953

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2007. Countering the Threat of Improvised Explosive Devices: Basic Research Opportunities: Abbreviated Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Summary

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The widespread availability of quiet, diesel electric submarines and inexpensive mines is posing a growing threat to global access by the U.S. Navy. In response, the Navy has expanded its undersea warfare efforts and put particular emphasis on the potential for new distributed remote sensing (DRS) approaches. To assist with this effort, the former Chief of Naval Operations requested the NRC to conduct an assessment of DRS for naval undersea warfare. This report provides a clear, near-term path by which useful DRS systems can be applied rapidly to pressing naval USW problems, and by which ongoing science and technology efforts can be directed toward the most useful options. The report contains information as described in 5 U.S.C. 552(b) and therefore could not be released to the public in its entirety. The public version consists of the front matter and executive summary.

Publication information

42 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-10180-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-65991-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11927

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National Research Council. 2007. Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare: Abbreviated Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The growth of the terrorism threat to the nation's security has created significant strategic challenges for U.S. armed forces in fighting this global war on terrorism (GWOT). For the Navy, the challenges have centered on developing maritime capabilities to prosecute the GWOT as far forward as possible. To assist the Navy's planning in this area, the former Chief of Naval Operations requested the NRC to conduct an assessment of the adequacy of and prospects for improving the role of Naval Forces in the GWOT. The study developed a defense-in-depth framework as the organizing principle for the report. The report contains information as described in 5 U.S.C. 552(b) and therefore could not be released to the public in its entirety. The public version consists of an executive summary that presents an assessment of the transformation of naval forces for addressing the GWOT; a brief description of the defense-in-depth framework; and a list of findings and major recommendations.

Publication information

46 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-10179-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-65988-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11918

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2007. The Role of Naval Forces in the Global War on Terror: Abbreviated Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Letter

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14 pages · 8.5 x 11 ·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-10901-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11951

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National Research Council. 2007. Conventional Prompt Global Strike Capability: Letter Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The Navy has put forth a new construct for its strike forces that enables more effective forward deterrence and rapid response. A key aspect of this construct is the need for flexible, adaptive command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. To assist development of this capability, the Navy asked the NRC to examine C4ISR for carrier, expeditionary, and strike and missile defense strike groups, and for expeditionary strike forces. This report provides an assessment of C4ISR capabilities for each type of strike group; recommendations for C4ISR architecture for use in major combat operations; promising technology trends; and an examination of organizational improvements that can enable the recommended architecture.

Publication information

300 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09600-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-54901-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11605

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2006. C4ISR for Future Naval Strike Groups. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The Department of Defense is developing the means to transform the nation's armed forces to meet future military challenges. For the Navy and Marine Corps, this vision is encompassed in Naval Power 21. Many new war-fighting concepts will be needed to implement this vision, and the ONR has requested the NRC to identify new science and technology opportunities for new naval aviation capabilities to support those concepts. This report presents an assessment of what they imply for naval aviation, an analysis of some capabilities that, if developed, would make a significant contribution to realizing those concepts, and an identification of key technologies in which ONR could invest to achieve those capabilities. In particular, the report focuses on seven key capabilities: multispectral defense, unmanned air operations, hypersonic weapons delivery, fast-kill weapons, heavy-lift air transport, intelligent combat information management, and omniscient intelligence.

Publication information

112 pages · 6 x 9 ·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-65274-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11566

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National Research Council. 2006. Identification of Promising Naval Aviation Science and Technology Opportunities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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FORCEnet is currently defined as the operational construct and architectural framework for naval warfare in the information age that integrates warriors, sensors, networks, command and control, platforms, and weapons into a networked, distributed, combat force that is scalable across all levels of conflict from seabed to space and sea to land. Although this definition views FORCEnet as the operational construct and the architectural framework for the entire transformed Navy, some have viewed FORCEnet merely as an information network and the associated FORCEnet architecture merely as an information systems architecture. FORCEnet Implementation Strategy provides advice regarding both the adequacy of this definition and the actions required to implement FORCEnet.

Publication information

260 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-10025-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-65385-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11456

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National Research Council. 2005. FORCEnet Implementation Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Naval Analytical Capabilities assesses current Department of Defense initiatives and the Department of the Navy's progress in transitioning from a requirements-based to a capabilities-based organization. The report also provides recommendations aimed at improving the organizational structure of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to best position the Chief of Naval Operations to fulfill his Title 10 (U.S. Code on Armed Forces) responsibilities. This report addresses key elements of capabilities-based planning, examines Navy analytical processes, and recommends an approach to making improvements.

Publication information

102 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09516-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-54697-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11455

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2005. Naval Analytical Capabilities: Improving Capabilities-Based Planning. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been used in military operations for more than 60 years, with torpedoes, cruise missiles, satellites, and target drones being early examples.1 They have also been widely used in the civilian sector—for example, in the disposal of explosives, for work and measurement in radioactive environments, by various offshore industries for both creating and maintaining undersea facilities, for atmospheric and undersea research, and by industry in automated and robotic manufacturing.

Recent military experiences with AVs have consistently demonstrated their value in a wide range of missions, and anticipated developments of AVs hold promise for increasingly significant roles in future naval operations. Advances in AV capabilities are enabled (and limited) by progress in the technologies of computing and robotics, navigation, communications and networking, power sources and propulsion, and materials.

Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations is a forward-looking discussion of the naval operational environment and vision for the Navy and Marine Corps and of naval mission needs and potential applications and limitations of AVs. This report considers the potential of AVs for naval operations, operational needs and technology issues, and opportunities for improved operations.

Publication information

256 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09676-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-55115-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11379

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National Research Council. 2005. Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The availability of land bases from which to launch and maintain military, diplomatic, and humanitarian relief operations is becoming increasingly uncertain because of physical or political constraints. The ability to operate from a sea base, therefore, is likely to become more and more important. The Defense Science Board recently concluded that Sea Basing will be a critical future joint military capability and that DOD should proceed to develop such capability. Following the DSB report, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) convene a workshop to assess the science and technology base, both inside and outside the Navy, for developing Sea Basing and to identify R&D for supporting future concepts. This report of the workshop includes an examination of Sea Basing operational concepts; ship and aircraft technology available to make Sea Basing work; and issues involved in creating the sea base as a joint system of systems.

Publication information

104 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09517-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-54700-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11370

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National Research Council. 2005. Sea Basing: Ensuring Joint Force Access from the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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This report is part of a series of reports that summarize this regular event. The report discusses research developments in ship design, construction, and operation in a forum that encouraged both formal and informal discussion of presented papers.

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1026 pages · 10 x 12 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-25470-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/10834

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National Research Council. 2003. Twenty-Fourth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The United States must operate successfully in space to help assure its security and economic well being. The Department of the Navy is a major user of space capabilities, although those capabilities are now primarily provided by DOD, the Air Force, and NOAA. Following a DOD assessment of national space security management in 2001, the Navy commissioned a Panel to Review Space to assess Navy space policy and strategy. As an extension of that review, the NRC was requested by the Navy to examine its needs in space for providing future operational and technical capabilities. This report presents a discussion of the strategic framework of future space needs, the roles and responsibilities for meeting those needs, an assessment of Navy support to space mission areas, and a proposed vision for fulfilling Naval forces space needs.

Publication information

266 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09677-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-55118-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11299

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2005. Navy's Needs in Space for Providing Future Capabilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The Department of Defense is in the process of transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the 21st century. Currently, the opportunity exists to carry out experiments at individual and joint service levels to facilitate this transformation. Experimentation, which involves a spectrum of activities including analyses, war games, modeling and simulation, small focused experiments, and large field events among other things, provides the means to enhance naval and joint force development. To assist the Navy in this effort, the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct a study to examine the role of experimentation in building future naval forces to operate in the joint environment. The NRC formed the Committee for the Role of Experimentation in Building Future Naval Forces to perform the study.

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254 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08873-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-50851-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11125

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2004. The Role of Experimentation in Building Future Naval Forces. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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U.S. naval forces must be prepared to respond to a broad array of threats. Of increasing importance are those from chemical and biological warfare (CW and BW). To help review its current state of preparedness, the Chief of Naval Operations asked the National Research Council (NRC) to assess the U.S. Navy's defense capabilities against CW and BW threats. In particular to what extent are they being developed to enable naval forces to sense and analyze quickly the presence of chemical and biological agents, withstand or avoid exposure to such agents, deal with contamination under a broad spectrum of operational conditions, and over what period will these capabilities be realized. This report presents the results of that assessment. It provides an overview of the potential threats, and an evaluation of the Navy's operations, non-medical programs, and medical countermeasures designed to confront those threats. The report also presents a series of general and specific findings and recommendations based on these assessments.

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214 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08872-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-50860-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/11034

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2004. Naval Forces' Defense Capabilities Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Threats. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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The Office of Naval Research (ONR) funds research across a broad range of scientific and engineering disciplines in support of the Navy and Marine Corps. To ensure that its investments are serving those ends and are of high quality, ONR requires each of its departments to undergo annual review. Since 1999, the Naval Expeditionary Warfare Department of ONR has requested that the NRC conduct these reviews. This report presents the results of the second review of the Marine Corps Science and Technology program. The first review was conducted in 2000. The 2003 assessment examines the overall Marine Corps S&T program, the littoral combat future naval capability, the core thrusts of the program, and basic research activities.

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132 pages · 8.5 x 11 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08981-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-52625-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/10917

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2004. 2003 Assessment of the Office of Naval Research's Marine Corps Science and Technology Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Non-lethal weapons (NLWs) are designed to minimize fatalities and other undesired collateral damage when used. Events of the last few years including the attack on the USS Cole have raised ideas about the role NLWs can play in enhancing support to naval forces. In particular to what extent and in what areas should Department of the Navy (DoN) -sponsored science and technology (S&T) provide a research base for developing NLW capabilities? To assist with this question and to evaluate the current NLWs program, the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) requested the National Research Council perform an assessment of NLWs science and technology. The report presents the results of that assessment. It discusses promising NLW S&T areas, development accomplishments and concerns about NLW, and series of recommendations about future NLW development and application.

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197 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-08288-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-50956-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/10538

Suggested citation

National Research Council. 2003. An Assessment of Non-Lethal Weapons Science and Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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