Aelion, C. M., H. T. Davis, A. B. Lawson, B. Cai, and S. McDermott. 2013. “Associations between soil lead concentrations and populations by race/ethnicity and income-to-poverty ratio in urban and rural areas.” Environmental Geochemistry and Health 35:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-012-9472-0.
Aiban, S. A. 2006. “Utilization of steel slag aggregate for road bases.” Journal of Testing and Evaluation 34(1):11. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE12683.
AIST (Association for Iron & Steel Technology). 2023. Directory—Iron and Steel Plants. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: AIST.
Allegheny County Department of Human Services. 2021a. The Allegheny County Community Need Index: Update for 2021 with a Focus on the Connection between Race and Community Need. Pittsburgh, PA: Allegheny County Analytics.
Allegheny County Department of Human Services. 2021b. “Allegheny County community need map.” https://alcogis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=095b39af79d3483bbcd37418db2fb2e1.
Antonini, J. M., M. D. Taylor, A. T. Zimmer, and J. R. Roberts. 2004. “Pulmonary responses to welding fumes: Role of metal constituents.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A 67(3):233–249. doi: 10.1080/15287390490266909. PMID: 14681078.
Ashrap, P., D. J. Watkins, B. Mukherjee, J. Boss, M. J. Richards, Z. Rosario, C. M. Velez-Vega, A. Alshawabkeh, J. F. Cordero, and J. D. Meeker. 2020. “Maternal blood metal and metalloid concentrations in association with birth outcomes in northern Puerto Rico.” Environment International 138:105606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105606. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32179314.
ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2005. Public Health Assessment Guidance Manual, Appendix G. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
ATSDR. 2012a. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp7.pdf.
ATSDR. 2012b. Toxicological Profile for Manganese. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=102&tid=23.
Bailey, C. H. 2014. “Improved meta-analytic methods show no effect of chromium supplements on fasting glucose.” Biological Trace Element Research 157(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9863-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24293356.
Bailey, K. A., and R. C. Fry. 2014. “Arsenic-associated changes to the epigenome: What are the functional consequences?” Current Environmental Health Reports 1:22–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-013-0002-8.
Bailey, Z. D., J. M. Feldman, and M. T. Bassett. 2021. “How structural racism works—racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities.” New England Journal of Medicine 384(8):768–773. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms2025396. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33326717.
Balachandran, R. C., S. Mukhopadhyay, D. McBride, J. Veevers, F. E. Harrison, M. Aschner, E. N. Haynes, and A. B. Bowman. 2020. “Brain manganese and the balance between essential roles and neurotoxicity.” Journal of Biological Chemistry 295(19):6312–6329. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.REV119.009453. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32188696.
Baraniecka, J., K. Pyrzynska, M. Szewczynska, M. Posniak, and E. Dobrzynska. 2010. “Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from selected processes in steelworks.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 183(1–3):111–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.120. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20675043.
Bayless, E. R., T. K. Greeman, and C. C. Harvey. 1998. Hydrology and Geochemistry of a Slag-Affected Aquifer and Chemical Characteristics of Slag-Affected Ground Water, Northwestern Indiana and Northeastern Illinois. 97-4198. Indianapolis: U.S. Geological Survey.
Bayless, E. R., and M. S. Schulz. 2003. “Mineral precipitation and dissolution at two slag-disposal sites in northwestern Indiana, USA.” Environmental Geology 45(2):252–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0875-1. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70024713.
Bell, M. L., K. Ebisu, B. P. Leaderer, J. F. Gent, H. J. Lee, P. Koutrakis, Y. Wang, F. Dominici, and R. D. Peng. 2014. “Associations of PM2.5 constituents and sources with hospital admissions: Analysis of four counties in Connecticut and Massachusetts (USA) for persons >/= 65 years of age.” Environmental Health Perspectives 122(2):138–144. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306656.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24213019.
Bjorklund, G., J. Aaseth, A. V. Skalny, J. Suliburska, M. G. Skalnaya, A. A. Nikonorov, and A. A. Tinkov. 2017. “Interactions of iron with manganese, zinc, chromium, and selenium as related to prophylaxis and treatment of iron deficiency.” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 41:41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.02.005. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28347462.
Bravo, M. A., R. Anthopolos, M. L. Bell, and M. L. Miranda. 2016. “Racial isolation and exposure to airborne particulate matter and ozone in understudied US populations: Environmental justice applications of downscaled numerical model output.” Environment International 92–93:247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27115915.
Bright, P., P. S. Burge, S. P. O’Hickey, P. F. Gannon, A. S. Robertson, and A. Boran. 1997. “Occupational asthma due to chrome and nickel electroplating.” Thorax 52(1):28–32. doi: 10.1136/thx.52.1.28. PMID: 9039236; PMCID: PMC1758409.
Britton, A. A., and G. C. Cotzias. 1966. “Dependence of manganese turnover on intake.” American Journal of Physiology 211(1):203–206. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1966.211.1.203. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5911039.
Buckley, J. P., E. S. Barrett, P. I. Beamer, D. H. Bennett, M. S. Bloom, T. R. Fennell, R. C. Fry, W. E. Funk, G. B. Hamra, S. S. Hecht, K. Kannan, R. Iyer, M. R. Karagas, K. Lyall, P. J. Parsons, E. D. Pellizzari, A. J. Signes-Pastor, A. P. Starling, A. Wang, D. J. Watkins, M. Zhang, and T. J. Woodruff on behalf of program collaborators for ECHO. 2020. “Opportunities for evaluating chemical exposures and child health in the United States: The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program.” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 30:397–419. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-020-0211-9.
Bullard, R. D. 1994. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Second ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Bullard, R. D., P. Mohai, R. Saha, and B. Wright. 2008. “Toxic wastes and race at twenty: Why race still matters after all these years.” Environmental Law 38(2):371–411. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43267204.
Callahan, M. A., and K. Sexton. 2007. “If cumulative risk assessment is the answer, what is the question?” Environmental Health Perspectives 115(5). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9330.
Caparros-Gonzalez, R. A., M. J. Gimenez-Asensio, B. Gonzalez-Alzaga, C. Aguilar-Garduno, J. A. LorcaMarin, J. Alguacil, I. Gomez-Becerra, J. L. Gomez-Ariza, T. Garcia-Barrera, A. F. Hernandez, I. Lopez-Flores, D. S. Rohlman, D. Romero-Molina, I. Ruiz-Perez, and M. Lacasana. 2019. “Childhood chromium exposure and neuropsychological development in children living in two polluted areas in southern Spain.” Environmental Pollution 252(Pt B):1550–1560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.084. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31277024.
CEN (European Committee on Standardization). 2015. Characterization of Waste – Leaching Behaviour Test – Influence of pH on Leaching with Continuous pH Control. EN 14997:2015. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Cervantes, C., J. Campos-García, S. Devars, F. Gutiérrez-Corona, H. Loza-Tavera, J. C. Torres-Guzmán, and R. Moreno-Sánchez. 2001. “Interactions of chromium with microorganisms and plants.” FEMS
Microbiology Review 25(3):335–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00581.x. PMID: 11348688.
Chaurand, P., J. Rose, V. Briois, L. Olivi, J. L. Hazemann, O. Proux, J. Domas, and J. Y. Bottero. 2007. “Environmental impacts of steel slag reused in road construction: A crystallographic and molecular (XANES) approach.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 139(3):537–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.060. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16707215.
Chaurand, P., J. Rose, J. Domas, and J. Y. Bottero. 2006. “Speciation of Cr and V within BOF steel slag reused in road constructions.” Journal of Geochemical Exploration 88(1):10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.006. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375674205000919.
Chen, L., G. Ding, Y. Gao, P. Wang, R. Shi, H. Huang, and Y. Tian. 2014. “Manganese concentrations in maternal-infant blood and birth weight.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 21(9):6170–6175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2465-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24477335.
Chen, P., J. Bornhorst, and M. Aschner. 2018. “Manganese metabolism in humans.” Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Ed) 23:1655–1679. https://doi.org/10.2741/4665. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29293455.
Chen, T. W., J. C. Chen, Z. S. Liu, K. H. Chi, and M. B. Chang. 2021. “Characterization of PM, PAHs and gaseous pollutants emitted from sintering process and electric arc furnace.” Aerosol and Air Quality Research 21(12):210140. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.210140.
Chiu, Y. M., B. Claus Henn, H. L. Hsu, M. P. Pendo, B. A. Coull, C. Austin, G. Cagna, C. Fedrighi, D. Placidi, D. R. Smith, R. O. Wright, R. G. Lucchini, and M. Arora. 2017. “Sex differences in sensitivity to prenatal and early childhood manganese exposure on neuromotor function in adolescents.” Environmental Research 159:458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.035. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28858760.
