Abrams, L. R., Harknett, K., & Schneider, D. (2022, December). Older workers with unpredictable schedules: Implications for well-being and job retention. The Gerontologist, 62(10), 1443–1453. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnac067
Andel, R., Kåreholt, I., Parker, M. G., Thorslund, M., & Gatz, M. (2007). Complexity of primary lifetime occupation and cognition in advanced old age. Journal of Aging and Health, 19(3), 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264307300171
Athey, S., Chetty, R., Imbens, G. W., & Kang, H. (2024). The Surrogate Index: Combining short-term proxies to estimate long-term treatment effects more rapidly and precisely (NBER Working Paper No. 26463). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26463
Autor, D. H., & Handel, M. J. (2013). Putting tasks to the test: Human capital, job tasks, and wages. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(S1), S59–S96. https://doi.org/10.1086/669332
Avent-Holt, D., Henriksen, L. F., Hägglund, A. E., Jung, J., Kodama, N., Melzer, S. M., Mun, E., Rainey, A., & Tomaskovic-Devey, D. (2020). Occupations, workplaces or jobs? An exploration of stratification contexts using administrative data. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 70, 100456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100456
Avila, J. F., Murchland, A. R., Glymour, M. M., & Manly, J. J. (2020). Relationship between state-level administrative school quality data, years of education, cognitive decline and dementia risk. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 16(S10), e043633. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.043633
Barnes, L. L., Leurgans, S., Aggarwal, N. T., Shah, R. C., Arvanitakis, Z., James, B. D., Buchman, A. S., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2015). Mixed pathology is more likely in black than white decedents with Alzheimer dementia. Neurology, 85(6), 528–534. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001834
Bishop, K. C., Ketcham, J. D., & Kuminoff, N. V. (2023, October). Hazed and confused: The effect of air pollution on dementia. The Review of Economic Studies, 90(5), 2188–2214. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdac078
Boing, A. F., Boing, A. C., Cordes, J., Kim, R., & Subramanian, S. V. (2020). Quantifying and explaining variation in life expectancy at census tract, county, and state levels in the United States. PNAS, 117(30), 17688–17694. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003719117
Boivin, D. B., Boudreau, P., & Kosmadopoulos, A. (2022). Disturbance of the circadian system in shift work and its health impact. Journal of Biological Rhythms, 37(1), 3–28.
Boots, E. A., Schultz, S. A., Almeida, R. P., Oh, J. M., Koscik, R. L., Dowling, M. N., Gallagher, C. L., Carlsson, C. M., Rowley, H. A., Bendlin, B. B., Asthana, S., Sager, M. A., Hermann, B. P., Johnson, S. C., & Okonkwo, O. C. (2015). Occupational complexity and cognitive reserve in a middle-aged cohort at risk for Alzheimer’s Disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(7), 634–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acv041
Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., & Pan, Y. (2014). Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. Science, 343(6178), 1478–1485. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248429
Carr, D., & Namkung, E. H. (2021). Physical disability at work: How functional limitation affects perceived discrimination and interpersonal relationships in the workplace. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 62(4), 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221465211023424
Chang, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Gao, P., & Tang, Y. (2024). Association of sleep duration with excess risk of dementia among shift workers in the UK biobank: A population-based cohort study. Journal of Neurology, 271(9), 6056–6067.
Chingos, M. M., Whitehurst, G. J., & Gallaher, M. R. (2015). School districts and student achievement. Education Finance and Policy, 10(3), 378–398. https://doi.org/10.1162/EDFP_a_00167
Choi, J., Han, S. F., Ng, Y. T., & Muñoz, E. (2023). Neighborhood cohesion across the life course and effects on cognitive aging. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 78(10), 1765–1774. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbad095
Cohen, D. A., Graetz, N., Prins, S., & Esposito, M. (forthcoming). American eco-apartheid: Mapping longevity disparities from intersecting social and environmental harms.
Colvin, K., & Zeki Al Hazzouri, A. (in progress). Cumulative poverty in early adulthood and midlife cognitive function.
