Consensus
U.S. leadership in technology innovation is central to our nation's interests, including its security, economic prosperity, and quality of life. Our nation has created a science and technology ecosystem that fosters innovation, risk taking, and the discovery of new ideas that lead to new technologies through robust collaborations across and within academia, industry, and government, and our research and development enterprise has attracted the best and brightest scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs from around the world. The quality and openness of our research enterprise have been the basis of our global leadership in technological innovation, which has brought enormous advantages to our national interests.
In today's rapidly changing landscapes of technology and competition, however, the assumption that the United States will continue to hold a dominant competitive position by depending primarily on its historical approach of identifying specific and narrow technology areas requiring controls or restrictions is not valid. Further challenging that approach is the proliferation of highly integrated and globally shared platforms that power and enable most modern technology applications.
To review the protection of technologies that have strategic importance for national security in an era of openness and competition, Protecting U.S. Technological Advantage considers policies and practices related to the production and commercialization of research in domains critical to national security. This report makes recommendations for changes to technology protection policies and practices that reflect the current realities of how technologies are developed and incorporated into new products and processes.
144 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-69130-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69131-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26647
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Protecting U.S. Technological Advantage. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The agencies within the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) depend on advanced technology to achieve their goals. While AI, cloud computing, advanced sensors, and big data analytics will fundamentally change both the global threat landscape and IC tradecraft, advances from biology, chemistry, materials, quantum science, network science, social/behavioral/economic sciences, and other fields also have that potential. Maintaining awareness of advances in science and technology is more essential than ever, to avoid surprise, to inflict surprise on adversaries, and to leverage those advances for the benefit of the nation and the IC. This report explores ways in which the IC might leverage the future research and development ecosystem.
100 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-68785-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-68786-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26544
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Improving the Intelligence Community's Leveraging of the Full Science and Technology Ecosystem. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Scientists in China and in the United States have addressed key topics related to sustainability in both formal and informal collaborations for many years. To further this engagement, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Sciences are convening a series of three workshops. Each workshop will examine the state of sustainability research and practices; identify priority areas for scientific collaboration on specific challenges; and discuss opportunities for advancing policy actions and the potential for new technology development and deployment in China and the United States. The first workshop took place July 27 to July 29 2022 and focused on sustainability and biodiversity as an important area of sustainability research and practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69692-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26807
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. China-U.S. Scientific Engagement: Strengthening Collaborations for Sustainability and Biodiversity: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 24, 2022 has resulted in devastation, including loss of life, massive internal and external migration, and the partial or complete destruction of facilities and infrastructure. This poses urgent challenges for Ukrainian science, education, and technology sectors. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop from September 21-23, 2022 to discuss rebuilding research, education, and innovation in Ukraine. The National Academies recognizes that the devastation of the war in Ukraine will make rebuilding particularly difficult and humanitarian aid will remain a top priority for a long time. As a result, while many of the best practices described will be difficult to implement in the short-term, the goal of the workshop was to convene the international scientific community to discuss the importance of science, innovation, and education to long-term rebuilding and post-war future.
This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides a high-level summary of the workshop discussions on best practices for managing science, higher education, innovation, and research funding from the international community.
14 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69649-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26795
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Rebuilding Research, Education, and Innovation in Ukraine: Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and overlapping global crises, including geopolitical conflict and climate change, have made achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) more challenging. The scientific community incre-singly recognizes the need to accelerate the adoption of evidence-based, scientifically-sound policies and actions to operationalize sustainable development.
