Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence (2003)
Chapter: Index
Index
A
Academic performance, 5, 38, 45, 75, 88, 103, 104, 107, 136, 148, 177, 202, 204, 257
Access to weapons, 5, 254, 256, 307–308
bomb-making instructions, 47, 50
Heath High School shooter, 140, 145–146
Heritage High School shooter, 34–35, 42, 48, 52–53, 68
Parker Middle School shooter, 81–82, 84, 93
prevention of school violence and, 7, 93, 335
research needs, 337–338
Tilden High School shooter, 179
Westside Middle School shooters, 106, 109, 117, 130
See also Guns
Adolescent development, 249, 256–257
status anxieties, 336
Adolescent mass murderers, 303–304
Alexander, Eric, 212
Alford plea, 153
Ambrose, Leonard G., 97
Amer, Christina, 108
Atlas.ti software, 201
Attention deficit disorder, 42–43, 258
B
Barnes, Crystal, 108
Beck, Carol, 201, 203, 211, 212, 227
Benedek, Elissa, 150
Bentley, Jason, 198, 204, 214, 231–233.
See also Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings
Bentley, Jermaine, 202
Berger, Robert H., 216
Betts, Ashley, 108
Biopsychosocial research, 199
Blundell, Mae Dean, 41
Breen, Michael, 157
Brooks, Jenna, 108
Brooks, Natalie, 108
Buckley, Brendan P., 204
Bullying and taunting, 94, 317
definition and characteristics, 316, 317
harmful effects, 317
life-span development and, 317
prevalence, 316–317
preventive interventions, 67, 124, 317–318
research needs, 338
C
Cameron, Shawn, 204
Carneal, John, 135–136, 143, 144
Carneal, Kelly, 133, 135, 137, 143, 144, 148
Carneal, Micheal, 135–138.
See also Heath High School (Paducah, Kentucky) shooting
Carroll, Patrick, 206, 221, 222
Case study findings
contagion mechanisms, 259–260
cultural factors, 253–255
responses to incidents, 260–264
school characteristics, 255–256
shooter characteristics, 256–259
significance of, 15, 311–312, 351, 353– 354, 360–362
similarities and differences among, 249– 252, 266–283
socioeconomic factors, 252
See also specific case
Case study methodology, 14–15, 17–18, 23, 199
appropriate use, 8, 24, 351, 352–354, 360–362
case selection, 2, 3, 13, 18–20, 351
cross-case analysis, 247–248
data sources, 22–23, 26–27, 71–72, 101, 132–133, 199–202
defining characteristics, 353
generalizability, 353–354
naturalistic approach, 354–355
negative case analysis, 360–361
systems approach to behavioral research, 352, 355–360
template design, 20–22
Castillo, Sheila, 185
Causes of school violence, 4, 309, 310,328– 329
adult–child relationships, 152–153, 235– 236, 253–254
bullying and taunting, 67, 116, 146–147
challenges in identifying, 285
classification, 328
community characteristics and, 19, 252, 328
copycat incidents, 39, 41, 97, 259–260, 325, 326
cross-case analysis, 248
cultural factors, 253–255
dynamic/situational factors, 311–312, 314
exposure to media violence, 117–118, 130, 151–152, 253–255, 315–316, 325
family problems, 114–116, 143–145
gun culture, 116–117, 145–146, 254
Heath High School shooting, 143–153
Heritage High School shooting, 41, 67– 68
interpersonal conflict, 202, 205, 225
mental health of shooter, 39–41, 114, 150–151
school characteristics, 255–256
shooter characteristics, 256–259, 309
socioeconomic factors, 252
student beliefs, 65
Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 202, 205, 237
Tilden High School shooting, 163
Westside Middle School shooting, 113– 120, 129–130
See also Goals of shooter
Chicago, Illinois
history of school violence, 164
See also Tilden High School (Chicago, Illinois) shooting
Christian Institute of Human Relations, 96
Civil law suits, 63, 97, 128, 155–157, 262–263
against gun manufacturers, 117, 128
Clark, Charles, 150
Columbine High School (Littleton, Colorado) shooting, 1, 25, 234, 260, 341
influence on Heritage High School shooter, 39, 41, 49–52, 56–57, 67
Committee to Study Youth Violence in Schools, 1–2, 10–11