Copeland, W. E., Tong, G., Gaydosh, L., Hill, S. N., Godwin, J., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2022). Long-term outcomes of childhood family income supplements on adult functioning. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(10), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2946
Croll, P. H., Vinke, E. J., Armstrong, N. M., Licher, S., Vernooij, M. W., Baatenburg De Jong, R. J., Goedegebure, A., & Ikram, M. A. (2021). Hearing loss and cognitive decline in the general population: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Neurology, 268(3), 860–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10208-8
Davies, N. M., Dickson, M., Davey Smith, G., van den Berg, G. J., & Windmeijer, F. (2018). The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0279-y
Deaton, A. (1985). Panel data from time series of cross-sections. Journal of Econometrics, 30, 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(85)90134-4
Deming, D., & Kahn, L. B. (2018). Skill requirements across firms and labor markets: Evidence from job postings for professionals. Journal of Labor Economics, 36(S1), S337–S369. https://doi.org/10.1086/694106
Deryugina, T., & Reif, J. (2023). The long-run effect of air pollution on survival (NBER Working Paper No. 31858). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31858
Dunn, E. C., Soare, T. W., Raffeld, M. R., Busso, D. S., Crawford, K. M., Davis, K. A., Fisher, V. A., Slopen, N., Smith, A D. A. C., Tiemeier, H., & Susser, E. S. (2018). Which life course theoretical models best explain the relationship between exposure to childhood adversity and psychopathology symptoms: Recency, accumulation, or sensitive periods? Psychological Medicine, 38, 2562–2572.
Finlay, J., Esposito, M., Langa, K. M., Judd, S., & Clarke, P. (2022). Cognability: An ecological theory of neighborhoods and cognitive aging. Social Science & Medicine, 309, 115220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115220
Finlay, J., Esposito, M., Li, M., Colabianchi, N., Zhou, H., Judd, S., & Clarke, P. (2021a). Neighborhood active aging infrastructure and cognitive function: A mixed-methods study of older Americans. Preventive Medicine, 150, 106669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106669
Garcia, S., & Moorman, S. M. (2021). College selectivity and later-life memory function: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Research on Aging, 43(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027520927137
George, K. M., Peterson, R. L., Gilsanz, P., Barnes, L. L., Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Mungas, D. M., DeCarli, C. S., & Whitmer, R. A. (2021). Stroke Belt birth state and late-life cognition in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR). Annals of Epidemiology, 64, 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.09.001
Gilsanz, P., Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., & Whitmer, R. A. (2017). Association between birth in a high stroke mortality state, race, and risk of dementia. JAMA Neurology, 74(9), 1056–1062. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1553
Gilsanz, P., Young, J. G., Glymour, M. M., Tchetgen, E. J. T., Eng, C. W., Koenen, K. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2022). Marginal structural models for life-course theories and social epidemiology: Definitions, sources of bias, and simulated illustrations. American Journal of Epidemiology, 191(2), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwab253
González, H. M., Tarraf, W., Fornage, M., González, K. A., Chai, A., Youngblood, M., Abreu, M. L. A., Zeng, D., Thomas, S., Talavera, G. A., Gallo, L. C., Kaplan, R., Daviglus, M. L., & Schneiderman, N. (2019). A research framework for cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease among diverse US Latinos: Design and implementation of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL-INCA). Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 15(12), 1624–1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.08.192
Graetz, N., & Esposito, M. (2023, September). Historical redlining and contemporary racial disparities in neighborhood life expectancy. Social Forces, 102(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soac114
Greenfield, E. A., Reynolds, A., & Moorman, S. M. (2022). Life course linkages between enriching early-life activities and later life cognition: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Social Science and Medicine, 294.
Grodsky, E., Kim, S., Warren, J. R., Muller, C., Culbertson, M., & Brickman, A. M. (2024, April 17–20). Beyond credentials: Understanding educational gradients in cognitive function at midlife [Conference session]. Population Association of America 2024 Annual Meeting, Columbus, Ohio.
