Workshop
A 2024 consensus report of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine titled Potential Hydrodynamic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Nantucket Shoals Regional Ecology: An Evaluation from Wind to Whales, examined the potential for offshore wind farms in the Nantucket Shoals region to affect oceanic physical processes and in turn impact ecosystem dynamics, including zooplankton productivity and aggregations relevant to right whale foraging and population health. Among other recommendations, the report outlined the need for observational and modeling efforts to fill knowledge gaps and inform decision-making regarding wind energy development and operations in the region.
To delve further into specifically what observational and monitoring activities could best meet these needs, the National Academies hosted a follow-on workshop, entitled Field Monitoring Program to Evaluate Hydrodynamic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Nantucket Shoals Regional Ecology: A Workshop, July 9-10, 2024 in Washington, DC. The workshop brought together participants from academia, government, and the offshore wind industry to explore examples of observational needs and discuss components of a field monitoring program that could help to advance models for elucidating the potential effects of wind energy development on Nantucket Shoals ecology. This Proceedings of a Workshop was prepared by rapporteurs as a high-level summary of what occurred at the workshop.
64 pages
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7 x 10
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72865-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72866-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28021
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Nantucket Shoals Wind Farm Field Monitoring Program: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The Florida Everglades is a treasured ecosystem, but the water quality, quantity, flow, and distribution have been dramatically degraded by drainage and infrastructure development during the past century. A joint effort launched by the State and federal government in 2000, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) seeks to reverse the decline of the ecosystem. The National Academies have provided a biennial review of CERP since 2004. This tenth biennial report in the series highlights significant recent restoration progress and offers guidance in three areas: applying Indigenous Knowledge in project planning, using modeling tools for understanding the effects of climate change on the CERP, and strengthening adaptive management for CERP decision making.
Thanks to record state and federal investments in recent years, the pace of restoration implementation has reached historic levels and sizeable restoration benefits have been achieved. However, information on natural system restoration progress relative to CERP expectations continues to be difficult to find and interpret. The report recommends modeling tools be applied to anticipate the effects of climate change, including temperature and precipitation, on CERP outcomes and to inform planning and management. Moving forward, consistent and meaningful engagement between CERP agencies and tribal nations is necessary to create a partnership where Indigenous Knowledge can be considered and applied in restoration decision-making. Building expertise and a culture of adaptive management can help ensure continued restoration progress amid uncertainties and improve restoration outcomes through the incorporation of new information.
302 pages
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7 x 10
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72305-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72306-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27875
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Tenth Biennial Review - 2024. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The U.S. science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce plays a vital role in fostering and sustaining innovation, economic competitiveness, and national security. This workforce currently depends, and for the foreseeable future will depend, on both international and domestic talent. Foreign STEM talent contributes to domestic innovation, economic growth, and U.S. leadership in science and technology and also expands perspectives and networks essential to future scientific collaborations and discoveries.
At the request of the U.S. Department of Defense, this report reviews foreign and domestic talent or incentive programs and their corresponding scientific, economic, and national security benefits. International Talent Programs in the Changing Global Environment makes recommendations to improve the effectiveness of U.S. mechanisms for attracting and retaining international students and scholars relative to the programs and incentives other nations use to support national research capabilities, especially in national security and defense-related fields.
318 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71959-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71960-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27787
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. International Talent Programs in the Changing Global Environment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
To better understand key considerations around law enforcement use of advanced forensic DNA technologies, the Committee on Law and Justice and the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop titled "Law Enforcement Use of Probabilistic Genotyping, Forensic DNA Phenotyping, and Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy Technologies." The workshop was organized in response to Executive Order 14074, issued in May 2022, and was held on March 13 and 14, 2024. The order focused on advancing effective, accountable policing, as well as criminal justice practices around algorithmic approaches to policing; it directed the National Academies to hold a workshop to explore the different approaches. The workshop focused on three specific advanced forensic DNA practices: probabilistic genotyping, forensic DNA phenotyping, and forensic investigative genetic genealogy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
134 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72364-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72365-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27887
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Law Enforcement Use of Probabilistic Genotyping, Forensic DNA Phenotyping, and Forensic Investigative Genetic Genealogy Technologies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Treaties with American Indian tribes played a central role in the development of the United States. While the "treaty era" of federal American Indian policy ended in the 1870s, the treaties themselves, the legal rights they convey, and the tribal governments entitled to exercise those rights all remain important and vital parts of the American legal landscape today.
NCHRP Legal Research Digest 94: Effects of American Indian Treaties on Development and Operation of Transportation Facilities, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, notes that treaty obligations cannot be altered, nor reservations diminished, without express congressional authorization. That principle, in turn, raises important questions explored in this digest about planning, development, and operation of transportation infrastructure that crosses lands reserved by treaty.
36 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73025-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73026-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28290
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Effects of American Indian Treaties on Development and Operation of Transportation Facilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Since its formation more than 60 years ago, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has served as a global leader in science, aeronautics, and exploration, propelled technological innovation, and inspired youth to pursue careers in science and engineering, while often accomplishing the seemingly impossible. However, despite its critical and transformative role, NASA faces an uncertain future due to declining national investment as a percentage of gross domestic product and systemic issues that compromise its infrastructure, workforce, and capacity for technological innovation.
