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A Midterm Assessment of Implementation of the Decadal Survey on Life and Physical Sciences Research at NASA (2018)

Chapter: Appendix E: Criteria and Table Reprinted from the 2011 Decadal Survey

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: Criteria and Table Reprinted from the 2011 Decadal Survey." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. A Midterm Assessment of Implementation of the Decadal Survey on Life and Physical Sciences Research at NASA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24966.

E

Criteria and Table Reprinted from the 2011 Decadal Survey

Box 13.2 and Tables 13.1 to 13.3 from the 2011 decadal survey¹ are reprinted below.

___________________

¹ National Research Council, 2011, Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.

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BOX 13.2
Criteria Used for Categorization of Research Recommendations

In its categorization of research, whether basic, applied, or translational, the committee used the following eight prioritization criteria developed to capture the potential value of the results of research (information, engineered systems, publications, or new concepts).

Prioritization Criterion 1: The extent to which the results of the research will reduce uncertainty about both the benefits and the risks of space exploration (Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples, Risk Reduction)
Prioritization Criterion 2: The extent to which the results of the research will reduce the costs of space exploration (Potential to Enhance Mission Options or to Reduce Mission Costs)
Prioritization Criterion 3: The extent to which the results of the research may lead to entirely new options for exploration missions (Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples)
Prioritization Criterion 4: The extent to which the results of the research will provide full or partial answers to grand science challenges that the space environment provides a unique means to address (Relative Impact Within Research Field)
Prioritization Criterion 5: The extent to which the results of the research are uniquely needed by NASA, as opposed to any other agencies (Needs Unique to NASA Exploration Programs)
Prioritization Criterion 6: The extent to which the results of the research can be synergistic with other agencies’ needs (Research Programs That Could Be Dual-Use)
Prioritization Criterion 7: The extent to which the research must use the space environment to achieve useful knowledge (Research Value of Using Reduced-Gravity Environment)
Prioritization Criterion 8: The extent to which the results of the research could lead to either faster or better solutions to terrestrial problems or to terrestrial economic benefit (Ability to Translate Results to Terrestrial Needs)

The committee did not weight these criteria, a step that would require assumptions about policy decisions not yet made, or subject to change in the future. The criteria and priorities outlined in this chapter, based on clear metrics, provide a basis for a complete, transparent, and robust research program, which the committee believes is required to fully address NASA’s future needs for the life and physical sciences research essential to successful space exploration.

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TABLE 13.1 Summary of Highest-Priority Recommendations Made in Chapters 4 Through 10

Recommendation Identifier^a	Recommendation	Enabled by (EB) and/or Enabling (E) Space Exploration
Plant and Microbial Biology (Chapter 4)
P1	Establish a microbial observatory program on the ISS to conduct long-term, multigenerational studies of microbial population dynamics.	EB
P2	Establish a robust spaceflight program of research analyzing plant and microbial growth and physiological responses to the multiple stimuli encountered in spaceflight environments.	EB
P3	Develop a research program aimed at demonstrating the roles of microbial-plant systems in long-term life support systems.	EB/E
Behavior and Mental Health (Chapter 5)
B1	Develop sensitive, meaningful, and valid measures of mission-relevant performance for both astronauts and mission control personnel.	E
B2	Conduct integrated translational research in which long-duration missions are simulated specifically for the purpose of studying the interrelationships among individual functioning, cognitive performance, sleep, and group dynamics.	E
B3	Determine the genetic, physiological, and psychological underpinnings of individual differences in resilience to stressors during extended space missions, with development of an individualized medicine approach to sustaining astronauts during such missions.	E
B4	Conduct research to enhance cohesiveness, team performance, and effectiveness of multinational crews, especially under conditions of extreme isolation and autonomy.	EB/E
Animal and Human Biology (Chapter 6)
AH1	The efficacy of bisphosphonates should be tested in an adequate population of astronauts on the ISS during a 6-month mission.	EB/E
AH2	The preservation/reversibility of bone structure/strength should be evaluated when assessing countermeasures.	EB/E
AH3	Bone loss studies of genetically altered mice exposed to weightlessness are strongly recommended.	EB
AH4	New osteoporosis drugs under clinical development should be tested in animal models of weightlessness.	EB
AH5	Conduct studies to identify underlying mechanisms regulating net skeletal muscle protein balance and protein turnover during states of unloading and recovery.	EB/E
AH6	Conduct studies to develop and test new prototype exercise devices and to optimize physical activity paradigms/prescriptions targeting multisystem countermeasures.	EB/E
AH7	Determine the daily levels and pattern of recruitment of flexor and extensor muscles of the neck, trunk, arms, and legs at 1 g and after being in a novel gravitational environment for up to 6 months.	EB
AH8	Determine the basic mechanisms, adaptations, and clinical significance of changes in regional vascular/interstitial pressures (Starling forces) during long-duration space missions.	EB/E
AH9	Investigate the effects of prolonged periods of microgravity and partial gravity (3/8 or 1/6 g) on the determinants of task-specific, enabling levels of work capacity.	EB/E
AH10	Determine the integrative mechanisms of orthostatic intolerance after restoration of gravitational gradients (both 1 g and 3/8 g).	EB/E