Claus Henn, B., C. Austin, B. A. Coull, L. Schnaas, C. Gennings, M. K. Horton, M. Hernandez-Avila, H. Hu, M. M. Tellez-Rojo, R. O. Wright, and M. Arora. 2018. “Uncovering neurodevelopmental windows of susceptibility to manganese exposure using dentine microspatial analyses.” Environmental Research 161:588–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.12.003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29247915.
Claus Henn, B., A. S. Ettinger, J. Schwartz, M. M. Tellez-Rojo, H. Lamadrid-Figueroa, M. Hernandez-Avila, L. Schnaas, C. Amarasiriwardena, D. C. Bellinger, H. Hu, and R. O. Wright. 2010. “Early postnatal blood manganese levels and children’s neurodevelopment.” Epidemiology 21(4):433–439. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181df8e52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549838.
Clochesy, J. M. 1984. “Chromium ingestion: A case report.” Journal of Emergency Nursing 10(6):281–282. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6392663.
Cohen Hubal, E. A., T. de Wet, L. Du Toit, M. P. Firestone, M. Ruchirawat, J. van Engelen, and C. Vickers. 2014. “Identifying important life stages for monitoring and assessing risks from exposures to environmental contaminants: Results of a World Health Organization review.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 69(1):113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24099754.
Commission for Racial Justice. 1987. Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites. New York: United Church of Christ. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1310/ML13109A339.pdf.
Cook, K., and D. Dessureault. 2022. “Evaluation of the Durability of EAF-C Steel Slag Utilizing Various Methodologies. Presentation National Slag Association Annual Meeting. https://nationalslag.org/2022-presentations/.
Davidsson, L., A. Cederblad, E. Hagebo, B. Lonnerdal, and B. Sandstrom. 1988. “Intrinsic and extrinsic labeling for studies of manganese absorption in humans.” Journal of Nutrition 118(12):1517–1521. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/118.12.1517. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3145332.
Davidsson, L., A. Cederblad, B. Lonnerdal, and B. Sandstrom. 1989. “Manganese retention in man: A method for estimating manganese absorption in man.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49(1):170–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/49.1.170. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2912001.
Davies, S., V. Briand, M. Accrombessi, N. Fievet, B. Le Bot, S. Durand, G. Agbota, E. Yovo, B. Vianou, D. Sossou, Y. Martin-Prevel, A. Massougbodji, M. Cot, P. Glorennec, and F. Bodeau-Livinec. 2021. “Pre-conception serum ferritin concentrations are associated with metal concentrations in blood during pregnancy: A cohort study in Benin.” Environmental Research 202:111629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111629. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34242675.
Davis, C. D., L. Zech, and J. L. Greger. 1993. “Manganese metabolism in rats: An improved methodology for assessing gut endogenous losses.” Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 202(1):103–108. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-202-43518. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8424090.
Davis, R., D. Cook, and L. Cohen. 2005. “A community resilience approach to reducing ethnic and racial disparities in health.” American Journal of Public Health 95(12):2168–2173.
De Flora S. 2000. “Threshold mechanisms and site specificity in chromium(VI) carcinogenesis.” Carcinogenesis. 2000 Apr;21(4):533-41. doi: 10.1093/carcin/21.4.533. PMID: 10753182.
deFur, P. L., G. W. Evans, E. A. Cohen Hubal, A. D. Kyle, R. A. Morello-Frosch, and D. R. Williams. 2007. “Vulnerability as a function of individual and group resources in cumulative risk assessment.” Environmental Health Perspectives 115:817–824.
de Water, E., P. Curtin, C. Gennings, J. J. Chelonis, M. Paule, M. Bixby, N. McRae, K. Svensson, L. Schnaas, I. Pantic, M. M. Tellez-Rojo, R. O. Wright, and M. K. Horton. 2022. “Prenatal metal mixture concentrations and reward motivation in children.” Neurotoxicology 88:124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34793781.
de Water, E., D. M. Papazaharias, C. Ambrosi, L. Mascaro, E. Iannilli, R. Gasparotti, R. G. Lucchini, C. Austin, M. Arora, C. Y. Tang, D. R. Smith, R. O. Wright, and M. K. Horton. 2019. “Early-life dentine manganese concentrations and intrinsic functional brain connectivity in adolescents: A pilot study.” PLoS One 14(8):e0220790. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220790. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31412061.
de Water, E., E. Proal, V. Wang, S. M. Medina, L. Schnaas, M. M. Tellez-Rojo, R. O. Wright, C. Y. Tang, and M. K. Horton. 2018. “Prenatal manganese exposure and intrinsic functional connectivity of emotional brain areas in children.” Neurotoxicology 64:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28610744.
den Braver-Sewradj, S. P., J. van Benthem, Y. C. M. Staal, J. Ezendam, A. H. Piersma, and E. V. S. Hessel. 2021. “Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Part II. Hazard assessment of carcinogenic effects.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 126:105045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105045. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34506880.
Di, Q., Y. Wang, A. Zanobetti, Y. Wang, P. Koutrakis, C. Choirat, F. Dominici, and J. D. Schwartz. 2017. “Air pollution and mortality in the Medicare population.” New England Journal of Medicine 376(26):2513–2522. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28657878.
Dlamini, W. W., G. Nelson, S. S. Nielsen, and B. A. Racette. 2020. “Manganese exposure, parkinsonian signs, and quality of life in South African mine workers.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 63(1):36–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23060. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647574.
Drown, D. B., S. G. Oberg, and R. P. Sharma. 1986. “Pulmonary clearance of soluble and insoluble forms of manganese.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 17(2–3):201–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398609530816. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3959109.
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition Allergies (NAD). 2013. “Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for manganese.” EFSA Journal 11(11):3419–3463. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3419. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3419.
Elcombe, C. S., N. P. Evans, and M. Bellingham. 2022. “Critical review and analysis of literature on low dose exposure to chemical mixtures in mammalian in vivo systems.” Critical Review of Toxicology 52(3):221–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2022.2091423. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35894754.
Ellis, E. N., B. H. Brouhard, R. E. Lynch, E. B. Dawson, R. Tisdell, M. M. Nichols, and F. Ramirez. 1982. “Effects of hemodialysis and dimercaprol in acute dichromate poisoning.” Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 19(3):249–258. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563658209025729. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7131611.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS): Volume I, Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). EPA/540/1-89/002. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1992. SW-846 Test Method 1311: Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1994. SW-846 Test Method 1312: Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1995. Manganese; CASRN 7439-96-5. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2000. Risk Characterization Handbook. Science Policy Council, EPA 100-B-00-002. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2001. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS): Volume III, Part A, Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment. EPA 540-R-02-002 OSWER 9285.7-45. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2002a. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook: Interim Report. EPA-600-P-00-002B. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=55145.
EPA. 2002b. Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, OSWER 9355.4-24. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2003a. “Health Effects Support Document for Manganese.” EPA 822-R-03-003. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
EPA. 2003b. Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment. PA/630/P-02/001A. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum, Office of Research and Development.
EPA. 2004. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment). Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, EPA/540/R/99/005 OSWER 9285.7-02EP PB99-963312. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2005a. Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants. Risk Assessment Forum, EPA/630/P-03/003F. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2005b. Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens. Risk Assessment Forum, EPA/630/R-03/003F. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2007a. Framework for Metals Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum Office of the Science Advisor, EPA 120/R-07/001. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2007b. Guidance for Evaluating the Oral Bioavailability of Metals in Soils for Use in Human Health Risk Assessment. OSWER 9285.7-80. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2009. Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities, Unified Guidance. Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, EPA 530/R-09-007. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final Report). National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development, EPA/600/R-09/052F. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2014. Memorandum: Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance: Update of Standard Default Exposure Factors. OSWER Directive 9200.1-120. February.
EPA. 2016. Methodology for Evaluating Beneficial Uses of Industrial Non-Hazardous Secondary Materials. EPA 530-R-16-011. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-10/documents/methodology_for_evaluating_beneficial_use_of_secondary_materials_4-14-16.pdf.
EPA. 2019a. Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) How-To Guide. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2019b. Guidelines for Human Exposure Assessment. EPA/100/B-19/001. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2022a. IRIS Toxicological Review of Hexavalent Chromium (External Review Draft, 2022). EPA/635/R-22/191. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 2022b. Cumulative Impacts Research: Recommendations for EPA’s Office of Research and Development. EPA/600/R-22/014a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Estokova, A., L. Palascakova, and M. Kanuchova. 2018. “Study on Cr(VI) leaching from cement and cement composites.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040824. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29690550.
Ettler, V., and M. Vítková. 2021. “Chapter 5: Slag leaching properties and release of contaminants.” In Metallurgical Slags: Environmental Geochemistry and Resource Potential, edited by N. M. Piatak and V. Ettler. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Eum, J. H., H. K. Cheong, E. H. Ha, M. Ha, Y. Kim, Y. C. Hong, H. Park, and N. Chang. 2014. “Maternal blood manganese level and birth weight: A MOCEH birth cohort study.” Environmental Health 13(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24775401.
