| ACES | Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space |
| ACME | Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments |
| AES | Advanced Exploration Systems |
| AG | artificial gravity |
| AMS | Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer |
| ARED | Advanced Resistive Exercise |
| ARL | Army Research Laboratory |
| ARS | acute radiation syndromes |
| ASI | Italian Space Agency |
| BASS | Burning and Suppression of Solids |
| BEC | Bose-Einstein condensate |
| BHP | Behavioral Health and Performance |
| BMed | Behavioral Medicine |
| BPS | Biological and Physical Sciences Program |
| CAL | Cold Atom Laboratory |
| CASIS | Center for the Advancement of Science in Space |
| CBPSS | Committee on Biological and Physical Sciences in Space |
| CIR | Combustion Integrated Rack |
| CNES | Centre national d’études spatiales (space agency of France) |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| COTS | Commercial Orbital Transportation Services |
| CSA | Canadian Space Agency |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| DARPA | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |
| DLR | German Aerospace Center |
| DoD | U.S. Department of Defense |
| DOE | U.S. Department of Energy |
| DRM | design reference mission |
| ESA | European Space Agency |
| EVA | extra-vehicular activity |
| EXPRESS | Expedite the Processing of Experiments for Space Station |
| FLEX | Flame Extinguishment Experiments |
| FLEX-ICE-GA | FLEX-Italian Combustion Experiment for Green Air |
| FY | fiscal year |
| GCR | galactic cosmic rays |
| HEOMD | Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate |
| HERA | Human Exploration Research Analog |
| HFBP | Human Factors Behavioral Performance |
| HHC | Human health and Countermeasures |
| HI-SEAS | Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation |
| HRP | Human Research Program |
| HSRB | Human System Risk Board |
| HZE | high Z (atomic number) and energy |
| iRED | interim resistive exercise device |
| ISRU | in situ resource utilization |
| ISS | International Space Station |
| ISSES | ISS environmental simulation |
| JAXA | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
| JSC | Johnson Space Center |
| KSC | Kennedy Space Center |
| LBNP | lower-body negative pressure |
| LDEM | long-duration exploration mission |
| LEO | low Earth orbit |
| LET | linear energy transfer |
| MoBE | Microbiology of the Built Environment |
| MOU | memoranda of understanding |
| NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| NCI | National Cancer Institute |
| NIAID | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |
| NIH | National Institutes of Health |
| NIMH | National Institute of Mental Health |
| NIST | National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| NMR | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
| NRA | NASA Research Announcement |
| NRC | National Research Council |
| NSBRI | National Space Biomedical Research Institute |
| NSCOR | NASA Specialized Center of Research |
| NSF | National Science Foundation |
| OLMSA | Office of Life and Microgravity Science and Applications |
| PI | principal investigator |
| PSI | Physical Sciences Informatics [data repository] |
| RDoC | Research Domain Criteria |
| SAA | Space Act Agreement |
| SANS | Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome |
| SBIR | Small Business Innovative Research |
| SLPSRA | Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications (Division of) |
| SLS | Space Launch System |
| Sofie | Solid Fuel Ignition and Extinction Experiment |
| SPE | solar particle event |
| SSPF | Space Station Processing Facility |
| STMD | Space Technology Mission Directorate |
| STTR | Small Business Technology Transfer |
| TRI | Translation Research Institute |
| TSES | Translation to Space Exploration Systems |
| USOS | U.S. Orbital Segment |
| VE | virtual environment |