Community characteristics, 2–3, 5–6, 18, 21
aftermath of Heath High School shooting, 154–160
aftermath of Heritage High School shooting, 64–67
aftermath of Tilden High School shooting, 184
aftermath of Westside Middle School shooting, 127–129
attitudes toward civil suits filed by victims’ families, 156–157
attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64–65, 154, 155
attitudes toward shooter’s family after incident, 155–156
attributions of causality for shootings, 261–262
causes of school violence related to, 19, 252, 328
criminal and violent behavior, 31–33, 92
criminal justice system, 33–34
cross-case comparison, 268–271
demographics, 28, 29, 89–90, 133, 134, 169–171, 172
entertainment and recreation, 29, 32–33, 37, 90–92
forms of school violence related to, 18– 19
gun culture, 34–35, 66, 93, 116–117, 145– 146, 209, 221, 226, 230
Heath High School, 133–134, 152–153
Heritage High School, 25, 27–34
interventions to prevent violence, 7, 92– 93
involvement with school after incident, 191, 203, 212–214
motivations of shooters and, 249–252
obstacles to violence prevention, 227– 228
Parker Middle School, 88, 89–92
race/ethnicity, 169–170, 171, 172
rapid social change, 6, 27–28, 29, 30–31, 66, 169–170, 207–210, 230–231, 252, 341
research needs, 340–341
resident self-image, 29–30
responses to shooting incidents, 261
shooter characteristics and, 256
socioeconomic, 28, 29, 31, 90, 133–134, 163, 169–172, 175, 224
street violence, 203
Thomas Jefferson High School, 202, 204–205, 207–210, 212–214, 217–222, 229, 230–233, 237
Tilden High School, 169–172
urban confrontation scenarios, 222–225
urban ecological transition, 217–221
Westside Middle School, 101–102
youth–adult relationships, 6, 7–8, 119– 120, 152–153, 160, 227–228, 231–233, 235–236, 237–239, 253–254, 256, 263– 264
youth exposure to violence, 228, 229
See also Suburban and rural schools; Urban schools
Consequences of violence, 3–4, 22
community actions and beliefs, 64–67, 127–129, 154–155
definition of school violence, 13
Heath High School shooting, 132, 138– 139, 154–155, 159–160
Heritage High School shooting, 25, 55– 56, 62–67
long-term, 159–160
mortality/morbidity, 1, 55–56, 62, 70, 73, 101, 202–203
Parker Middle School shooting, 97
resident self-image, 29–30
suicidal behavior of shooter, 25, 27, 61, 62
for teachers, 126, 127, 160, 340
threats against school, 123
victim mental health, 62–63, 125–127, 159–160
Westside Middle School community, 122–123
See also Responses to violent incidents
Conti, Joseph P., 74
Conyers, Georgia. See Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting
Copycat incidents, 5
conceptual model, 326
contagiousness of violence, 3
cross-case analysis, 259–260
Heritage High School shooting as, 39, 41, 49–52, 56–57, 67
influence of Columbine High School shooting, 1, 25, 39, 41, 49–52, 56–57, 67, 234, 260, 341
influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 316
mass murders, 319–320
media role in, 325–326
Parker Middle School shooting as, 97
prevalence, 324–325
prevention, 309
proliferation of, 68
research needs, 340
statistical evidence, 296–297
suicide clusters, 326–328
Westside Middle School, 118
workplace violence, 320–321
Corley, Sharron, 226
Cornell, Dewey, 150
Corporal punishment, 43–44, 48, 107
Cosby, Bill, 212–213
cross-case comparison, 250–251,266–267
Heath High School shooting, 140–143
Heritage High School shooting, 25, 52– 57
initial press reports in Tilden High School shooting, 164, 165–167, 168
Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 72– 74, 76–77, 80–81
shooter behavior after shooting, 45–47, 77, 110–111
Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 200, 202–203, 205–206, 216
Tilden High School shooting, 179–180
Westside Middle School shooting, 108– 113
Craft, Jeffrey, 96
Criminal behavior