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Recommendation Identifier^a	Recommendation	Enabled by (EB) and/or Enabling (E) Space Exploration
AH11	Collaborative studies among flight medicine and cardiovascular epidemiologists are recommended to determine the best screening strategies to avoid flying astronauts with subclinical coronary heart disease that could become manifest during a long-duration exploration-class mission (3 years).	EB/E
AH12	Determine the amount and site of the deposition of aerosols of different sizes in the lungs of humans and animals in microgravity.	EB/E
AH13	Multiple parameters of T cell activation in cells should be obtained from astronauts before and after re-entry to establish which parameters are altered during flight.	EB
AH14	Both to address the mechanism(s) of the changes in the immune system and to develop measures to limit the changes, data from multiple organ/system-based studies need to be integrated.	EB/E
AH15	Perform mouse studies of immunization and challenge on the ISS, using immune samples acquired both prior to and immediately upon re-entry, to establish the biological relevance of the changes observed in the immune system. Parameters examined need to be aligned with those in humans influenced by flight.	EB
AH16	Studies should be conducted on transmission across generations of structural and functional changes induced by exposure to space during development. Ground-based studies should be conducted to develop specialized habitats to support reproducing and developing rodents in space.	EB
Crosscutting Issues for Humans in the Space Environment (Chapter 7)
CC1	To ensure the safety of future commercial orbital and exploration crews, quantify postlanding vertigo and orthostatic intolerance in a sufficiently large sample of returning ISS crews, as part of the immediate post-flight medical exam.	EB/E
CC2	Determine whether artificial gravity (AG) is needed as a multisystem countermeasure and whether continuous large-radius AG is needed or intermittent exercise within lower-body negative pressure or short-radius AG is sufficient. Human studies in ground laboratories are essential to establish dose-response relationships, and what gravity level, gradient, rotations per minute, duration, and frequency are adequate.	E
CC3	Conduct studies on humans to determine whether there is an effect of gravity on micronucleation and/or intrapulmonary shunting or whether the unexpectedly low prevalence of decompression sickness on the space shuttle/ISS is due to underreporting. Conduct studies to determine operationally acceptable low suit pressure and hypobaric hypoxia limits.	E
CC4	Determine optimal dietary strategies for crews and food preservation strategies that will maintain bioavailability for 12 or more months.	E
CC5	Initiate a robust food science program focused on preserving nutrient stability for 3 or more years.	E
CC6	Include food and energy intake as an outcome variable in dietary intervention trials in humans.	EB/E
CC7	Conduct longitudinal studies of astronauts for cataract incidence, quality, and pathology related to radiation exposures to understand both cataract risk and radiation-induced late tissue toxicities in humans.	E
CC8	Expand the use of animal studies to assess space radiation risks to humans from cancer, cataracts, cardiovascular disease, neurologic dysfunction, degenerative diseases, and acute toxicities such as fever, nausea, bone marrow suppression, and others.	E