European Parliament. 2011. Provision of Food Information to Consumers.
Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals. 2003. Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Minerals. London: Food Standards Agency. https://cot.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/vitmin2003.pdf.
Exponent. 2007. Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Environmental Applications of Steel-Making Slag: An Update. Irvine, CA: Exponent.
Fendorf, S., B. W. Wielinga, and C. M. Hansel. 2000. “Chromium transformations in natural environments: The role of biological and abiological processes in chromium(VI) reduction.” International Geology Review 42(8):691–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810009465107.
Finley, J. W., P. E. Johnson, and L. K. Johnson. 1994. “Sex affects manganese absorption and retention by humans from a diet adequate in manganese.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60(6):949–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/60.6.949. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7985639.
Fitsanakis, V. A., N. Zhang, S. Garcia, and M. Aschner. 2010. “Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe): Interdependency of transport and regulation.” Neurotoxicity Research 18(2):124–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-009-9130-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19921534.
Fleischman, L., and M. Franklin. 2017. Fumes Across the Fence-Line: The Health Impacts of Air Pollution from Oil & Gas Facilities on African American Communities. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), NAACP & Clean Air Task Force.
Folland, W. and T. Simmons. 2020. “Electric Arc Furnace Slag: Preliminary Human Health Risk Evaluation.” Draft Technical Memorandum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8. June 16.
Freeland-Graves, J.H., C.W. Bales and F. Behmardi. 1987. “Manganese requirements of humans.” In: Nutritional Bioavailability of Manganese, C. Kies, ed. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. p. 90-104.
Freeland-Graves, J. H., T. Y. Mousa, and S. Kim. 2016. “International variability in diet and requirements of manganese: Causes and consequences.” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 38:24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.05.004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27264059.
Freire, C., E. Amaya, F. Gil, M. Murcia, S. L. Lop, M. Casas, M. Vrijheid, A. Lertxundi, A. Irizar, G. Fernandez-Tardon, R. V. Castro-Delgado, N. Olea, M. F. Fernandez, and INMA Project. 2019. “Placental metal concentrations and birth outcomes: The Environment and Childhood (INMA) project.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 222(3):468–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.12.014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638867.
Fullilove, M. T., and R. Wallace. 2011. “Serial forced displacement in American cities, 1916–2010.” Journal of Urban Health 88(3):381–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9585-2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21607786.
Gandhi, D., A. P. Rudrashetti, and S. Rajasekaran. 2022. “The impact of environmental and occupational exposures of manganese on pulmonary, hepatic, and renal functions.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 42(1):103–129. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4214. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34237170.
Garrabrants, A., D. Kosson, R. DeLapp, H. van der Sloot, P. Seignette, and S. Thorneloe. 2022a. “Introduction to the Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) for Use in Evaluation of EAF Slag.” Presentation to NASEM Committee on Electric Arc Furnace Slag: Understanding Human Health Risks from Unencapsulated Uses. June 29.
Garrabrants, A., D. Kosson, S. Yu, R. DeLapp, H. van der Sloot, T. Hubner, A. Touati, T. Strock, and S. Thorneloe. 2022b. “Leaching Assessment of EPA Region 8 Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slags Marketed as Residential Groundcover.” Presentation to NASEM Committee on Electric Arc Furnace Slag: Understanding Human Health Risks from Unencapsulated Uses. October 27.
Gent, J. F., P. Koutrakis, K. Belanger, E. Triche, T. R. Holford, M. B. Bracken, and B. P. Leaderer. 2009. “Symptoms and medication use in children with asthma and traffic-related sources of fine particle pollution.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117(7):1168–1174. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800335. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19654929.
Gibb, H. J., P. S. Lees, P. F. Pinsky, and B. C. Rooney. 2000a. “Clinical findings of irritation among chromium chemical production workers.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38:127–131.
Gibb, H. J., P. S. Lees, P. F. Pinsky, and B. C. Rooney. 2000b. “Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38:115–126.
Gibson, R. S. 1994. “Content and bioavailability of trace elements in vegetarian diets.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59(suppl):1223S–1232S.
Gökalp, I., V. E. Uz, and M. Saltan. 2016. “Testing the abrasion resistance of aggregates including byproducts by using Micro Deval apparatus with different standard test methods.” Construction and Building Materials 123: 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.141.
Gomes, H. I., W. M. Mayes, M. Rogerson, D. I. Stewart, and I. T. Burke. 2016. “Alkaline residues and the environment: A review of impacts, management practices and opportunities.” Journal of Cleaner Production 112:3571–3582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.111.
Greger, J. L. 1998. “Dietary standards for manganese: Overlap between nutritional and toxicological studies.” Journal of Nutrition 128(2 Suppl):368S–371S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.2.368S.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9478027.
Greger, J. L., C. D. Davis, J. W. Suttie, and B. J. Lyle. 1990. “Intake, serum concentrations, and urinary excretion of manganese by adult males.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51(3):457–461. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.3.457. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2309652.
Grover, L. M., and J. Farley. 1987. “Temporal order sensitivity of associative neural and behavioral changes in Hermissenda.” Behavioral Neuroscience 101(5):658–675. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.101.5.658. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3675844.
Grubb, D. G., and D. R. V. Berggren. 2018. “Air-cooled blast furnace slag. I: Characterization and leaching context.” Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste 22(4).
Gu, T., G. Cao, M. Luo, N. Zhang, T. Xue, R. Hou, and M. Leng. 2022. “A systematic review and meta-analysis of the hyperuricemia risk from certain metals.” Clinical Rheumatology 41(12):3641–3660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-022-06362-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36109472.
Guan, H., M. Wang, X. Li, F. Piao, Q. Li, L. Xu, F. Kitamura, and K. Yokoyama. 2014. “Manganese concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood: Related to birth size and environmental factors.” European Journal of Public Health 24(1):150–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt033. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543679.
Gurol, K. C., M. Aschner, D. R. Smith, and S. Mukhopadhyay. 2022. “Role of excretion in manganese homeostasis and neurotoxicity: A historical perspective.” American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 322(1):G79–G92. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00299.2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34786983.
Gustafsson, J. P. 2019. “Vanadium geochemistry in the biogeosphere: Speciation, solid-solution interactions, and ecotoxicity.” Applied Geochemistry 102:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.12.027. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292718303883.
Hausladen, D. M., and S. Fendorf. 2017. “Hexavalent chromium generation within naturally structured soils and sediments.” Environmental Science & Technology 51(4):2058–2067. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04039.
Hay, T., V.-V. Visuri, M. Aula, and T. Echterhof. 2021. “A review of mathematical process models for the electric arc furnace process.” Steel Research International 92(3). 10.1002/srin.202000395.
Haynes, E. N., H. Sucharew, P. Kuhnell, J. Alden, M. Barnas, R. O. Wright, P. J. Parsons, K. M. Aldous, M. L. Praamsma, C. Beidler, and K. N. Dietrich. 2015. “Manganese exposure and neurocognitive outcomes in rural school-age children: The Communities Actively Researching Exposure Study (Ohio, USA).” Environmental Health Perspectives 123:1066–1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408993.
Hernandez-Bonilla, D., A. Schilmann, S. Montes, Y. Rodriguez-Agudelo, S. Rodriguez-Dozal, R. Solis-Vivanco, C. Rios, and H. Riojas-Rodriguez. 2011. “Environmental exposure to manganese and motor function of children in Mexico.” Neurotoxicology 32(5):615–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2011.07.010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21871921.
Hibbert, K., and N. S. Tulve. 2019. “State-of-the-science review of non-chemical stressors found in a child’s social environment.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224417. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31718056.
Himeno, S., D. Sumi, and H. Fujishiro. 2019. “Toxicometallomics of cadmium, manganese and arsenic with special reference to the roles of metal transporters.” Toxicology Research 35(4):311–317. https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2019.35.4.311. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31636842.
Hinkle, M. A. G., E. D. Flynn, and J. G. Catalano. 2016. “Structural response of phyllomanganates to wet aging and aqueous Mn(II).” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 192:220–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.035. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703716304380.
Hoffman, J. S., V. Shandas, and N. Pendleton. 2020. “The effects of historical housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat: A study of 108 US urban areas.” Climate 8(1):12. https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/8/1/12.
Holappa, L., M. Kekkonen, A. Jokilaakso, and J. Koskinen. 2021. “A review of circular economy prospects for stainless steelmaking slags.” Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7(3):806–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-021-00392-w.
Hood, E. 2005. “Dwelling disparities: How poor housing leads to poor health.” Environmental Health Perspectives 113(5):A310.
Horning, K. J., S. W. Caito, K. G. Tipps, A. B. Bowman, and M. Aschner. 2015. “Manganese is essential for neuronal health.” Annual Review of Nutrition 35:71–108. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034419. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25974698.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2012. Arsenic, Metals, Fibers, and Dusts. Vol 100c. https://publications.iarc.fr/120.