characteristics of violent juvenile offenders, 313
Heritage High School community, 31–33
national homicide patterns, 297–301
Parker Middle School community, 92
shooter history, 39, 48–49, 105, 136, 177, 182–183, 205, 257
suspected co-conspirators of shooter, 74, 142–143
Tilden High School community, 175, 176
Criminal justice process
competency of juveniles in, 121
confidentiality issues, 165–166
cost of defense, 84
cross-case analysis, 262–263
eligibility for parole and probation, 57, 61
Heath High School shooting, 153–154
Heritage High School shooting, 26–27, 34, 57–62
juveniles tried as adults in, 34, 57–58, 59–60, 74, 121, 153, 165
media coverage and, 166–167, 168, 181
mental health care in prison, 99
mental health of defendant, 39–40, 57, 58–61, 62, 68–69, 74–75, 79, 121, 150, 153, 215–217, 258
Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 74, 79
prosecution and sentencing of shooter(s), 6–7, 25, 34, 57–62, 120–122, 153–154, 166–167, 168, 178–184, 262
public perception of leniency in, 7, 121– 122 , 127–128, 153–154
response to violent incidents, 6–7
Rockland County, Georgia, 33–34
Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 214–217
Tilden High School shooting, 163, 164, 166–167, 168, 178–184
victim participation in prosecution and sentencing, 63
Westside Middle School shooting, 120– 122
Crist, Patricia M., 73, 74, 96
D
Daley, Richard, 163, 164, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194
Definition of school violence, 11–13, 287– 288
Delusional thinking, 78–79
Depression
classification of mental illness in legal proceedings, 58
Dinkins, David, 199, 206, 211, 213, 236
Donaldson, Greg, 201, 204, 223, 224–225
Drug and alcohol use, 256
crack cocaine, 314
in Heritage High School, 32–33, 37
in Parker Middle School community, 92
in Thomas Jefferson High School community, 209, 221–222
E
East New York, New York. See Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings
Ecological mapping, 201
Ecological psychology assessment, 41
Edinboro, Pennsylvania. See Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting
Egitto, Francis X., 217
Emotional functioning
shooter characteristics, 50–51, 78, 85, 105–106, 115, 204–205
of shooting victims, 62–63
trauma-related disorders, 234
Engel, George, 199
F
Family structure and functioning
community attitudes toward perpetrator’s family, 155–156
cross-case analysis, 248
emotional functioning, 44, 45–47
Heath High School shooter’s, 135–136, 143–145, 155
Heritage High School shooter’s, 25, 41– 44
interactions after shooting, 45–47
marital relations, 84
Parker Middle School shooter’s, 76, 78, 83–85
protective factors, 92–93
recognition of mental problems, 97–98
shooter characteristics, 5, 25, 41–44, 76, 78, 83–85, 103, 104–107, 114–116, 135– 136 , 171–172, 228, 258–259, 305, 307
sibling relations, 43, 76, 84, 144, 148
supervision and discipline, 43–44, 103, 105, 106–107, 114, 144–145
Thomas Jefferson High shooters’, 204
Tilden High School shooter’s, 171–172
in violent urban environment, 228
Westside Middle School shooter’s, 103, 104–107, 114–116
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 308– 309
Fernandez, Joseph, 199, 204, 211, 212
Fletcher, Justin, 73, 76, 80–81, 86–87
Forms of school violence
conceptual classification, 288–291
definition of school violence, 11–13, 287–288
research needs, 337–338
in urban vs. rural/suburban communities, 5, 7, 18–19, 249–252, 289
Fresh, Doug E., 204
Frustration, 319
G
Gang activity/affiliation, 33, 118, 226, 253, 313
alliances between gangs, 173
racial conflict and, 173, 174–175, 178
Tilden High School shooting and, 75, 164, 165, 172–174, 176, 177, 178, 183, 184
in youth homicide epidemic of 1990s, 313, 315
Gillette, John J., 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 97
Goals of shooter, 307