Herd, P., Sicinski, K., & Asthana, S. (2021). Does rural living in early life increase the risk for reduced cognitive functioning in later life? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 82(3), 1171–1182. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210224
Holge, S., Deshmukh, K., Shah, P., Shah, A., Shah, S., Ganiyani, M. A., Shaw, P. K., Patel, J., Joshi, R., & Ashokkumar, C. (2023). The impact of age-related sensory impairments (hearing, vision, and taste) on cognitive function, social interaction, and quality of life in older adults. International Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.29011/2577-0748.100055
Hu, J., Pike, J. R., Lutsey, P. L., Sharrett, A. R., Wagenknecht, L. E., Hughes, T. M., Seegmiller, J. C., Gottesman, R. F., Mosley, T. H., Selvin, E., Fang, M., & Coresh, J. (2024). Age of diabetes diagnosis and lifetime risk of dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Diabetes Care, 47(9), 1576–1583. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-0203
Hyun, J., Hall, C. B., Katz, M. J., Derby, C. A., Lipnicki, D. M., Crawford, J. D., Guaita, A., Vaccaro, R., Davin, A., Kim, K. W., Han, J. W., Bae, J. B., Röhr, S., Riedel-Heller, S., Ganguli, M., Jacobsen, E., Hughes, T. F., Brodaty, H., Kochan, N. A., Trollor, J., Lobo, A., Santabarbara, J., Lopez-Anton, R., Sachdev, P. S., & Lipton, R.B. (2022). Education, Occupational Complexity, and Incident Dementia: A COSMIC collaborative cohort study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 85(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210627
Infurna, F. J., Gerstorf, D., & Lachman, M. E. (2020). Midlife in the 2020s: Opportunities and challenges. The American Psychologist, 75(4), 470–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000591
Kezios, K., & Zeki Al Hazzouri, A. (2022). Association of low hourly wages in middle age with faster memory decline in older age: Evidence from the health and retirement study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 191(12), 2051–2062.
Kezios, K. L., Zimmerman, S., Buto, P., Rudolph, K., Calonico, S., Zeki Al Hazzouri, A., & Glymour, M. (2024). Overcoming data gaps in life course epidemiology by matching across cohorts. Epidemiology, 35(5), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000001761
Kivimäki, M., Walker, K. A., Pentti, J., Nyberg, S. T., Mars, N., Vahtera, J., Suominen, S. B., Lallukka, T., Rahkonen, O., Pietiläinen, O., Koskinen, A., Väänänen, A., Kalsi, J. K., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., Alfredsson, L., Westerholm, P. J. M., Knutsson, A., Theorell, T., Ervasti, J., Oksanen, T., Sipilä, P. N., Tabak, A. G., Ferrie, J. E., Williams, S. A., Livingston, G., Gottesman, R. F., Singh-Manoux, A., Zetterberg, H., & Lindbohm, J. V. (2021). Cognitive stimulation in the workplace, plasma proteins, and risk of dementia: Three analyses of population cohort studies. BMJ, 18(374), n1804.
Kröger, E., Andel, R., Lindsay, J., Benounissa, Z., Verreault, R., & Laurin, D. (2008). Is complexity of work associated with risk of dementia? The Canadian Study of Health and Aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(7), 820–830. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm382
Kucharska-Newton, A. M., Pike, J. R., Chen, J., Coresh, J., Sharret, A. R., Mosley, T., & Palta, P. (2023). Association of childhood and midlife neighborhood socioeconomic position with cognitive decline. JAMA Network Open, 6(8), e2327421. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.27421
Lee, M., Harrati, A., Rehkopf, D. H., & Modrek, S. (2022a). Associations of local area level new deal employment in childhood with late life cognition: Evidence from the census-linked health and retirement study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2022-219259
Lee, M., Lee, H., Warren, J. R., & Herd, P. (2022b). Effect of childhood proximity to lead mining on late life cognition. SSM - Population Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101037
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Chang, E-S., Kannoth, S., & Wang, S-Y. (2020). Ageism amplifies cost and prevalence of health conditions. The Gerontologist, 60(1), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny131
Liu, C., Ma, Y., Hofman, A., Waziry, R., Koton, S., Pike, J. R., Windham, B. G., Power, M. C., Sharrett, A. R., & Gottesman, R. F. (2023). Educational attainment and dementia: Mediation by mid-life vascular risk factors. Annals of Neurology, 94(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26647
Liu, H., Chopik, W. J., Shrout, M. R., & Wang, J. (2024). A national longitudinal dyadic analysis of spousal education and cognitive decline in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 343, 116603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116603
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., Fox, N. C., Ferri, C. P., Gitlin, L. N., Howard, R., Kales, H. C., Kivimäki, M., Larson, E. B., Nakasujja, N., Rockwood, K., Samus, Q., Shirai, K., Singh-Manoux, A., Schneider, L. S., Walsh, S., Yao, Y., Sommerlad, A., & Mukadam, N. (2024). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet Standing Commission. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01296-0
Lleras-Muney, A., & Moreau, F. (2022). A unified model of cohort mortality. Demography, 59(6), 2109–2134. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10286336
Lu, P., Kezios, K., Jawadakar, N., Swift, S., Vable, A., & Zeki Al Hazzouri, A. (2023a). Associations of food insecurity and memory function among middle to older-age adults in the Health and Retirement Study. JAMA Network Open, 6(7), e2321474. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21474
Lu, P., Kezios, K., Lee, J., Calonico, S., Wimer, C., & Zeki Al Hazzouri, A. (2023b). Association between supplemental nutrition assistance program use and memory decline: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study. Neurology, 100(6), e595–e602. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201499
Lyu, J., & Burr, J. A. (2016). Socioeconomic status across the life course and cognitive function among older adults: An examination of the latency, pathways, and accumulation hypotheses. Journal of Aging and Health, 28(1), 40–67.