IOM (Institute of Medicine), Panel on Micronutrients. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Iserson, K. V., W. Banner, R. C. Froede, and M. R. Derrick. 1983. “Failure of dialysis therapy in potassium dichromate poisoning.” Journal of Emergency Medicine 1(2):143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(83)90048-3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6680130.
Islam, G. M. R., M. M. Rahman, M. I. Hasan, A. W. Tadesse, J. D. Hamadani, and D. H. Hamer. 2022. “Hair, serum and urine chromium levels in children with cognitive defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case control studies.” Chemosphere 291(Pt 2):133017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34813844.
Iyare, P. U. 2019. “The effects of manganese exposure from drinking water on school-age children: A systematic review.” Neurotoxicology 73:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30797767.
Jackson, K., E. Aries, R. Fisher, D. R. Anderson, and A. Parris. 2012. “Assessment of exposure to PCDD/F, PCB, and PAH at a basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) and an iron ore sintering plant in the UK.” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 56(1):37–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mer071. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989166.
Jacoby, S. 2019. Potential Flaws of Opportunity Zones Loom, as Do Risks of Large-Scale Tax Avoidance. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/1-11-19tax.pdf.
Jbaily, A., X. Zhou, J. Liu, T.-H. Lee, L. Kamareddine, S. Verguet, and F. Dominici. 2022. “Air pollution exposure disparities across US population and income groups.” Nature 601:228–233.
Jiao, J., Y. Qi, J. Fu, and Z. Zhou. 2008. “Manganese-induced single strand breaks of mitochondrial DNA in vitro and in vivo.” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 26(2):123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2007.12.009. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21783899.
Jones, D. H., X. Yu, Q. Guo, X. Duan, and C. Jia. 2022. “Racial disparities in the heavy metal contamination of urban soil in the southeastern United States.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031105. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35162130.
Kacer, J., R. Altmaier, D. Latta, P. T. O’Shaughnessy, and D. M. Cwiertny. 2023. “Evaluation of airborne particulates and associated metals originating from steel slag applied to rural unpaved roads.” Environmental Science: Atmospheres 3(1):238–246. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00040G.
Kaufman, D. B., W. DiNicola, and R. McIntosh. 1970. “Acute potassium dichromate poisoning: Treated by peritoneal dialysis.” American Journal of Diseases of Children 119(4):374–376. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1970.02100050376021.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5434600.
Khaparde, V. V., A. D. Bhanarkar, D. Majumdar, and C. V. C. Rao. 2016. “Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fugitive PM10 emissions from an integrated iron and steel plant.” Science of the Total Environment 562:155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.153. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27099996.
Kierczak, J., A. Pietranik, and N. M. Piatak. 2021. “Chapter 4: Weathering of slags.” In Metallurgical Slags: Environmental Geochemistry and Resource Potential, edited by N. M. Piatak and V. Ettler. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Kioumourtzoglou, M. A., J. Schwartz, P. James, F. Dominici, and A. Zanobetti. 2016. “PM2.5 and mortality in 207 US cities: Modification by temperature and city characteristics.” Epidemiology 27(2):221–227. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000422. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26600257.
Komura, J., and M. Sakamoto. 1993. “Subcellular and gel chromatographic distribution of manganese in the mouse brain: Relation to the chemical form of chronically-ingested manganese.” Toxicology Letters 66(3):287–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(93)90010-u. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8475509.
Kosson, D. S., H. A. van der Sloot, F. Sanchez, and A. C. Garrabrants. 2002. “An integrated framework for evaluating leaching in waste management and utilization of secondary materials.” Environmental Engineering Science 19(3):159–204. https://doi.org/10.1089/109287502760079188. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/109287502760079188.
Krieger, N., E. Wright, J. T. Chen, P. D. Waterman, E. R. Huntley, and M. Arcaya. 2020a. “Cancer stage at diagnosis, historical redlining, and current neighborhood characteristics: Breast, cervical, lung, and colorectal cancers, Massachusetts, 2001-2015.” American Journal of Epidemiology 189(10):1065–1075. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaa045. PMID: 32219369; PMCID: PMC7666416.
Krieger, N., G. Van Wye, M. Huynh, P. D. Waterman, G. Maduro, W. Li, R. C. Gwynn, O. Barbot, and M. T. Bassett. 2020b. “Structural racism, historical redlining, and risk of preterm birth in New York City, 2013–2017.” American Journal of Public Health 110(7):1046–1053. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305656. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437270.
Lambert, K., D. Pappas, C. Miglioretto, A. Javadpour, H. Reveley, L. Frank, M. C. Grimm, D. Samocha-Bonet, and G. L. Hold. 2021. “Systematic review with meta-analysis: Dietary intake in adults with inflammatory bowel disease.” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapy 54(6):742–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16549. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34323292.
Lane, H. M., R. Morello-Frosch, J. D. Marshall, and J. S. Apte. 2022. “Historical redlining is associated with present-day air pollution disparities in U.S. cities.” Environmental Science & Technology Letters 9(4):345–350. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c01012.
Laohaudomchok, W., X. Lin, R. F. Herrick, S. C. Fang, J. M. Cavallari, R. Shrairman, A. Landau, D. C. Christiani, and M. G. Weisskopf. 2011. “Neuropsychological effects of low-level manganese exposure in welders.” NeuroToxicology 32(2):171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.12.014.
LaPosta, D. 2020. Complaint and notice of opportunity to request a hearing in the matter of: Norlite, LLC - Docket No. CAA-02-2020-1004. Edited by U.S. EPA.
Lee, E. K., G. Donley, T. H. Ciesielski, I. Gill, O. Yamoah, A. Roche, R. Martinez, and D. A. Freedman. 2022. “Health outcomes in redlined versus non-redlined neighborhoods: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Social Science & Medicine 294:114696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114696. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34995988.
Lefkowitz, J. P., A. A. Rouff, and E. J. Elzinga. 2013. “Influence of pH on the reductive transformation of birnessite by aqueous Mn(II).” Environmental Science and Technology 47(18):10364–10371. https://doi.org/10.1021/es402108d. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23875781.
Lemay, A., and J. Piotrowski. 2002. “The reconciliation model: A conceptual framework.” Notre Dame Child Family Journal 7(3):5–14.
Leven, A., D. Vlassopoulos, M. Kanematsu, J. Goin, and P. A. O’Day. 2018. “Characterization of manganese oxide amendments for in situ remediation of mercury-contaminated sediments.” Environmental Science Process and Impacts 20(12):1761–1773. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7em00576h. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30398226.
Lewis, A. S., S. N. Sax, S. C. Wason, and S. L. Campleman. 2011. “Non-chemical stressors and cumulative risk assessment: An overview of current initiatives and potential air pollutant interactions.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(6):2020–2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776216.
Li, H. W., Y. L. Wu, W. J. Lee, and G. P. Chang-Chien. 2007. “Fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in a fly ash treatment plant.” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 57(9):1024–1031. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.9.1024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17912921.
Lippmann, M., M. D. Cohen, and L.-C. Chen. 2015. “Health effects of World Trade Center (WTC) dust: An unprecedented disaster with inadequate risk management.” Critical Reviews in Toxicology 45(6):492–530. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2015.1044601.
Lucchini, R. G., E. Albini, L. Benedetti, S. Borghesi, R. Coccaglio, E. C. Malara, G. Parrinello, S. Garattini, S. Resola, and L. Alessio. 2007. “High prevalence of Parkinsonian disorders associated to manganese exposure in the vicinities of ferroalloy industries.” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 50(11):788–800. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20494. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17918215.
Lucchini, R. G., S. Guazzetti, S. Zoni, C. Benedetti, C. Fedrighi, M. Peli, F. Donna, E. Bontempi, L. Borgese, S. Micheletti, R. Ferri, S. Marchetti, and D. R. Smith. 2014. “Neurofunctional dopaminergic impairment in elderly after lifetime exposure to manganese.” Neurotoxicology 45:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24881811.
Macfie, A., E. Hagan, and A. Zhitkovich. 2010. “Mechanism of DNA-protein cross-linking by chromium.” Chemical Research in Toxicology 23(2):341–347. DOI: 10.1021/tx9003402.
Maret, W. 2019. “Chromium supplementation in human health, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.” Metal Ions in Life Science 19. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110527872-015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30855110.
Martinez-Finley, E. J., S. Chakraborty, and M. Aschner. 2013. “Manganese in biological systems.” In Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins, edited by R. H. Kretsinger, V. N. Uversky, and E. A. Permyakov, 1297–1303. New York: Springer New York.
Martins, A. C., Jr., P. Morcillo, O. M. Ijomone, V. Venkataramani, F. E. Harrison, E. Lee, A. B. Bowman, and M. Aschner. 2019. “New insights on the role of manganese in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193546. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31546716.
Massey, D. S. 2020. “Still the linchpin: Segregation and stratification in the USA.” Race and Social Problems 12(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09280-1.