to achieve group acceptance, 148–149
cross-case comparison, 268–269
in Heath High School shooting, 146–150
media speculation about, 56
in Parker Middle School shooting, 80
revenge against despised groups, 49, 147–148
revenge for teasing and bullying, 67, 116, 146–147
shooters’ statements, 56, 76–77, 143
in Tilden High School shooting, 180
in urban vs. rural/suburban communities, 249–252
in Westside Middle School shooting, 112, 113
Golden, Andrew, 101, 106–108, 115–116, 118
See also Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) shooting
Golden, Doug, 106
Greene, Bob, 188
Guns
civil suits against manufacturers of, 117, 128
community attitudes, 34–35, 66, 93, 116– 117, 145–146, 209, 221, 226, 230
control efforts, 222
reasons for possessing, 35
research needs, 337–338
school security policies, 66–67
use in peer conflicts, 37–38
youth homicide epidemic of 1990s and, 313, 314, 315
See also Access to weapons
H
Habib, Joseph, 165, 166, 168, 179, 181, 182
Hadley, Nicole, 137–138, 139, 148, 149
Hamburg, Margaret, 210
Hard, Kelly, 139
Hawkins, Yusef, 205
Heath High School (Paducah, Kentucky) shooting, 20
causes, 143–153
civil suits arising from, 155–157
community characteristics, 133–134, 152–153
consequences for community, 154–155
course of events, 140–143
data collection, 132–133
mortality/morbidity, 132, 138–139
prosecution and sentencing, 153–154
school characteristics, 134–135
school security response, 157–159
shooter characteristics, 135–138
suspected co-conspirators, 142–143
Henderson, Jermaine, 203
Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting, 20
community characteristics, 25, 27–31, 64–67
data collection, 26–27
influence of Columbine shooting, 49–52, 56–57, 67
overall crime rate of region, 31–33
school characteristics, 38–39
security measures before, 38–39
shooter characteristics, 25, 39–49, 67–68
student characteristics, 35–38
trial and sentencing, 34, 57–62, 68–69
Herring, Paige, 108
Hill, John, 215
I
Impellizzeri, Irene, 213
Infoshare, 201
Internet, 47, 50, 136–137, 144
Irushalmi, Bruce, 201
Irving, Whitney, 108
J
Jacobs, Jane, 222–223
James, Jessica, 138
Johnson, Mitchell, 101, 102–106, 108, 114– 115, 117–118.
See also Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) shooting
Johnson, Scott, 103
Jonesboro, Arkansas. See Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas)
Juvenile Justice Reform Act, 34
Juviler, Michael, 214
K
Kaltenbach, Tim, 153
Keene, Craig, 139
Knox, George, 174
Kunstler, William, 215, 216, 217
L
Lambie, Brittany, 108
Lawson, Delondyn, 163, 164, 165, 168, 179
Lee, Spike, 213
contagion mechanisms, 324–328
mass murders, 303–304, 318–320
school rampage shootings, 303–309
suicide of homicide offenders, 322–324
violence in general, 309–312
workplace violence, 320–322
youth violence, 313–316
Loners, 36, 44, 45, 48, 303, 305
Lowery, Richard, 210
M
Mass murderers, 303–304, 318–320
McCall, Carl, 204
McGowan, Tristan, 108
McIlvane, Thomas, 320–321
community resentment of, 64, 121–122, 155
copycat crimes and, 325–326
criminal justice process and, 166–167, 168, 181
cross-case analysis, 260
exposure to media violence as cause of
violence, 117–118, 130, 151–152, 253– 255, 315–316, 325
historical consistency, 295
imitative suicide and, 327–328
initial press reports in Thomas Jefferson High School shooting, 214–215
initial press reports in Tilden High School shooting, 164, 165–167, 168
Medley, Lena, 201
Mental health
assessment and diagnosis, 40–41, 47, 93–94
causes of rampage shootings, 329
competency of juveniles, 121
detection of potential problems, 93–95, 97–98, 125, 159
development of psychosis in shooter after trial, 151
ecological psychology approach to assessment, 41
Heath High School shooter, 138, 150–151
Heritage High School shooter, 26–27, 39–41, 49–50, 57, 58–61, 62, 67