This report identifies key research priorities and possible actionable steps to operationalize sustainable development at the global and local levels. Although the scope of the challenges and opportunities are global with many research investigations and actions needed, Operationalizing Sustainable Development to Benefit People and the Planet presents research priorities and possible actionable steps for consideration by U.S. stakeholders
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128 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-69165-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69166-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26654
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Operationalizing Sustainable Development to Benefit People and the Planet. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Land-grant colleges and universities play a crucial role in addressing the complex challenges facing the U.S. agricultural system and global food security. Multidisciplinary collaboration involving a diversity of land-grant institutions has the potential to accelerate scientific progress on those challenges. However, historical and current funding disparities have prevented Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Tribal Colleges and Universities from being full partners in multi-institutional collaborations. This report, produced by request of the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture acting on a congressional directive, examines how enhanced cooperation across the land-grant system could deepen and expand the impact of its agricultural work, which is critical to address evolving industry and environmental challenges, as well as demands from consumers.
The report concludes that many investigators are unaware of potential partners with complementary expertise across the system. The report states that adopting a culture of collaboration could improve the coordination in the land-grant system. Key report recommendations include improving systems and incentives for facilitating academic partnerships, providing dedicated support for collaboration across the land-grant system, and enhancing outreach strategies for communicating about the beneficial outcomes of collaborative research.
62 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-69107-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69108-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26640
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Enhancing Coordination and Collaboration Across the Land-Grant System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Most empirical research in psychology historically has been conducted in North America and Western Europe, despite the importance placed on culture in theoretical models. The consequence of conducting basic science only in high-income, Western countries is that psychological science is defined by the experiences of individuals in those countries. Collecting data in a wide range of countries, establishing international collaborations, and incorporating diverse cultural perspectives are central to the effort to expand cultural context. Publishing the research in high-quality, peer-reviewed journals is also critical.
To discuss the challenges of publishing high quality international work in U.S. journals and suggest solutions to incorporate international perspectives into U.S. psychological journals, the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine invited journal editors, society representatives, and publishers to a virtual workshop on June 28 and 29, 2021. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
14 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69458-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26742
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. International Perspectives in U.S. Psychological Science Journals: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education is an initiative where over 55 colleges, universities, and other research and training organizations are identifying, researching, developing, and implementing efforts that move beyond basic legal compliance to evidence-based policies and practices for addressing and preventing all forms of sexual harassment and promoting a campus climate of civility and respect. The Partner Network of the Action Collaborative provides an additional opportunity for collective sharing across colleges and universities, research entities, higher education associations, grassroots and non-profit organizations, federal agencies, national laboratories, industry, and other stakeholder organizations. This annual report for 2021-2022 highlights the overall progress of the Action Collaborative toward its goals and summarizes the work shared by member and partner network organizations during the third year of the collaborative.
19 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69457-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26741
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: Year Three Annual Report of Activities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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A cascading hazard refers to a primary event, such as heavy rainfall, seismic activity, or rapid snowmelt, followed by a chain of consequences that may range from modest (lesser than the original event) to substantial. Also, the type of cascading damage and losses may be more severe than if they had occurred separately. Currently, research on disasters has focused largely on those triggered by natural hazards interacting with vulnerable human systems (e.g., populations and organizations) and the built environment. Compounding and cascading natural hazards, whether acute or chronic in nature, can be further amplified by other events, such as public health outbreaks, supply chain disruptions and cyberattacks.
Resilience for Compounding and Cascading Events explores strategies that would enable the nation to be better prepared for and respond to these disasters so that affected communities can not only rebuild, but do so in a manner that increases their resilience to future events.
68 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69183-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26659
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Resilience for Compounding and Cascading Events. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Many colleges and universities in the United States lack clear guidance on available sanctions for faculty found responsible for sexual harassment or other early interventions for faculty accused of sexual harassment. Research demonstrates that appropriate and effective institutional responses to faculty sexual harassment and transparency in those responses are critical for building an organizational climate that is demonstrably intolerant of sexual harassment; works to prevent that behavior; and seeks to reduce experiences of institutional betrayal.