Mattila, T., T. Santonen, H. R. Andersen, A. Katsonouri, T. Szigeti, M. Uhl, W. Wasowicz, R. Lange, B. Bocca, F. Ruggieri, M. Kolossa-Gehring, D. A. Sarigiannis, and H. Tolonen. 2021. “Scoping review: The association between asthma and environmental chemicals.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031323.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33535701.
Maxim, L. D., R. Niebo, M. J. Utell, E. E. McConnell, S. Larosa, and A. M. Segrave. 2014. “Wollastonite toxicity: An update.” Inhalation Toxicology 26(2):95–112. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2013.857372. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24495246.
Mayes, W. M., P. L. Younger, and J. Aumônier. 2008. “Hydrogeochemistry of alkaline steel slag leachates in the UK.” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 195(1):35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9725-9.
McDermott, S., D. C. Salzberg, A. P. Anderson, T. Shaw, and J. Lead. 2015. “Systematic review of chromium and nickel exposure during pregnancy and impact on child outcomes.” Journal of Toxicology: Environmental Health A 78 (21–22):1348–1368. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2015.1090939. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26571332.
Meakin, C.J., J.T. Szilagyi, V. Avula, R. C. Fry. 2020. “Inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites as endocrine disruptors in the placenta: Mechanisms underpinning glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway perturbations.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 409, 115305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2020.115305.
Meltzer, H. M., A. L. Brantsaeter, B. Borch-Iohnsen, D. G. Ellingsen, J. Alexander, Y. Thomassen, H. Stigum, and T. A. Ydersbond. 2010. “Low iron stores are related to higher blood concentrations of manganese, cobalt and cadmium in non-smoking, Norwegian women in the HUNT 2 study.” Environmental Research 110(5):497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2010.03.006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20381026.
Mena, I., K. Horiuchi, K. Burke, and G. C. Cotzias. 1969. “Chronic manganese poisoning: Individual susceptibility and absorption of iron.” Neurology 19(10):1000–1006. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.19.10.1000. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5387706.
Menezes-Filho, J. A., M. Bouchard, N. Sarcinelli Pde, and J. C. Moreira. 2009. “Manganese exposure and the neuropsychological effect on children and adolescents: A review.” Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 26(6):541–548. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009001200010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107709.
Menzie, C. A., M. M. MacDonnell, and M. Mumtaz. 2007. “A phased approach for assessing combined effects from multiple stressors.” Environmental Health Perspectives 115:807-816.
Michalke, B., and K. Fernsebner. 2014. “New insights into manganese toxicity and speciation.” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 28(2):106–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.08.005. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200516.
Mikati, I., A. F. Benson, T. J. Luben, J. D. Sacks, and J. Richmond-Bryant. 2018. “Disparities in distribution of particulate matter emission sources by race and poverty status.” American Journal of Public Health 108(4):480–485. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304297. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29470121.
Mitchell, B., J. Franco, and J. Richardson. 2018. HOLC “Redlining” Maps: The Persistent Structure of Segregation and Economic Inequality. Washington, DC: National Community Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC).
Mittal, L., C. Perry, A. D. Blanchette, and D. Proctor. “Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Residential Exposure to Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Using Bayesian Model of Relative Bioavailability and PBPK Modeling of Manganese” submitted to Risk Analysis.
Mohai, P., P. M. Lantz, J. Morenoff, J. S. House, and R. P. Mero. 2009. “Racial and socioeconomic disparities in residential proximity to polluting industrial facilities: Evidence from the Americans’ Changing Lives Study.” American Journal of Public Health 99(Suppl 3):S649–S656. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131383. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890171.
Mombelli, D., C. Mapelli, S. Barella, C. Di Cecca, G. Le Saout, and E. Garcia-Diaz. 2016. “The effect of chemical composition on the leaching behaviour of electric arc furnace (EAF) carbon steel slag during a standard leaching test.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4(1):1050–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.09.018.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213343715002493.
Mombelli, D., C. Mapelli, S. Barella, A. Gruttadauria, G. Le Saout, and E. Garcia-Diaz. 2014. “The efficiency of quartz addition on electric arc furnace (EAF) carbon steel slag stability.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 279:586–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.045. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389414006207.
Morello-Frosch, R., and B. M. Jesdale. 2006. “Separate and unequal: Residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114(3):386–393. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8500. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507462.
Morello-Frosch, R., and R. Lopez. 2006. “The riskscape and the color line: Examining the role of segregation in environmental health disparities.” Environmental Research 102(2):181–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2006.05.007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16828737.
Mortimer, J. A., A. R. Borenstein, and L. M. Nelson. 2012. “Associations of welding and manganese exposure with Parkinson disease: Review and meta-analysis.” Neurology 79(11):1174–1180. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182698ced. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965675.
Mujahid, M. S., X. Gao, L. P. Tabb, and T. T. Lewis. 2021. “Historical redlining and cardiovascular health: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.” PNAS 118(51):e2110986118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211098611.
Muleski, G. E., C. Cowherd, Jr., and J. S. Kinsey. 2005. “Particulate emissions from construction activities.” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 55(6):772–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464669. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16022415.
Munoz-Rocha, T. V., Y. Ortiz, M. Tamayo, M. Romero, I. Pantic, L. Schnaas, D. Bellinger, B. Claus-Henn, R. Wright, R. O. Wright, and M. M. Tellez-Rojo. 2018. “Prenatal co-exposure to manganese and depression and 24-months neurodevelopment.” Neurotoxicology 64:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.07.007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28728787.
Nardone, A., J. Chiang, and J. Corburn. 2020a. “Historic redlining and urban health today in U.S. cities.” Environmental Justice 13(4):109–119. https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2020.0011. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/env.2020.0011.
Nardone, A., J. A. Casey, R. Morello-Frosch, M. Mujahid, J. R. Balmes, and N. Thakur. 2020b. “Associations between historical residential redlining and current age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma across eight cities in California: An ecological study.” Lancet Planetary Health 4(1):e24–e31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31999951.
Nardone, A., K. E. Rudolph, R. Morello-Frosch, and J. A. Casey. 2021. “Redlines and greenspace: The relationship between historical redlining and 2010 greenspace across the United States.” Environmental Health Perspectives 129(1):017006. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7495. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/abs/10.1289/EHP7495.
Neuhold, S., A. van Zomeren, J. J. Dijkstra, H. A. van der Sloot, P. Drissen, D. Algermissen, D. Mudersbach, S. Schüler, T. Griessacher, J. G. Raith, R. Pomberger, and D. Vollprecht. 2019. “Investigation of possible leaching control mechanisms for chromium and vanadium in electric arc furnace (EAF) slags using combined experimental and modeling approaches.” Minerals 9(9):525. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/9/9/525.
Niedzwiecki, M. M., D. I. Walker, R. Vermeulen, M. Chadeau-Hyam, D. P. Jones, and G. W. Miller. 2019. “The exposome: Molecules to populations.” Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 59:107–127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021315. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30095351.
Nisbet, I. C., and P. K. LaGoy. 1992. “Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 16(3):290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(92)90009-x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1293646.
Noureldin, A. S., and R. S. McDaniel. 1990. “Evaluation of surface mixtures of steel slag and asphalt.” Transportation Research Record 1269:133–149.
NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. 2003. Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soil and Sediments: Processes, Tools, and Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 2011. Report on Carcinogens. Twelfth Edition, 2011. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/PB2011111646.xhtml.
O’Brien, T. J., S. Ceryak, and S. R. Patierno. 2003. “Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis: Role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms [Review].” Mutation Research 533:3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.09.006.
Odabasi, M., A. Bayram, T. Elbir, R. Seyfioglu, Y. Dumanoglu, A. Bozlaker, H. Demircioglu, H. Altiok, S. Yatkin, and B. Cetin. 2009. “Electric arc furnaces for steel-making: Hot spots for persistent organic pollutants.” Environmental Science and Technology 43(14):5205–5211. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900863s. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19708342.
Ohura, T., Y. Kamiya, F. Ikemori, T. Imanaka, and M. Ando. 2012. “Analysis of Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Air.” Air Quality - New Perspective. Edited by B. Valdez and M. S. G. Lopez Badilla. InTech. doi:10.5772/48720.
O’Neal, S. L., and W. Zheng. 2015. “Manganese toxicity upon overexposure: A decade in review.” Current Environmental Health Reports 2(3):315–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0056-x.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26231508.
Oppenheimer, A. V., D. C. Bellinger, B. A. Coull, M. G. Weisskopf, and S. A. Korrick. 2022. “The association of prenatal manganese exposure with problem-solving skills and its mediation by the building blocks of executive function.” Neurotoxicology 92:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2022.08.009. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35995271.
Oze, C., D. K. Bird, and S. Fendorf. 2007. “Genesis of hexavalent chromium from natural sources in soil and groundwater.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(16):6544–6549. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701085104. https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.0701085104.