legal issues, 57, 58–61, 68–69, 121, 153, 215–217, 258
Parker Middle School shooter, 74–75, 76, 77–80, 97–98
provision of counseling services after incident, 65–66, 125–126, 203
psychological problems of victims, 62– 63, 125–127, 159–160
research needs, 339–340
shooter characteristics, 5, 42, 257–258, 305, 306
Westside Middle School shooters, 114
Merski, Robert, 95
Moral panic, 193–195
Music, 47–48, 51–52, 75, 117–118, 315
N
National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, 308–309
National Organization of Victim Assistance, 125
National School Safety Center, 291
National Threat Assessment Center, 306–308
O
O’Brien, John S., 79
O’Connor, Kathleen, 151
Ojiste, Lance, 216
P
Paducah, Kentucky. See Heath High School (Paducah, Kentucky) shooting
Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting, 20
causes, 97–98
community characteristics, 89–92
course of events, 70, 72–74, 76–77, 80–81
data collection, 71–72
responses to, 92–96
school characteristics, 70–71, 88–89
shooter characteristics, 70, 74–80, 83–87
suspicion of conspiracy, 74
victims and witnesses, 70, 76–77, 80–83
Peer relations
adolescent information processing deficits, 316
association with delinquent peers, 48–49
attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64–65
between shooters, 108, 109, 113
causes of school violence, 4, 202, 205
conflict between groups, 37
conflict between individuals, 37–38
gaining and protecting reputation, 226
Heath High School shooter, 136, 137, 147–149
Heritage High School, 35–38
individuals aware of shooter’s plans, 74, 81–83, 111, 140, 307, 308
interventions to improve, 213
Parker Middle School shooter, 74, 85–87
sexual behavior, 29–30
shooter characteristics, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48–49, 74, 85–87, 104, 107, 116, 150–151, 259
student groups and cliques, 6, 35–37, 49
suspected co-conspirators of shooter, 74, 142–143
threat assessment, 308–309
Westside Middle School shooters, 104, 107
youth–adult relationships and, 235–236
Pillars of Good Character, 94
data sources, 26–27
gang interaction, 173
incident response, 54–55, 110–111, 167– 168, 341–342
in schools, 89, 95–96, 124–125, 158, 186– 187, 211, 263, 334
youth perceptions of, 32–33
Pope, Elijah, 203
Prevention of violent incidents, 7–8
access to guns and, 7, 93, 335
challenges in designing interventions for, 285, 330
character education programs, 94, 98, 192
community-level interventions, 7
community standards as obstacle to, 227–228
consideration of dynamic/situational factors, 312
costs, 331
cross-case analysis of strategies for, 263–264
fostering student relations for, 213
Heath High School interventions, 89
identification of likely offenders, 332–334
improving youth–adult relationships for, 92–93, 160, 235–236, 237–239, 256, 263–264
intervention with bullying behavior, 67, 124, 317–318
interventions targeting adolescent development, 336
mental health interventions, 40–41, 68, 93–94
monitoring for problems in students, 93–95, 98, 125, 333
Parker Middle School interventions, 89
primary interventions, 330, 331
public health model, 330–331
research needs, 8
school shooter threat assessment, 308– 309
secondary/tertiary interventions, 330, 331–332
in smaller schools, 212
Thomas Jefferson High School
thwarted events since Columbine High
School shooting, 296
United for Safety Project, 213–214
Westside Middle School interventions, 123–125
See also Security systems and practices
R
Race/ethnicity
in Chicago gang conflict, 173, 174–175, 178
Heath High School demographics, 134
Heritage High School community, 29, 35, 36
Tilden High School community, 169– 170, 171, 172
existing research, 303–309
international incidents, 295–296
trends, 4–5
Religion/spirituality
to foster child–adult relationships, 119
Heath High School community, 135
Heritage High School community, 30