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Recommendation Identifier^a	Recommendation	Enabled by (EB) and/or Enabling (E) Space Exploration
CC9	Continue ground-based cellular studies to develop end points and markers for acute and late radiation toxicities, using radiation facilities that are able to mimic space radiation exposures.	E
CC10	Expand understanding of gender differences in adaptation to the spaceflight environment through flight- and ground-based research, particularly potential differences in bone, muscle, and cardiovascular function and long-term radiation risks.	EB/E
CC11	Investigate the biophysical principles of thermal balance to determine whether microgravity reduces the threshold for thermal intolerance.	EB/E
Fundamental Physical Sciences in Space (Chapter 8)
FP1	Research on complex fluids and soft matter. Microgravity provides a unique opportunity to study structures and forces important to the properties of these materials without the interference caused by Earth-strength gravity.	EB/E
FP2	Understanding of the fundamental forces and symmetries of nature. High-precision measurements in space can test relativistic gravity, fundamental high-energy physics, and related symmetries in ways that are not practical on Earth. Novel effects predicted by new theoretical approaches provide distinct signatures for precision experimental searches that are often best carried out in space.	EB
FP3	Research related to the physics and applications of quantum gases. The space environment enables many investigations, not feasible on Earth, of the remarkably unusual properties of quantum gases and degenerate Fermi gases.	EB/E
FP4	Investigations of matter near a critical phase transition. Experiments that have already been designed and brought to a level of flight readiness can elucidate how materials behave in the vicinity of thermodynamically determined critical points. These experiments, which require a microgravity environment, will provide insights into new effects observable when such systems are driven away from equilibrium conditions.	EB
Applied Physical Sciences in Space (Chapter 9)
AP1	Reduced-gravity multiphase flows, cryogenics and heat transfer database and modeling, including phase separation and distribution (i.e., flow regimes), phase-change heat transfer, pressure drop, and multiphase system stability.	EB/E
AP2	Interfacial flows and phenomena (including induced and spontaneous multiphase flows with or without phase change) relevant to storage and handling systems for cryogens and other liquids, life support systems, power generation, thermal control systems, and other important multiphase systems.	EB/E
AP3	Dynamic granular material behavior and subsurface geotechnics to improve predictions and site-specific models of lunar and martian soil behavior.	E
AP4	Development of fundamentals-based strategies and methods for dust mitigation during advanced human and robotic exploration of planetary bodies.	E
AP5	Experiments on the ISS to understand complex fluid physics in microgravity, including fluid behavior of granular materials, colloids and foams, biofluids, non-Newtonian and critical point fluids, etc.	EB
AP6	Fire safety research to improve methods for screening materials for flammability and fire suppression in space environments.	E
AP7	Combustion processes research, including reduced-gravity experiments with longer durations, larger scales, new fuels, and practical aerospace materials relevant to future missions.	EB/E