Pan, C., H. Liu, J. G. Catalano, A. Qian, Z. Wang, and D. E. Giammar. 2017a. “Rates of Cr(VI) generation from Cr(x)Fe(1-x)(OH)(3) solids upon reaction with manganese oxide.” Environmental Science and Technology 51(21):12416–12423. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04097. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29043792.
Pan, S.-Y., R. Adhikari, Y.-H. Chen, P. Li, and P.-C. Chiang. 2016. “Integrated and innovative steel slag utilization for iron reclamation, green material production and CO2 fixation via accelerated carbonation.” Journal of Cleaner Production 137:617–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.112. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652616310083.
Pan, X., J. Hu, W. Xia, B. Zhang, W. Liu, C. Zhang, J. Yang, C. Hu, A. Zhou, Z. Chen, J. Cao, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Huang, B. Lv, R. Song, J. Zhang, S. Xu, and Y. Li. 2017b. “Prenatal chromium exposure and risk of preterm birth: A cohort study in Hubei, China.” Scientific Reports 7(1):3048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03106-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28596517.
Park, S., M.-k. Kim, M. Versoza, J. Heo, M. Kim, and D. Park. 2022. “Emission of fugitive dust from railway maintenance vehicles operating on gravel track.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 112:103441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103441. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192092200267X.
Peng, Y., J. Hu, Y. Li, B. Zhang, W. Liu, H. Li, H. Zhang, C. Hu, X. Chen, W. Xia, S. Lu, and S. Xu. 2018. “Exposure to chromium during pregnancy and longitudinally assessed fetal growth: Findings from a prospective cohort.” Environment International 121(Pt 1):375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.003. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30245360.
Petranikova, M., A. H. Tkaczyk, A. Bartl, A. Amato, V. Lapkovskis, and C. Tunsu. 2020. “Vanadium sustainability in the context of innovative recycling and sourcing development.” Waste Management 113:521–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32540171.
Piatak, N. M., V. Ettler, and D. Hoppe. 2021. “Chapter 3: Geochemistry and mineralogy of metallurgical slag.” In Metallurgical Slags: Environmental Geochemistry and Resource Potential, edited by N. M. Piatak and V. Ettler, 59–124. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Piatak, N. M., M. B. Parsons, and R. R. Seal. 2015. “Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: A review.” Applied Geochemistry 57:236–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292714000821.
Pillay, K., H. von Blottnitz, and J. Petersen. 2003. “Ageing of chromium(III)-bearing slag and its relation to the atmospheric oxidation of solid chromium(III)-oxide in the presence of calcium oxide.” Chemosphere 52(10):1771–1779. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00453-3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653503004533.
Post, J. E. 1999. “Manganese oxide minerals: Crystal structures and economic and environmental significance.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(7):3447–3454. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3447. https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3447.
Proctor D.M., J.M. Otani, B.L. Finley, D.J. Paustenbach, J.A. Bland, N. Speizer, E.V. Sargent. 2002. “Is hexavalent chromium carcinogenic via ingestion? A weight-of-evidence review.” J Toxicol Environ Health A. May 24;65(10):701-46. doi: 10.1080/00984100290071018. PMID: 12028825.
Proctor, D. M. 2022. “Updated health risk assessment of EAF carbon steel slag.” Presentation to the NASEM Committee on Electric Arc Furnace Slag: Understanding Human Health Risks from Unencapsulated Uses, Orange County, CA.
Proctor, D. M., and T. Antonijevic. 2022. “Refined health risk assessment for residential exposures to manganese in EAF steel slag.” Poster presented at Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 2022.
Proctor, D. M., K. A. Fehling, E. C. Shay, J. L. Wittenborn, J. J. Green, C. Avent, R. D. Bigham, M. Connolly, B. Lee, T. O. Shepker, and M. A. Zak. 2000. “Physical and chemical characteristics of blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace steel industry slags.” Environmental Science & Technology 34(8):1576–1582. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9906002.
Proctor, D. M., E. C. Shay, K. A. Fehling, and B. L. Finley. 2002. “Assessment of human health and ecological risks posed by the uses of steel-industry slags in the environment.” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 8(4):681–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/20028091057150.
PWT (Pacific Western Technologies, Ltd.) 2020. “Technical Memorandum, EAF Slag Sampling Event Colorado Smelter Superfund Site, Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado.” Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8. February.
Reddy, K. R., A. Gopakumar, and J. K. Chetri. 2019. “Critical review of applications of iron and steel slags for carbon sequestration and environmental remediation.” Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 18(1):127–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-018-09490-w.
Reff, A., P. V. Bhave, H. Simon, T. G. Pace, G. A. Pouliot, J. D. Mobley, and M. Houyoux. 2009. “Emissions inventory of PM2.5 trace elements across the United States.” Environmental Science & Technology 43(15):5790–5796. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802930x.
Reijonen, I., and H. Hartikainen. 2018. “Risk assessment of the utilization of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) as soil liming material: Oxidation risk and the chemical bioavailability of chromium species.” Environmental Technology & Innovation 11:358–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186417303711.
Revilla-Cuesta, V., M. Skaf, A. Santamaría, J. M. Romera, and V. Ortega-López. 2022. “Elastic stiffness estimation of aggregate–ITZ system of concrete through matrix porosity and volumetric considerations: Explanation and exemplification.” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 22(2):59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-022-00382-z.
Reynolds, M, S. Armknecht, T. Johnston, and A. Zhitkovich. 2012. “Undetectable role of oxidative DNA damage in cell cycle, cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of Cr(VI) in human lung cells with restored ascorbate levels.” Mutagenesis 27:437–443. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ger095.
Roadcap, G. S., and W. R. Kelly. 1994. Shallow Ground-Water Chemistry in the Lake Calumet Area, Chicago, Illinois. Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association.
Roadcap, G. S., W. R. Kelly, and C. M. Bethke. 2005. “Geochemistry of extremely alkaline (pH>12) ground water in slag-fill aquifers.” Ground Water 43(6):806–816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00060.x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16324002.
Rodichkin, A. N., and T. R. Guilarte. 2022. “Hereditary disorders of manganese metabolism: Pathophysiology of childhood-onset dystonia-Parkinsonism in SLC39A14 mutation carriers and genetic animal models.” International Journal of Molecular Science 23(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112833. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36361624.
Rodriguez-Barranco, M., M. Lacasana, C. Aguilar-Garduno, J. Alguacil, F. Gil, B. Gonzalez-Alzaga, and A. Rojas-Garcia. 2013. “Association of arsenic, cadmium and manganese exposure with neurodevelopment and behavioural disorders in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Science of the Total Environment 454–455:562–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.047. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23570911.
Roels, H. A., R. M. Bowler, Y. Kim, B. Claus Henn, D. Mergler, P. Hoet, V. V. Gocheva, D. C. Bellinger, R. O. Wright, M. G. Harris, Y. Chang, M. F. Bouchard, H. Riojas-Rodriguez, J. A. Menezes-Filho, and M. M. Tellez-Rojo. 2012. “Manganese exposure and cognitive deficits: A growing concern for manganese neurotoxicity.” Neurotoxicology 33(4):872–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2012.03.009. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498092.
Roels, H. A., P. Ghyselen, J. P. Buchet, E. Ceulemans, and R. R. Lauwerys. 1992. “Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 49(1):25–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.49.1.25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1733453.
Roels, H. A., M. I. Ortega Eslava, E. Ceulemans, A. Robert, and D. Lison. 1999. “Prospective study on the reversibility of neurobehavioral effects in workers exposed to manganese dioxide.” Neurotoxicology 20(2–3):255–271. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10385889.
Rumrich, I. K., K. Vahakangas, M. Viluksela, and O. Hanninen. 2020. “Chained risk assessment for lifelong disease burden of early exposures: Demonstration of concept using prenatal maternal smoking.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051472. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32106496.
Ryan, P. H., M. Dihle, S. Griffin, C. Partridge, T. J. Hilbert, R. Taylor, S. Adjei, and J. E. Lockey. 2011. “Erionite in road gravel associated with interstitial and pleural changes: An occupational hazard in western United States.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53(8):892–898. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318223d44c. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775901.
Saegert, S., and G. W. Evans. 2003. “Poverty, housing niches, and health in the United States.” Journal of Social Issues 59:569–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00078.
Salnikow, K., and A. Zhitkovich. 2008. “Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: Nickel, arsenic, and chromium.” Chemical Research in Toxicology 21(1):28–44. doi: 10.1021/tx700198a. Epub 2007 Oct 30. PMID: 17970581; PMCID: PMC2602826.
Sanders, A. P., B. Claus Henn, and R. O. Wright. 2015. “Perinatal and childhood exposure to cadmium, manganese, and metal mixtures and effects on cognition and behavior: A review of recent literature.” Current Environmental Health Reports 2(3):284–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0058-8.
Sandstrom, B., L. Davidsson, A. Cederblad, R. Eriksson, and B. Lonnerdal. 1986. “Manganese absorption and metabolism in man.” Acta Pharmacology & Toxicology (Copenhagen) 59(Suppl 7):60–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1986.tb02708.x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3776634.