As requested by Congress in the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an independent expert committee to evaluate whether NASA's current workforce, infrastructure, technological capabilities, and their interfaces can meet its strategic goals. NASA at a Crossroads: Maintaining Workforce, Infrastructure, and Technology Preeminence in the Coming Decades considers the critical facilities and emerging technologies necessary to fulfill NASA's mission, as well as the workforce skills and organizational structure required to perform and support the work of the mission directorates, both now and in the future.
204 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71631-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71632-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27519
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. NASA at a Crossroads: Maintaining Workforce, Infrastructure, and Technology Preeminence in the Coming Decades. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Federal facilities are increasingly complex and sophisticated systems of systems, with automated systems tied together through operational technology (OT) networks monitoring and controlling lighting and environmental control systems (CS), among many others. Federal agencies have built virtual fortresses around their information technology (IT) networks, including connected CS and OT networks, yet key vulnerabilities can allow bad actors to tunnel through the embedded layers of protection, interfere with facility operation and control, and gain direct passages into IT networks, bypassing their elaborate protections. On July 9, 2024, the National Academies' Federal Facilities Council convened a workshop to discuss the security of CS and OT networks. Workshop panelists explored the current threat environment; standards, policies, and guidance to protect OT and CS from malicious actors; and approaches that industry has taken to protect its OT and CS security.
40 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72928-9
National Research Council. 2024. The Gates Are Open: Operational Technology and Control System Security for Federal Facilities: Proceedings of a Federal Facilities Council Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The National Academies hosted a public webinar for health care providers and researchers to explore the underlying issues and inequities affecting access to and quality of reproductive health care services, the resulting disparities in health outcomes, and the disproportionate effects experienced by some populations. Presentations included examples of promising programs and practices to address barriers to effective, patient-centered reproductive health care at different points in the reproductive life cycle. Discussions focused on individuals with disabilities, individuals who are incarcerated, and individuals who are forcibly displaced.
10 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73089-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28576
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Addressing Disparities in Reproductive Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
As the largest U.S. employer, the Department of Defense (DoD) is a major provider of training and development. Given the complex and increasingly unpredictable operational landscape within which the military operates across land, sea, air, cyberspace, and space, continuous learning is vital in the military. Military learners must acquire diverse skills, from communication to using advanced technology, and retain those skills for use when necessary. Success in learning - and the ability to retain and transfer what is learned to military missions - is directly linked with military innovation, operational success, and the success of our nation.
Adult Learning in the Military Context examines motivations shaping learning, contextual and equity factors, emerging learning technologies, effective approaches to assessment, and provides a research agenda. This report highlights that adult learners are most motivated when learning aligns with personal goals but notes that military structures may limit autonomy, potentially impeding motivation. Effective learning contexts are active, interactive, and adaptable, but the use of systematic needs assessments in the military are unevenly implemented. Different stress responses and instructor support can affect learning and performance meaningfully. Technology-enabled learning has established principles that can enhance learning outcomes at scale, but a holistic systems approach is needed rather than treating each learning experience in isolation, even as new technologies like generative AI create additional opportunities. Finally, improved, unbiased assessments are essential for evaluating competencies that may be increasingly important in the future, like adaptability and creativity. The research agenda highlights key areas for researchers to prioritize.
352 pages
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paperback, prepub
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72643-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72641-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27959
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Adult Learning in the Military Context. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
The National Academies Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education hosted a hybrid public workshop in March 2024 to consider the use of admissions strategies for ensuring a sustainable, high-quality workforce that is adequately staffed, reflects the population being served, and is equitably distributed. Speakers explored the evidence supporting present and potential admissions processes and which metrics best track students' professional outcomes after admissions.
108 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72707-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72708-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27979
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Optimizing Recruitment and Admissions Strategies in Health Professions Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Airport access and circulation roadways, curbside roadways, and service roads are used by a wide variety of vehicles. The operating characteristics of airport terminal area roadways differ from those of non-airport roadways because of the high proportion of motorists who are unfamiliar with the airport as well as the presence of many professional drivers who use the airport frequently.
ACRP Research Report 266: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations: New Analysis and Strategies, Second Edition, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, is an update of ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations. It presents guidelines for estimating airport roadway requirements and capacities, recommended performance measures, valid and useful analytical methods, and innovative strategies to reduce traffic demands and mitigate congestion on terminal area and curbside roadway operations.
214 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72610-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72611-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27952
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations: New Analysis and Strategies, Second Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The National Climate Assessment (NCA) is a report produced periodically by the United States Global Change Research Program that takes a comprehensive look at global climate change. Before release, it undergoes intensive review for technical accuracy. What has not been studied in-depth are the users and uses of the NCA, and how the report has informed decision-making. To support evaluation of stakeholder use of the NCA, the National Academies prepared a strategy for creating and implementing an evaluation design that can inform ongoing and future NCAs and related products. This can support a process of continuous improvement.