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Recommendation Identifier^a	Recommendation	Enabled by (EB) and/or Enabling (E) Space Exploration
AP8	Research on numerical simulation of combustion to develop and validate detailed single phase and multiphase combustion models for interpreting and facilitating combustion experiments and tests.	E
AP9	Reduced-gravity research on materials synthesis and processing and control of microstructure and properties, to improve the properties of existing and new materials on the ground.	EB/E
AP10	Development of new and advanced materials that enable operations in harsh space environments and reduce the cost of human space exploration.	E
AP11	Fundamental and applied research to develop technologies that facilitate extraction, synthesis, and processing of minerals, metals, and other materials available on extraterrestrial surfaces.	EB/E
Translation to Space Exploration Systems (Chapter 10)
TSES1	Conduct research to address issues for active two-phase flow relevant to thermal management (T1).	E
TSES2	To support zero-boiloff propellant storage and cryogenic fluid management technologies, conduct research on advanced insulation materials research, active cooling, multiphase flows, and capillary effectiveness (T2), as well as active and passive storage, fluid transfer, gauging, pressurization, pressure control, leak detection, and mixing destratification (T3).	E
TSES3	NASA should enhance surface mobility; relevant research includes suited astronaut computational modeling, biomechanics analysis for partial gravity, robot-human testing of advanced spacesuit joints and full body suits, and musculoskeletal modeling and suited range-of-motion studies (T4), plus studies of human-robot interaction (including teleoperations) for the construction and operation of planetary surface habitats (T26).	E
TSES4	NASA should develop and demonstrate technologies to mitigate the effects of dust on extravehicular activity (EVA) systems and suits, life support systems, and surface construction systems. Supporting research includes impact mechanics of particulates, design of outer-layer dust garments, advanced material and design concepts for micrometeoroid mitigation, magnetic repulsive technologies, and the quantification of plasma electrodynamic interactions with EVA systems (T5); dynamics of electrostatic field coupling with dust (T23); and regolith mechanics and gravity-dependent soil models (T27).	E
TSES5	NASA should define requirements for thermal control, micrometeoroid and orbital debris impact and protection, and radiation protection for EVA systems, rovers, and habitats and develop a plan for radiation shelters (T19).	E
TSES6	NASA should conduct research for the development and demonstration of closed-loop life support systems and supporting technologies. Fundamental research includes heat and mass transfer in porous media under partial gravity and microgravity conditions (T6) and understanding the effect of variable gravity on multiphase flow systems (T21, T22).	E
TSES7	NASA should develop and demonstrate technologies to support thermoregulation of habitats, rovers, and spacesuits on the lunar surface (T20).	E
TSES8	NASA should perform critical fire safety research to develop new standards to qualify materials for flight and to improve fire and particle detectors. Supporting research is necessary in materials qualification for ignition, flame spread, and generation of toxic and/or corrosive gases (T7) and in characterizing particle sizes from smoldering and flaming fires under reduced gravity (T8).	E

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Recommendation Identifier^a	Recommendation	Enabled by (EB) and/or Enabling (E) Space Exploration
TSES9	NASA should develop a standard methodology for qualifying fire suppression systems in relevant atmospheres and gravity levels and would benefit from strategies for safe post-fire recovery. Specific research is needed to characterize the effectiveness of fire suppression agents and systems under reduced gravity (T9) and to assess the toxicity of various fire products (T10).	E
TSES10	Research should be conducted to allow regenerative fuel cell technologies to be demonstrated in reduced-gravity environments (T11).	E
TSES11	To support the development of new energy conversion technologies, research should be done on high-temperature energy conversion cycles, device coupling to essential working fluids, heat rejection systems, materials, etc. (T12). Research is also required on more efficient surface-base primary power and on the technologies to enable solar electric propulsion as an option to transfer large masses of propellant and cargo to distant locations (T18).	E
TSES12	To make fission surface power systems a viable option, research is needed on high-temperature, low-weight materials for power conversion and radiators and on other supporting technologies (T13).	E
TSES13	Development and demonstration of ascent and descent system technologies are needed, including ascent/descent propulsion technologies, inflatable aerodynamic decelerators, and supersonic retro propulsion systems. The required research includes propellant ignition, flame stability, and active thermal control (T14); lightweight flexible materials (T15); and rocket plume aerothermodynamics and vehicle dynamics and control (T16).	E
TSES14	Research is required to support the development and demonstration of space nuclear propulsion systems, including liquid-metal cooling under reduced gravity, thawing under reduced gravity, and system dynamics (T17).	E
TSES15	Research is needed to identify and adapt excavation, extraction, preparation, handling, and processing techniques for a lunar water/oxygen extraction system (T24).	E
TSES16	NASA should establish plans for surface operations, particularly ISRU capability development and surface habitats. Research is needed to characterize resources available at lunar and martian surface destinations (T25) and to define surface habitability systems design requirements (T28).	E

^aIdentifiers correspond to the identifiers given to the highest-priority recommendations listed at the ends of Chapters 4 through 10, which provide context and clarifying discussion.