Sandstrom, B., L. Davidsson, R. Eriksson, and M. Alpsten. 1990. “Effect of long-term trace element supplementation on blood trace element levels and absorption of (75Se), (54Mn) and (65Zn).” Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 4(2):65–72. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2136227.
Santos, R. A. S., W. O. Sampaio, A. C. Alzamora, D. Motta-Santos, N. Alenina, M. Bader, and M. J. Campagnole-Santos. 2018. “The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the renin-angiotensin system: Focus on angiotensin-(1-7).” Physiological Reviews 98:505–553. doi: 10.1152/physrev. 00023.2016.
Sapolsky, R. 2005. “Sick of POVERTY.” Scientific American 293(6):92–99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26061262.
SC&A. 2022. Analysis of Demographic Factors for Populations Living Near Steel Plants using Electric Arc Furnaces and Argon-Oxygen Decarburization Vessels. GSA BPA No. 68HERD21A0003. Task Order No. 68HERH22F0003. Prepared for Air Toxics Assessment Group Health and Environmental Impacts Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Schildroth, S., K. Kordas, J. A. Bauer, R. O. Wright, and B. Claus Henn. 2022. “Environmental metal exposure, neurodevelopment, and the role of iron status: A review.” Current Environmental Health Reports 9(4):758–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-022-00378-0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35997893.
Schuyler, A. J., and S. E. Wenzel. 2022. “Historical redlining impacts contemporary environmental and asthma-related outcomes in Black adults.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 206(7):824–837. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202112-2707OC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35612914.
Sedman, R. M., J. Beaumont, T.A. Mcdonald, S. Reynolds, G. Krowech, and R. Howd. 2006. “Review of the evidence regarding the carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium in drinking water.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C: Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews 24:155–182. DOI: 10.1080/10590500600614337.
Sexton, K., and S. H. Linder. 2010. “The role of cumulative risk assessment in decisions about environmental justice.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7(11):4037–4049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7114037. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139875.
Shaffer, R. M., J. M. Wright, I. Cote, and T. F. Bateson. 2003. “Comparative susceptibility of children and adults to neurological effects of inhaled manganese: A review of the published literature.” Environmental Research 221:115319. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115319. Epub 2023 Jan 17. PMID: 36669586.
Sharma, P., V. Gupta, K. Kumar, and P. Khetarpal. 2022. “Assessment of serum elements concentration and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Systematic review and meta-analysis.” Biological Trace Element Research 200(11):4582–4593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-03058-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35028866.
Shilnikova, N., N. Karyakina, N. Farhat, S. Ramoju, B. Cline, F. Momoli, D. Mattison, N. Jensen, R. Terrell, and D. Krewski. 2022. “Biomarkers of environmental manganese exposure.” Critical Reviews in Toxicology 52(4):325–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2022.2095979. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35894753.
Shiraki, R., and B. A. Holmen. 2002. “Airborne respirable silica near a sand and gravel facility in central California: XRD and elemental analysis to distinguish source and background quartz.” Environmental Science & Technology 36(23):4956–4961. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0257265.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12523406.
Singh, S. K., P. Vashistha, R. Chandra, and A. K. Rai. 2021. “Study on leaching of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag for its sustainable applications as construction material.” Process Safety and Environmental Protection 148:1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.01.039. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957582021000483.
Singhal, V. K., B. S. Deswal, and B. N. Singh. 2015. “Study of skin and mucous membrane disorders among workers engaged in the sodium dichromate manufacturing industry and chrome plating industry.” Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 19(3):129–133. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.173994. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26957809.
Sivacoumar, R., S. M. Raj, S. J. Chinnadurai, and R. Jayabalou. 2009. “Modeling of fugitive dust emission and control measures in stone crushing industry.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 11(5):987–997. https://doi.org/10.1039/B818362G.
Smith, A. H., and C. M. Steinmaus. 2009. “Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: Recent human findings.” Annual Review of Public Health 30:107–122. doi: 10.1146/annu rev.publhealth.031308.100143. PMID: 19012537; PMCID: PMC2762382.
Smith, D., and B. J. Strupp. 2023. “Animal models of childhood exposure to lead or manganese: Evidence for impaired attention, impulse control, and affect regulation and assessment of potential therapies.” Neurotherapeutics 20:3–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-023-01345-9.
Spaur, M., A. E. Nigra, T. R. Sanchez, A. Navas-Acien, M. Lazo, and H. C. Wu. 2022. “Association of blood manganese, selenium with steatosis, fibrosis in the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey, 2017–18.” Environmental Research 213:113647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113647. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35691383.
Spiro, T. G., J. R. Bargar, G. Sposito, and B. M. Tebo. 2010. “Bacteriogenic manganese oxides.” Accounts of Chemical Research 43(1):2–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800232a. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19778036.
Spritzer, P. M., S. B. Lecke, V. C. Fabris, P. K. Ziegelmann, and L. Amaral. 2017. “Blood trace element concentrations in polycystic ovary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis.” Biological Trace Element Research 175(2):254–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0774-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27301656.
Standeven, A. M., and K. E. Wetterhahn. 1989. “Chromium-vi toxicity uptake reduction and DNA damage.” Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8:1275–1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909009118.
Streiffer, A., and R. Thiboldeaux. 2015. Charter Steel Slag Health Assessment. P-01283, Wisconsin Department of Health Services.
Sughis, M., T. S. Nawrot, S. Ihsan-ul-Haque, A. Amjad, and B. Nemery. 2012. “Blood pressure and particulate air pollution in schoolchildren of Lahore, Pakistan.” BMC Public Health 12:378. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-378.
Suh, M., M. J. Troese, D. A. Hall, B. Yasso, J. J. Yzenas, and D. M. Proctor. 2014. “Evaluation of electric arc furnace-processed steel slag for dermal corrosion, irritation, and sensitization from dermal contact.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 34:1418–1425. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2974.
Sun, H., J. Brocato, and M. Costa. 2015. “Oral chromium exposure and toxicity.” Current Environmental Health Reports 2(3):295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0054-z. PMID: 26231506; PMCID: PMC4522702.
Swope, C. B., D. Hernandez, and L. J. Cushing. 2022. “The relationship of historical redlining with present-day neighborhood environmental and health outcomes: A scoping review and conceptual model.” Journal of Urban Health 99(6):959–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-022-00665-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35915192.
Takser, L., J. Lafond, M. Bouchard, G. St-Amour, and D. Mergler. 2004. “Manganese levels during pregnancy and at birth: Relation to environmental factors and smoking in a southwest Quebec population.” Environmental Research 95(2):119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2003.11.002. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15147916.
Tamayo, P., J. Pacheco, C. Thomas, J. de Brito, and J. Rico. 2020. “Mechanical and durability properties of concrete with coarse recycled aggregate produced with electric arc furnace slag concrete.” Applied Sciences 10(1):216. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/1/216.
Taylor, C. A., K. Tuschl, M. M. Nicolai, J. Bornhorst, P. Gubert, A. M. Varao, M. Aschner, D. R. Smith, and S. Mukhopadhyay. 2020. “Maintaining translational relevance in animal models of manganese neurotoxicity.” Journal of Nutrition 150(6):1360–1369. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa066.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211802.
Than, B. L. N., J.F. Linnekamp, T. Starr, D.A. Largaespada, A. Rod, Y. Zhang, V. Bruner, J.E. Abrahante - Llorens, A. Schumann, T. Luczak, A. Niemczyk, G. O'Sullivan, J.P. Medema, R.J.A. Fijneman, G.A. Meijer, E. Van Den Broek, C.A. Hodges, P.M. Scott, L. Vermeulen, and R.T. Cormier. 2016. “CFTR is a tumor suppressor gene in murine and human intestinal cancer.” Oncogene 35(32), 4191-4199. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2015.483.
Thoma, E. D., R. S. Wright, I. George, M. Krause, D. Presezzi, V. Villa, W. Preston, P. Deshmukh, P. Kauppi, and P. G. Zemek. 2022. “Pyrolysis processing of PFAS-impacted biosolids, a pilot study.” Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 72(4):309–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.2009935. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34870569.
Tijani, A. S., O. O. David, and E. O. Farombi. 2022. “Manganese mitigates against hepatorenal oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase-3 activation in rats exposed to hexachlorobenzene.” Drug & Chemical Toxicology 45(6):2748–2757. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2021.1986061. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34670467.
Tinkov, A. A., M. M. B. Paoliello, A. N. Mazilina, A. V. Skalny, A. C. Martins, O. N. Voskresenskaya, J. Aaseth, A. Santamaria, S. V. Notova, A. Tsatsakis, E. Lee, A. B. Bowman, and M. Aschner. 2021. “Molecular targets of manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A five-year update.” International Journal of Molecular Science 22(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094646. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33925013.
