RNA plays critical roles in nearly all biological processes, but current methods for sequencing RNA are significantly limited. This is partially because RNA molecules are chemically modified within the cell to enable their proper function, and currently, the available sequencing technologies can only detect a small number of these modifications. This limits our understanding of different molecular processes and leaves a gap in our knowledge related to human diseases and disorders. This committee will assess the scientific and technological breakthroughs, workforce, and infrastructure needs to sequence, and ultimately understand the roles RNA modifications play in biological processes and disease.