The NCA serves a large number of audiences, and they vary in their needs and in access to climate information. An evaluation would benefit from understanding how the audiences for the NCA are interconnected through networks and how they use, modify, and transmit information from the report. The evaluation would also benefit by first creating a logic model to describe how the NCA is hypothesized to achieve its intended outcomes. The logic model can then be used to design a set of overarching evaluation questions, and to prioritize which audiences to target in the evaluation. Different research methods will be appropriate depending on the audience and the level of information available about the audience. Such an evaluation, taken in stages, can reveal the impact of federal climate science on decisions across the nation and help the USGCRP address any gaps and frailties in the NCA and related products and how they are communicated in the future.
138 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72500-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72501-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27923
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Developing a Strategy to Evaluate the National Climate Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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For-hire trucking—as opposed to in-house private carriers that transport the goods of their parent company—is a large and heterogeneous industry with considerable variability in carrier sizes, operational structures, and freight markets served. For this sector, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration should explore opportunities for leveraging research and data collection that may be planned and programmed for other purposes to help regulators, researchers, and industry examine the potential effects of driver compensation and work conditions on the safe driving behavior and performance of long-distance for-hire truck drivers.
This is among the recommendations in TRB Special Report 355: Pay and Work Conditions in the Long-Distance Truck and Bus Industries: Assessing for Effects on Driver Safety and Retention, from the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The report examines—in response to a request from the U.S. Congress—the impacts of various methods of driver compensation on safety and driver retention, including hourly pay, payment for detention time, and other payment methods used in the industry.
174 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72385-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72386-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27892
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Pay and Working Conditions in the Long-Distance Truck and Bus Industries: Assessing for Effects on Driver Safety and Retention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
On April 17, 2024, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Forum on Cyber Resilience held a workshop to explore key considerations for a secure, resilient, and sustainable microelectronics ecosystem in the United States. The workshop aimed to serve as a forum for conversation between government and private stakeholders on issues such as incentives for security and information sharing between public and private sectors. Panel discussion topics included requirements for high-assurance microelectronics (e.g., used in national security), the importance of public-private partnerships, supply chain security, and secure fabrication. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop.
5 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73281-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28840
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Enabling a Resilient U.S. Microelectronics Ecosystem: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Roadway lighting must balance user needs and safety with the impact of the lighting system on the environment. For example, the impact of lighting on flora and fauna might be considered more important for a roadway along a wildlife reserve or in a coastal region, whereas user safety might be more critical on interstates and major arterials.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 420: Gaps and Emerging Technologies in the Application of Solid-State Roadway Lighting, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, narrows the knowledge gaps related to the further application of Solid-State Roadway Lighting.
147 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73340-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28869
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Gaps and Emerging Technologies in the Application of Solid-State Roadway Lighting. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Symposium_in_brief
The climate crisis poses a threat to life on the planet, with human health, ecosystem, and economic impacts globally. These impacts are projected to worsen in the future, as greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and warming to date continues to produce adverse effects. For example, in 2022 alone, the United States experienced 18 separate billion-dollar weather and climate disasters, totaling $165.1 billion. With the transportation sector being a leading source of emissions, it is essential that immediate steps are taken to decarbonize transportation and to continue to invest in the research needed for our decarbonization commitments to be met.
Global Pathways to Net-Zero: Behavioral, Social, and Technological Research and Innovation Strategies for Transportation Decarbonization: Summary of the Seventh EU-U.S. Transportation Research Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium, from the Transportation Research Board, summarizes a symposium held June 11–12, 2024, in Washington, DC. It was hosted by the U.S. Department of Transportation, the European Commission, and TRB.
98 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72931-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72932-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28192
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Global Pathways to Net-Zero: Behavioral, Social, and Technological Research and Innovation Strategies for Transportation Decarbonization; Summary of the Seventh EU-U.S. Transportation Research Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Arboviruses, or viruses carried by arthropods like mosquitoes or ticks, are responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide each year. As the climate changes globally, the geographic distribution of these diseases, including Zika, dengue, chikungunya, West Nile, and yellow fever, are steadily expanding. The National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop in December 2023 to explore avenues of threat reduction from known and emerging arboviral diseases in the context of public health preparedness and capacity building. The workshop featured talks from experts in entomology, public health, ecology, virology, immunology, disease modeling, and urban planning.
146 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71927-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71928-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27774
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Mitigating Arboviral Threat and Strengthening Public Health Preparedness: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Letter
On July 10, 2024, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a proposed rule on policy changes for Medicare payments under the physician fee schedule, and other Medicare Part B issues, effective on or after January 1, 2025. The announcement included a description of the proposed advanced primary care management (APCM) services and a request for information (RFI) regarding the proposed changes to CMS' advanced primary care hybrid payment. This report responds to select questions from both the APCM section of the proposed rule and the RFI.
58 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72730-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72731-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27985
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Response to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CY 2025 Advanced Primary Care Hybrid Payment Request for Information. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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