This issue paper from the Response Working Group of the Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual Harassment in Higher Education describes the landscape of higher education response systems for sexual harassment, including both formal sanctions for faculty found responsible for sexual harassment following an institutional finding of a policy violation, as well as less formal early interventions designed to address and correct behaviors of accused faculty before they rise to the level of a policy violation. This publication highlights existing challenges that arise in the processes for determining and enforcing appropriate sanctions or early interventions to hold faculty accountable and then identifies areas of research needed to improve all processes used for responding to faculty sexual harassment.
25 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69129-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26646
Stubaus, K. and Harton, M. (Eds.). 2022. Exploring Sanctions and Early Interventions for Faculty Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: Issue Paper. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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On June 1, 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop to discuss global food security challenges arising from the Ukraine conflict and possible approaches to address these challenges. The workshop focused on short-term responses to the current crisis, opportunities for international collaborations, and how the crisis could impact U.S. national security interests in a changing climate, including the relationships between agricultural production, climate change, and security. Discussions also addressed connections among areas such as agricultural production, land use, energy, water, health, and biodiversity critical to promoting long term sustainability. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69518-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26754
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Global Food Security and Sustainability Implications of the Ukraine Conflict: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) plays a key role in accelerating economic growth and developing innovative solutions to pressing challenges facing the African continent. Over the past few decades, much work has been done to develop university systems in African countries in recognition of the role that high-caliber teaching and research in STEM fields play in economic development. African universities and their governments have made many of these gains through partnering across countries and sectors. Often, however, these efforts are based on individual connections and do not lead to long-term change. Inspired by STEM's potential to tackle African and global challenges, a group of academic leaders has come together to explore a synergistic approach to transform African institutions of higher education and increase the global engagement of U.S. institutions. They developed an initial vision for a next-generation Africa-U.S. STEM initiative that would take place for at least 10 years, with funds of at least $10 million annually from governments, the private sector, philanthropies, and other organizations. To obtain input from stakeholders on how such an initiative could develop, the group held a virtual workshop March 14-16, 2022, convened by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
36 pages
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6 x 9
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69170-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26655
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Toward a Transformational Africa-U.S. STEM University Initiative: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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On March 23-24, 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop to explore the long-term impact of COVID-19 on the future careers of women in STEM. Workshop participants represented multiple sectors (i.e., higher education, government, and non-profit) as well as various career paths and stages (e.g., assistant, associate, and full professors; graduate students; program officers; directors; and policy advisors). The two-day workshop convened experts and leaders to outline a national research agenda that ensures academic institutions and federal agencies are able to monitor and mitigate the long-term negative impacts of the pandemic on the career trajectories, job stability, and leadership roles of women—especially women of color—in STEM. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69271-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26687
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Long-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on the Future Academic Careers of Women in STEM: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Natural infrastructure is the practice of using naturally occurring aspects of the landscape and/or nature based solutions that use or imitate natural processes (e.g., wetlands, living shorelines, municipal green infrastructure) to support natural hazard resilience, climate change adaptation, and other benefits to people and ecosystems. Recognition of the multiple benefits of natural "green" infrastructure has increased over the past several decades, used alone or in combination with built "gray" infrastructure solutions, such as seawalls and levees. Yet many potential opportunities remain untapped. On May 10-11, 2022, the Resilient America program at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore opportunities to link the benefits of natural infrastructure across geographic scales and multiple objectives. Sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and hosted by the Institute for Resilient Infrastructure Systems at the University of Georgia, the hybrid workshop was targeted to the engineering community, as well as scientists, policy makers, planners, and others involved with designing, developing, and funding natural infrastructure. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.
14 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69185-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26660
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Benefits, Applications, and Opportunities of Natural Infrastructure: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's report, "State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World," between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021 - and projections indicate that by 2030, 670 million people will still be experiencing hunger. Gains in agricultural productivity over the past 60 years have increased the availability of food globally, but much more needs to be done. Even these gains were not made without expense; biodiversity loss, chemical runoff, water scarcity, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions from food and agriculture industries, among other issues, have had extensive impacts on the health of natural and human systems during this time. While millions suffer from food insecurity, a large percentage of food is lost or wasted across the global supply chain. Addressing the multifaceted challenges of feeding a world under pressure from severe food insecurity, malnutrition, climate change, population growth, conflict, migration, and economic disruption will require transformative change to global food systems.