Mantri, S., Nwadiogbu, C., Fitts, W., & Dahodwala, N. (2019). Quality of education impacts late-life cognition. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(6), 855–862. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5075
Marden, J. R., Tchetgen, E. J. T., Kawachi, I., & Glymour, M. M. (2017). Contribution of socioeconomic status at 3 life-course periods to late-life memory function and decline: Early and late predictors of dementia risk. American Journal of Epidemiology, 186(7), 805–814. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx155
Mayeda, E. R., Mobley, T. M., Weiss, R. E., Murchland, A. R., Berkman, L. F., & Sabbath, E. L. (2020). Association of work-family experience with mid- and late-life memory decline in US women. Neurology, 95(23), e3072–e3080. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010989
McFarland, M. J., Hauer, M. E., & Reuben, A. (2022). Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(11), e2118631119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118631119
Meng, X., & D’Arcy, C. (2012). Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: A systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses. PLoS One, 7(6), e38268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038268
Meng, X.-L. (2018). Statistical paradises and paradoxes in big data (I): Law of large populations, big data paradox, and the 2016 US presidential election. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 12(2), 685–726.
Modrek, S., Roberts, E., Warren, J. R., & Rehkopf, D. (2022). Long-term effects of local-area new deal work relief in childhood on educational, economic, and health outcomes over the life course: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Demography, 59(4), 1489–1516. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10111856
Moorman, S. M., Greenfield, E. A., & Garcia, S. (2019). School context in adolescence and cognitive functioning 50 years later. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 60(4), 493–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146519887354
Moorman, S. M., & Khani, S. (2024). High school curriculum and cognitive function in the eighth decade of life. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000629
Muñoz, E., Hyun, J., Diaz, J. A., Scott, S. B., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2024, May). Exposure to neighborhood violence, and laboratory-based and ambulatory cognitive task performance in adulthood. Social Science & Medicine, 348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116807
Muñoz, E., Scott, S. B., Corley, R., Wadsworth, S. J., Sliwinski, M. J., & Reynolds, C.A. (2020). The role of neighborhood stressors on cognitive function: A coordinated analysis. Health Place, 102442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102442
Nicholas, L. H., Langa, K. M., Bynum, J. P. W., & Hsu, J. W. (2021). Financial presentation of Alzheimer disease and related dementias. JAMA Internal Medicine, 181(2), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6432
Omura, J. D., McGuire, L. C., Patel, R., Baumgart, M., Lamb, R., Jeffers, E. M., Olivary, B. S., Croft, J. B., Thomas, C. W., & Hacker, K. (2022). Modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer disease and related dementias among adults aged ≥45 years — United States, 2019. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71, 680–685. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7120a2
Palta, P., Sharrett, A. R., Deal, J. A., Evenson, K. R., Gabriel, K. P., Folsom, A. R., Gross, A. L., Windham, B. G., Knopman, D., Mosley, T. H., & Heiss, G. (2019). Leisure-time physical activity sustained since midlife and preservation of cognitive function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 15(2), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.08.008
Peterson, R. L., Pejak, R., George, K. M., Gilsanz, P., Ko, M., Meyer, O. L., Mayeda, E. R., Kind, A., & Whitmer, R. A. (2023). Race, community disadvantage, and cognitive decline: Findings from KHANDLE and STAR. Alzheimers Dementia, 20(2), 904–913. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13511
Prentice, R. L. (1989). Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Definition and operational criteria. Statistics in Medicine, 8, 431–440.