Parker Middle School shooter, 75
violence and, 30
Westside Middle School community, 102
Westside Middle School shooters, 103– 104
Research needs, 8
contagion mechanisms of school violence, 340
developmental effects of exposure to violence, 339–340
effects of community change, 341
effects of school shootings for perpetrators, 337
effects of school shootings for victims, 337
failed attempts of school violence, 342
gun access and use, 338–339
individual risk factors for school violence, 339–340
nonlethal school violence, 337–338
parenting styles, 341
police response to school shootings, 342
prevalence of adolescent mental illness, 339
school security systems, 342
suicidal behavior/ideation among adolescents, 340
types of violence in urban schools vs. suburban/rural schools, 337–338
violence among suburban and rural youth, 336–337
workplace violence against teachers, 340
Responses to incidents, 22
attitudes toward shooter, 64–65, 154
cross-case analysis, 260–264, 278–283
moral panic analysis, 193–195
Parker Middle School community, 92– 96, 99
policy formulation, 4, 22, 263–264
preparedness for, 102
principal’s immediate actions, 190–192, 203
provision of counseling services, 65–66, 125–126, 154–155, 191, 203
school security reforms, 7, 55, 66–67, 95–96, 123–125, 157–159, 184–196, 211–212, 236, 262–263
Thomas Jefferson High School community, 203, 212–214
Tilden High School shooting, 184–190, 192–196
victim memorial, 71, 128, 154, 159
victim’s funeral, 203–204, 206–207
Revenge, 49, 67, 116, 147–148, 306, 307
classroom avenger model, 304–306
Rights of Passage Program, 192
Risk factors, 310
dynamic/situational, 311–312
research needs, 339–340
school shooter threat assessment, 308– 309
shooter characteristics, 5, 256–257, 332– 334
Rockdale County, Georgia. See Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting
Romantic relationships of shooters, 45, 75, 87, 112, 115, 137–138, 139, 259
Rural schools. See Suburban and rural schools
S
Sadoff, Robert L., 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 87
Scaletta, Rick, 96
Schetky, Diane, 150
School characteristics, 22
as cause of school violence, 255–256
corporal punishment, 107
cross-case comparison, 272–273
culture of bullying, 317–318
gang activity, 178
Heath High School, 134–135
Heritage High School, 38–39, 66–67
immediate actions in response to shootings , 190–192, 203
interventions to prevent violence, 93– 95, 98, 157–159
parental involvement, 135, 238–239
Parker Middle School, 70–71, 88–89
post-incident trauma counseling, 65–66, 125–127, 154–155, 203
reforms following Tilden High School shooting, 184–190, 192–196
rule setting and enforcement, 123, 125– 126, 135, 163, 189–190
teacher–student relationships, 119–120
Westside Middle School, 102, 116
See also Security systems and practices
School resource officers, 89, 95–96, 124–125, 158, 334
School violence, generally
in aggregate patterns of violence, 285– 286, 289–291, 297, 299–301
classification, 288–291
existing research, 303–309
international incidents, 295–296
operational definition, 11–13, 287–288
trends, 1, 9–10, 11, 291–297, 300–301
Secret Service, 306–308
Security systems and practices
effectiveness of, in preventing school violence, 334–335
exclusion of students, 192, 196, 212
Heath High School, 157–159
Heritage High School, 38–39
incident response, 55, 190–191
metal detectors, 66, 163, 164, 167, 184– 185, 186–189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 210–211, 236, 263–264, 334
Parker Middle School, 89, 95–96
political context, 193–194
reforms of, after violent incidents, 7, 55, 66–67, 95–96, 123–125, 157–159, 184– 196, 211–212, 263
research needs, 341–342
school resource officers, 124–125, 158
student identification tags, 158
Thomas Jefferson High School, 211–212, 236