To discuss opportunities for supporting research and innovation to address global agricultural and human health challenges associated with the compounding pressures of producing more food, more nutritiously, and with less environmental impact, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop for its membership and invited guests on February 16, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
12 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69278-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26689
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Supporting Cross-Sector Partnerships for Food Security and Sustainability: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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In recent decades, production processes of intermediate and final products have been increasingly fragmented across countries in what are called global value chains (GVCs). GVCs may involve companies in one country outsourcing stages of production to unrelated entities in other countries, multinational enterprises (MNEs) offshoring stages of production to units of the MNE overseas, or both. GVCs can also involve completely independent companies merely sourcing their parts from whichever upstream company may be the most competitive, with no control arrangement necessarily involved. The changing global trade environment and the changes in firms' behavior have raised new and more complicated issues for policy makers and have made it difficult for them to understand the extent and operations of GVCs and their spillover effects on national and local economies.
To improve the understanding, measurement, and valuation of GVCs, the Innovation Policy Forum at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop, "Innovation, Global Value Chains, and Globalization Measurement" May 5-7, 2021. This proceedings has been prepared by the workshop rapporteurs as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop.
188 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-27795-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-27796-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26477
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Innovation, Global Value Chains, and Globalization Measurement: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and other minority institutions (MIs) represent a valuable resource to expand the Department of Defense's (DoD) government and extramural workforce and science and technology enterprise. The more than 400 public and private HBCUs, Tribal Colleges and Universities, Hispanic-Serving Institutions, and other two- and four-year MIs are positioned to make strong and uniquely important contributions to the defense research enterprise, offering DoD an opportunity to widen its talent pool and diversify STEM research and ultimately strengthen its ability to support national security.
Defense Research Capacity at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Other Minority Institutions examines the status of DoD research at HBCUs and MIs, including the methods and means necessary to advance research capacity at these institutions in order to comprehensively address the national security and defense needs of the United States. This report offers recommendations to guide DoD, Congress, HBCU/MIs, and partnering entities in supporting and strengthening the role of these institutions in defense research. A strategic commitment will translate into increased opportunities for HBCU/MIs to diversify the future American academic, industrial, and government STEM workforce upon which DoD will depend.
270 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-27374-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-27375-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26399
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Defense Research Capacity at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Other Minority Institutions: Transitioning from Good Intentions to Measurable Outcomes. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Communities across the United States are subject to ever-increasing human suffering and financial impacts of disasters caused by extreme weather events and other natural hazards amplified in frequency and intensity by climate change. While media coverage sometimes paints these disasters as affecting rich and poor alike and suggests that natural disasters do not discriminate, the reality is that they do. There have been decades of discriminatory policies, practices, and embedded bias within infrastructure planning processes. Among the source of these policies and practices are the agencies that promote resilience and provide hazard mitigation and recovery services, and the funding mechanisms they employ. These practices have resulted in low-income communities, often predominantly Indigenous people and communities of color, bearing a disproportionate share of the social, economic, health, and environmental burdens caused by extreme weather and other natural disasters.
At the request of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Resilient America Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened the Committee on Applied Research Topics for Hazard Mitigation and Resilience to assist the FEMA in reducing the immense human and financial toll of disasters caused by natural hazards and other large-scale emergencies. FEMA asked the committee to identify applied research topics, information, and expertise that can inform action and collaborative priorities within the natural hazard mitigation and resilience fields. This report explores equitable and infrastructure investments for natural hazard mitigation and resilience, focusing on: partnerships for equitable infrastructure development; systemic change toward resilient and equitable infrastructure investment; and innovations in finance and financial analysis.
60 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-69090-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/26633
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Equitable and Resilient Infrastructure Investments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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