Purifoy, D. M., & Seamster, L. (2021). Creative extraction: Black towns in White space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 39(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775820968563
Reuben, A., Caspi, A., Belsky, D. W., Broadbent, J., Harrington, H., Sugden, K., Houts, R. M., Ramrakha, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2017). Association of childhood blood lead levels with cognitive function and socioeconomic status at age 38 years and with IQ change and socioeconomic mobility between childhood and adulthood. JAMA, 317(12), 1244–1251. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.1712
Rivera, A. S., Akanbi, M., O’Dwyer, L. C., & McHugh, M. (2020). Shift work and long work hours and their association with chronic health conditions: A systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses. PloS One, 15(4), e0231037.
Robbins, R., Sonnega, A., Turner, R. W., Jean-Louis, G., Butler, M., Osorio, R. S., & Langa, K. M. (2020). Sleep difficulties and cognition for 10 years in a national sample of U.S. older adults. Innovation in Aging, 4(4).
Robertson, M. C., Downer, B., Schulz, P. E., Samper-Ternent, R., Lyons, E. J., & Milani, S. A. (2023). Social and leisure activities predict transitions in cognitive functioning in older Mexican adults: A latent transition analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 78(10), 1625–1635. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbad082
Rodriguez, F. S., & Saenz, J. (2022). Working in old age in Mexico: Implications for cognitive functioning. Ageing Society, 42(11), 2489–2509.
Salthouse, T. A. (2009). When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiology of Aging, 30(4), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023
___. (2010). Selective review of cognitive aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 754–760. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3637655/pdf/nihms366265.pdf
Schwandt, H., & von Wachter, T. M. (2018). Unlucky cohorts: Estimating the long-term effects of entering the labor market in a recession in large cross-sectional data sets (NBER Working Paper No. 25141). National Bureau for Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w25141
Singh-Manoux, A., Ferrie, J. E., Chandola, T., & Marmot, M. (2004). Socioeconomic trajectories across the life course and health outcomes in midlife: Evidence for the accumulation hypothesis? International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(5), 1072–1079. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh224
Sisco, S., Gross, A. L., Shih, R. A., Sachs, B. C., Glymour, M. M., Bangen, K. J., & Manly, J. J. (2015). The role of early-life educational quality and literacy in explaining racial disparities in cognition in late life. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 70(4), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt133
Smart, E. L., Gow, A. J., & Deary, I. J. (2014). Occupational complexity and lifetime cognitive abilities. Neurology, 83(24), 2285–2291. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001075
Soh, Y., Eng, C. W., Mayeda, E. R., Whitmer, R. A., Lee, C., Peterson, R. L., Mungas, D. M., Glymour, M. M., & Gilszanz, P. (2023a). Association of primary lifetime occupational cognitive complexity and cognitive decline in a diverse cohort: Results from the KHANDLE study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 19(3), 3926–3935. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13038
Soh, Y., Whitmer, R. A., Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Peterson, R. L., Eng, C. W., Quesenberry, C. P., Manly, J. J., & Gilsanz, P. (2023b). State-level indicators of childhood educational quality and incident dementia in older black and white adults. JAMA Neurology, 80(4), 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.5337
SPRINT MIND (SPRINT Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group). (2019). Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 321(6), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.21442
Staff, R. T., Murray, A. D., Ahearn, T. S., Mustafa, N., Fox, H. C., & Whalley, L. J. (2012). Childhood socioeconomic status and adult brain size: Childhood socioeconomic status influences adult hippocampal size. Annals of Neurology, 71, 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22631
Stebbins, R. C., Yang, Y. C., Reason, M., Aiello, A. E., Belsky, D. W., Harris, K. M., & Plassman, B. L. (2022). Occupational cognitive stimulation, socioeconomic status, and cognitive functioning in young adulthood. Social Science & Medicine – Population Health, 17, 101024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101024
Sutin, A. R., Stephan, Y., Gerend, M. A., Robinson, E., Daly, M., & Terracciano, A. (2020). Perceived weight discrimination and performance in five domains of cognitive function. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 131, 109793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109793
Topping, M., Kim, J., & Fletcher, J. (2021a). Association and pathways of birth in the stroke belt on old-age dementia and stroke mortality. SSM–Population Health, 15, 100841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100841
___. (2021b). Geographic variation in Alzheimer’s disease mortality. PloS One, 16(7), e0254174. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254174
___. (2023). Area-level infant mortality exposure in early life and Alzheimer’s disease mortality: Examining variation based on age, sex, and place of birth. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 93(3), 1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-230086
Torquati, L., Mielke, G. I., Brown, W. J., Burton, N. W., & Kolbe-Alexander, T. L. (2019). Shift work and poor mental health: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. American Journal of Public Health, 109(11), e13–e20.