Tilden High School, 163, 184–190, 192– 196
Westside Middle School, 123–125
See also Prevention of violent incidents
Sex differences, 5
Sexuality/sexual behavior Heritage High School, 29–30, 37
taunting of shooter, 146
Sherrill, Patrick Henry, 320
Shooter characteristics, 5, 21
academic performance, 5, 38, 45, 75, 88, 103, 104, 107, 136, 148, 177, 202, 204, 257
age, 256–257
as cause of school violence, 256–259, 309, 328, 329
childhood abuse experiences, 103, 115
classroom avengers, 304–306
cross-case analysis, 249, 256–259, 272–276
drug and alcohol use, 48, 75, 84
emotional functioning, 50–51, 85, 116
enthusiasm for guns, 44–45, 49, 106, 305
family structure and functioning, 5, 25, 41–44, 76, 78, 83–85, 103, 104–105, 106–107, 114–116, 135–136, 171–172, 228, 258–259, 305, 307
Heath High School shooting, 135–138
Heritage High School shooting, 25–26, 39–49, 67–68
history of antisocial behavior, 38, 48–49, 104, 105, 107, 136, 138, 177, 256, 257
mental health, 5, 26–27, 39–41, 68, 77– 80, 97–98, 114, 257–258, 305, 306
Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 74– 80
peer relations, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48–49, 74, 85–87, 104, 107, 136, 137, 259
preparatory actions, 276–279,306, 307
recreational and entertainment activities, 47–48, 75, 103–104, 117– 118, 136–137, 305
relationships with teachers, 119–120
religious beliefs/practices, 75, 103–104
romantic experiences, 45, 75, 87, 112, 115, 137–138, 139, 259
as target for preventive intervention, 332–334
Thomas Jefferson High shootings, 204– 205
threat assessment, 308–309
Tilden High School shooting, 169–170
Westside Middle School shooting, 102– 108, 114–116
Situation analysis, 199
Small schools, 212
Smith, Marlon, 206
Societal violence, 2–3, 9, 249
avoidance strategies, 225–226
contagion effects, 297
Heritage High School community, 30
literature review, 309–312
in marginalized urban communities, 231
media violence, 117–118, 130, 137, 151– 152, 253–255, 315–316, 325
school violence in context of, 289–291, 297, 299–301
Thomas Jefferson High School community, 203, 204–205, 209, 221– 222 , 229, 230–231, 233–234
Tilden High School community, 174– 175, 176
urban confrontation scenarios, 222–226
violent video games, 118, 130, 136–137, 151, 315
Solomon, Anthony, 41
Solomon, Anthony B., Jr., 25, 39–49.
See also Heritage High School (Rockdale County, Georgia) shooting
Statements and writings of perpetrators
after shootings, 45–47, 56, 79, 112, 120– 121, 140, 146
before shootings, 47, 50–52, 79, 81–83, 85, 111, 143, 305–306, 307, 308
description of incident, 53–54, 76–77
regarding co-conspirators, 142–143
suicide note, 84
Steger, Kayce, 139
Steward, Hazel, 178, 188, 189, 190–191, 196
Stuck-Lewis, Denise, 74
Student characteristics
group identification, 35–36, 137, 147–148
Heritage High School, 35–38
loners, 36
recreational activities, 32–33, 37, 91–92, 96
relationships with adults, 6, 7–8, 119– 120, 160, 227–228, 253–254, 256, 263– 264
Suburban and rural schools, 2–3
attributions of causality for shootings, 261–262
causes of violence in, 4
community characteristics, 5–6, 340
consequences of violence in, 3–4
forms of violence in, 7, 18–19, 289
influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 314–315, 316
motivations of shooters, 250–252
peer relations, 6
research needs, 337–338
responses to shooting incidents, 261, 263
shooter characteristics, 256, 257
Suicidal behavior/ideation, 25, 27, 36, 46, 51–52, 54, 61, 62, 82–83
contagion mechanisms, 326–328
early manifestations in shooter, 42, 48, 76, 147
as evidence of mental illness, 58
following commission of homicide, 322–324
Heath High School shooter, 140, 142, 147, 151
legal considerations, 58–59
research needs, 340
shooter characteristics, 258
Summers, Warren, 45–46
Sumpter, Khalil, 198, 204, 214–217, 234, 235–236.