Torres-Agustin, R., Y. Rodriguez-Agudelo, A. Schilmann, R. Solis-Vivanco, S. Montes, H. Riojas-Rodriguez, M. Cortez-Lugo, and C. Rios. 2013. “Effect of environmental manganese exposure on verbal learning and memory in Mexican children.” Environmental Research 121:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.10.007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23141434.
ToxStrategies. 2011. Human Health Risk Assessment for Iron and Steel Slag. Rancho Santa Margarita, CA: ToxStrategies, Inc.
Tozsin, G., F. Yonar, O. Yucel, and A. Dikbas. 2023. “Utilization possibilities of steel slag as backfill material in coastal structures.” Scientific Reports 13(1):4318. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-02331156-z. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36922523.
Tsai, M. S., K. W. Liao, C. H. Chang, L. C. Chien, I. F. Mao, Y. A. Tsai, and M. L. Chen. 2015. “The critical fetal stage for maternal manganese exposure.” Environmental Research 137:215–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25575372.
Tulve, N. S., J. Ruiz, K. Lichtveld, S. P. Darney, J. J. Quackenboss, and Ommega Internationals. 2016. “Development of a conceptual framework depicting a childs total (built, natural, social) environment in order to optimize health and well-being.” Journal of Environment and Health Science. https://doi.org/10.15436/2378-6841.16.1121.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2023. American Community Survey 5-Year Data (2009–2021). Edited by American Community Survey Office. Washington, DC.
USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). 2022. Iron and Steel Slag. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-iron-steel-slag.pdf.
USGS. 2023a. Mineral commodity summaries 2023: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023.
USGS. 2023b. Advance Data Release of the 2021 Annual Tables, edited by myb1-2021-fesla-ert. U.S. Geological Survey.
Vaiana, R., F. Balzano, T. Iuele, and V. Gallelli. 2019. “Microtexture performance of EAF slags used as aggregate in asphalt mixes: A comparative study with surface properties of natural stones.” Applied Sciences 9(15):3197. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/15/3197.
Vermeulen, R., E. L. Schymanski, A. L. Barabasi, and G. W. Miller. 2020. “The exposome and health: Where chemistry meets biology.” Science 367(6476):392–396. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3164. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31974245.
Vigeh, M., K. Yokoyama, K. Ohtani, F. Shahbazi, and T. Matsukawa. 2013. “Increase in blood manganese induces gestational hypertension during pregnancy.” Hypertension Pregnancy 32(3):214–224. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641955.2013.784784. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905606.
Vigeh, M., K. Yokoyama, F. Ramezanzadeh, M. Dahaghin, E. Fakhriazad, Z. Seyedaghamiri, and S. Araki. 2008. “Blood manganese concentrations and intrauterine growth restriction.” Reproductive Toxicology 25(2):219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.11.011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18242051.
Vigeh, M., K. Yokoyama, F. Ramezanzadeh, M. Dahaghin, T. Sakai, Y. Morita, F. Kitamura, H. Sato, and Y. Kobayashi. 2006. “Lead and other trace metals in preeclampsia: A case-control study in Tehran, Iran.” Environmental Research 100(2):268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.05.005.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16029873.
Vincent, J. B. 2013. “Chromium: Is it essential, pharmacologically relevant, or toxic?” In Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases, edited by A. Sigel, H. Sigel, and R. K. O. Sigel, 171–198. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Vincent, J. B. 2017. “New evidence against chromium as an essential trace element.” Journal of Nutrition 147(12):2212–2219. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.117.255901. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29021369.
Vollet, K., E. N. Haynes, and K. N. Dietrich. 2016. “Manganese exposure and cognition across the lifespan: Contemporary review and argument for biphasic dose-response health effects.” Current Environmental Health Reports 3(4):392–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-016-0108-x. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27722879.
Wang, C., Y. Guan, M. Lv, R. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wei, X. Du, J. Yang, T. Li, Y. Wan, X. Su, X. Huang, and Z. Jiang. 2018. “Manganese increases the sensitivity of the cGAS-STING pathway for double-stranded DNA and is required for the host defense against DNA viruses.” Immunity 48(4):675–687.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653696.
Wang, X., X. Li, X. Yan, C. Tu, and Z. Yu. 2021. “Environmental risks for application of iron and steel slags in soils in China: A review.” Pedosphere 31(1):28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60058-3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002016020600583.
WHO (World Health Organization). 1973. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition: Manganese. Technical Report Service, 532. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Wilcox, J. M., D. C. Consoli, K. C. Paffenroth, B. D. Spitznagel, E. S. Calipari, A. B. Bowman, and F. E. Harrison. 2022. “Manganese-induced hyperactivity and dopaminergic dysfunction depend on age, sex and YAC128 genotype.” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 213:173337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173337.
Willis, A. W., B. A. Evanoff, M. Lian, A. Galarza, A. Wegrzyn, M. Schootman, and B. A. Racette. 2010. “Metal emissions and urban incident Parkinson disease: A community health study of Medicare beneficiaries by using geographic information systems.” American Journal of Epidemiology 172(12):1357–1363. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq303. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959505.
Wilson, B. 2020. “Urban heat management and the legacy of redlining.” Journal of the American Planning Association 86(4):443–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1759127.
Wong, M. M. H., K. Y. Chan, and K. Lo. 2022. “Manganese exposure and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Nutrients 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040825. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35215474.
Wright, R. O., C. Amarasiriwardena, A. D. Woolf, R. Jim, and D. C. Bellinger. 2006. “Neuropsychological correlates of hair arsenic, manganese, and cadmium levels in school-age children residing near a hazardous waste site.” Neurotoxicology 27(2):210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2005.10.001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310252.
Wright, R. O., and A. Baccarelli. 2007. “Metals and neurotoxicology.” Journal of Nutrition 137(12):2809–2813. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.12.2809. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029504.
Xia, W., J. Hu, B. Zhang, Y. Li, J. P. Wise, Sr., B. A. Bassig, A. Zhou, D. A. Savitz, C. Xiong, J. Zhao, X. du, Y. Zhou, X. Pan, J. Yang, C. Wu, M. Jiang, Y. Peng, Z. Qian, T. Zheng, and S. Xu. 2016. “A case-control study of maternal exposure to chromium and infant low birth weight in China.” Chemosphere 144:1484–1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498095.
Yamamoto, M., K. Sakurai, A. Eguchi, S. Yamazaki, S. F. Nakayama, T. Isobe, A. Takeuchi, T. Sato, A. Hata, C. Mori, H. Nitta, Environment Japan, and Group Children’s Study. 2019. “Association between blood manganese level during pregnancy and birth size: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS).” Environmental Research 172:117–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.007. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30782531.
Yang, C. Y., I. Reijonen, H. Yu, R. Dharmarajan, B. Seshadri, and N. S. Bolan. 2018a. “Back to basic slags as a phosphorus source and liming material.” In Soil Amendments for Sustainability, edited by A. Rakshit, B. Sarkar, and P. Abhilash, 14. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Yang, L., X. Qian, Z. Wang, Y. Li, H. Bai, and H. Li. 2018b. “Steel slag as low-cost adsorbent for the removal of phenanthrene and naphthalene.” Adsorption Science & Technology 36(3–4):1160–1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263617418756407. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0263617418756407.
Yildirim, I. Z., and M. Prezzi. 2009. Use of Steel Slag in Subgrade Applications. West Lafayette, IN: Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University.
Yildirim, I. Z., and M. Prezzi. 2011. “Chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of steel slag.” Advances in Civil Engineering 2011:463638. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/463638.
Zahoransky, T., K. Kaiser, and C. Mikutta. 2022. “High manganese redox variability and manganate predominance in temperate soil profiles as determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 338:229–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2022.10.016.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703722005531.
Zhang, M., L. Zhu, H. Wang, Y. Hao, Q. Zhang, C. Zhao, and X. Bao. 2022. “A novel homozygous SLC39A14 variant in an infant with hypermanganesemia and a review of the literature.” Frontiers in Pediatrics 10:949651. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.949651. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36733764.
Zhitkovich, A. 2005. “Importance of chromium-DNA adducts in mutagenicity and toxicity of chromium(VI) [Review].” Chemical Research in Toxicology 18:3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx049774+.
Zogzas, C. E., and S. Mukhopadhyay. 2017. “Inherited disorders of manganese metabolism.” Advances in Neurobiology 18:35–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28889262.
Zoni, S., and R. G. Lucchini. 2013. “Manganese exposure: Cognitive, motor and behavioral effects on children: A review of recent findings.” Current Opinions in Pediatrics 25(2):255–260. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e32835e906b. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23486422.
Zota, A. R., A. S. Ettinger, M. Bouchard, C. J. Amarasiriwardena, J. Schwartz, H. Hu, and R. O. Wright. 2009. “Maternal blood manganese levels and infant birth weight.” Epidemiology 20(3):367–373. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31819b93c0. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289966.