Tyack, D., & Cuban, L. (1997). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform. Harvard University Press.
Uhl, J. H., Leyk, S., McShane, C. M., Braswell, A. E., Connor, D. S., & Balk, D. (2021). Fine-grained, spatiotemporal datasets measuring 200 years of land development in the United States. Earth System Science Data, 13(1), 119–153. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-119-2021
Walker, K. A., Sharrett, A. R., Wu, A., Schneider, A. L. C., Albert, M., Lutsey, P. L., BandeenRoche, K., Coresh, J., Gross, A. L., Windham, B. G., Knopman, D. S., Power, M. C., Rawlings, A. M., Mosley, T. H., & Gottesman, R. F. (2019). Association of midlife to late-life blood pressure patterns with incident dementia. JAMA, 322(6), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.10575
Walsemann, K. M., Jackson, H., Abbruzzi, E., & Ailshire, J. A. (2024). State-level education quality and trajectories of cognitive function by race and educational attainment. The Milbank Quarterly, 102(3), 765–821. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12709
Walsemann, K. M., Kerr, E. M., Ailshire, J. A., & Herd, P. (2022a). Black-White variation in the relationship between early educational experiences and trajectories of cognitive function among US-born older adults. SSM - Population Health, 19, 101184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101184
Walsemann, K. M., Ureña, S., Farina, M. P., & Ailshire, J. A. (2022b). Race inequity in school attendance across the Jim Crow South and its implications for Black-White disparities in trajectories of cognitive function among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(8), 1467–1477. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac026
Walsh, C. E., Yang, Y. C., Oi, K., Aiello, A., Belsky, D., Harris, K. M., & Plassman, B. L. (2022). Age profiles of cognitive decline and dementia in late life in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(10), 1880–1891. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac038
World Health Organization. (2023). Dementia [Fact sheet]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
Yang, Y. C., Boen, C., Gerken, K., Li, T., Schorpp, K., & Harris, K. M. (2016). Social relationsips and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. PNAS, 113(3), 578–584. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511085112
Yang, Y. C., Walsh, C. E., Shartle, K., Stebbins, R. C., Aiello, A. E., Belsky, D. W., Harris, K. M., Chanti-Ketterl, M., & Plassman, B. L. (2023). An early and unequal decline: Life course trajectories of cognitive aging in the United States. Journal of Aging and Health, 36(3-4), 230–245.
Zahodne, L. B., Morris, E. P., Sharifian, N., Zaheed, A. B., Kraal, A. Z., & Sol, K. (2020). Everyday discrimination and subsequent cognitive abilities across five domains. Neuropsychology, 34(7), 783–790.
Zeki Al Hazzouri, A., & Yaffe, K. (2017). Sustained economic hardship and cognitive function: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 1–9.
Zhang, M., & Yang, Y. C. (2024, April 17–20). Occupational (in)flexibility, gender, and depression trajectories in early life [Conference session]. Population Association of America 2024 Annual Meeting, Columbus, Ohio.
Zhang, Z., Gu, D., & Hayward, M. D. (2010). Childhood nutritional deprivation and cognitive impairment among older Chinese people. Social Science and Medicine, 71(5), 941–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.013
Zhang, Z., Hayward, M. D., & Yu, Y. L. (2016). Life course pathways to racial disparities in cognitive impairment among older Americans. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 57(2), 184–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146516645925