See also Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings
Suttles, Gerald, 172
T
Teich, Stephen, 216–217
Thetford, Lynette, 108
Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) shootings, 20, 198– 199
anti-violence programs after, 212–214, 236
community characteristics, 202, 204– 205, 207–210, 217–222, 229, 230–233, 237
course of events, 200, 202–203, 205–206, 216
data collection, 199–202
precipitating events, 202, 205
prosecution and sentencing, 214–217
security reforms after, 211–212
shooter characteristics, 204–205
student perceptions of, 234–235
victims, 202–203
youth–adult relationships, 227–228, 235–236, 237–239
See also Bentley, Jason; Sumpter, Khalil
Thomas theorem, 199
Thompson, Jesse, 202
Thrasher, Frederick, 174
Tilden High School (Chicago, Illinois) shooting, 20
arrest of perpetrator, 167–168
causes, 163
community characteristics, 169–178
course of events, 179–180
gang activity and, 164, 165, 172–174, 175, 176, 177, 178–179, 183
prosecution and sentencing, 164, 166– 167, 168, 178–184
school reforms following, 184–190, 192– 196
school violence preceding, 193–194, 195
Tyson, Cicely, 213
U
United for Safety Project, 213–214
Urban schools, 2–3
attitudes toward weapons, 210
attributions of causality for shootings, 261
case study selection, 19–20
causes of violence in, 4
community characteristics, 5–6, 340
consequences of violence in, 4
forms of violence in, 5, 7, 18–19, 289
motivations of shooters, 249–250
peer relations, 6
responses to shooting incidents, 261, 263
shooter characteristics, 256, 257
V
Varner, Britthney, 108
Victims of school violence, 10
attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64–65, 97
community trauma, 125–127
Heath High School shooting, 138–139
Heritage High School shooting, 62–63
mortality/morbidity, 1, 55–56, 62, 70, 73, 108, 110, 132, 138–139, 163, 165, 202–203, 249
Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 76– 77, 80–81, 83, 97
psychological problems, 62–63, 125–127, 159–160
selection of, by shooter, 76–77, 80, 81, 112–113, 142
teachers as, 340
Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 202–203
Tilden High School shooting, 163, 164, 165
Westside Middle School shooting, 108, 110, 112–113
Video games, 118, 130, 136–137, 151, 315
W
Washok, James J., 73
Weitzel, William, 150
Weprin, Saul, 211
Westside Middle School (Jonesboro, Arkansas) shooting, 20, 82, 97
adjudication, 120–122
community characteristics, 101–102
course of events, 108–113
data collection, 101
effects on community, 122–129
shooter characteristics, 102–108, 114– 116, 119–120
victim characteristics, 108, 112–113
White, Joseph, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167–168, 169–170, 171, 174, 177, 178–184, 196
White, Karen, 167–168, 171–172, 174, 181, 182
Wilding behavior, 226–227
WiseSkills, 94
Woodard, Terry, 103
Wooten, Priscilla, 213
Workplace violence, 320–322, 340
Wright, Kenneth, 183
Wurst, Andrew Jerome, 70, 74–80.
See also Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting
Wurst, Jerome J., 83
Y
Youngblood, Johnny Ray, 207, 209, 233
Youth violence, generally
characteristics of offenders, 313
homicide epidemic of 1990s, 313–315
literature review, 313–316
school violence in context of, 289–291, 299–300
social causes, 313–314
Z