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TABLE 13.2 Highest-Priority Recommendations That Provide High Support in Meeting Each of Eight Specific Prioritization Criteria

	<-------------------------------------------------------------------------Prioritization Criteria----------------------------------------------------------------------->
	(1) Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples, Risk Reduction	(2) Potential to Enhance Mission Options or to Reduce Mission Costs	(3) Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples	(4) Relative Impact Within Research Field	(5) Needs Unique to NASA Exploration Programs	(6) Research Programs That Could Be Dual-Use	(7) Research Value of Using Reduced-Gravity Environment	(8) Ability to Translate Results to Terrestrial Needs
Life Sciences	P2, P3, B1, B2, B3, B4, AH1, AH2, AH3, AH5, AH6, AH7, AH8, AH9, AH10, AH11	P3, B1, B2, B3, B4, AH6, AH9, AH10, AH11	P3, B4, AH1, AH2, AH3, AH5, AH6, AH7, AH8, AH9, AH10, AH11	P1, P2, B3, B4, AH9, AH10, AH11, AH16	P1, P2, P3, AH1, AH2, AH3, AH4, AH5, AH6, AH7, AH8, AH9, AH10, AH11, AH16	B1, B2, B3, B4, AH1, AH2, AH3, AH4, AH5, AH6, AH7, AH9, AH10	P1, B1, B4, AH12, AH16	B1, B2, B3, B4, AH1, AH2, AH3, AH4, AH5, AH6, AH7

Translational Life Sciences	CCH2, CCH4, CCH7	CCH2, CCH4, CCH6, CCH7	CCH2, CCH4, CCH6, CCH7, CCH8	CCH2, CCH6	CCH1, CCH2, CHH3, CCH6, CCH7, CCH8		CCH1, CHH2, CHH3, CCH7, CCH11

Physical Sciences	AP1, AP4, AP6, AP8, AP11	AP1, AP2, AP10, AP11	AP1, AP2, AP3, AP10, AP11	FP1, FP2, FP3, AP5, AP7, AP8, AP9	AP1, AP2, AP3, AP4, AP6, AP11	AP7, AP8, AP9, AP10	FP1, FP2, FP3, FP4, AP1, AP2, AP5, AP6, AP7, AP9	AP1, AP2, AP7, AP8, AP9

Translational Physical Sciences	TSES1, TSES2, TSES3, TSES14	TSES1, TSES3, TSES5, TSES10	TSES14		TSES2, TSES3, TSES4, TSES5, TSES6, TSES7, TSES12, TSES13, TSES14, TSES 16	TSES10, TSES11, TSES12	TSES1, TSES2, TSES3, TSES4, TSES5, TSES12, TSES13, TSES14, TSES15, TSES16	TSES10

NOTE: Identifiers are as listed in Table 13.1 and correspond with the recommendations listed there and also presented with clarifying discussion in Chapters 4 through 10.

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TABLE 13.3 Level of Support Provided by High-Priority Recommendations for Each of Eight Prioritization Criteria

Recommendation Identifier^a Within Suggested Program Elements	<-------------------------------------------------------------------------Prioritization Criteria----------------------------------------------------------->
	(1) Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples, Risk Reduction	(2) Potential to Enhance Mission Options or to Reduce Mission Costs	(3) Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples	(4) Relative Impact Within Research Field	(5) Needs Unique to NASA Exploration Programs	(6) Research Programs That Could Be Dual-Use	(7) Research Value of Using Reduced-Gravity Environment	(8) Ability to Translate Results to Terrestrial Needs
Plant and Microbial Biology Research
P1	Medium	Low	Low	High	High	Medium	High	Medium
P2	High	Medium	Medium	High	High	Medium	Medium	Medium
P3	High	High	High	Low	High	Medium	Medium	Medium

Human Behavior and Mental Health Research
B1	High	High	Low	Medium	Low	High	High	High
B2	High	High	Low	Medium	Low	High	Low	High
B3	High	High	Medium	High	Low	High	Low	High
B4	High	High	High	High	Medium	High	High	High

Animal and Human Biological Research
AH1	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	High	Medium	High
AH2	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	High	Medium	High
AH3	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	High	Medium	High
AH4	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	High	High	Medium	High
AH5	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	High	Medium	High
AH6	High	High	High	Medium	High	High	Medium	High
AH7	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	High	Medium	High
AH8	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	Medium	Medium	Medium
AH9	High	High	High	High	High	High	Medium	Medium
AH10	High	High	High	High	High	High	Medium	Medium
AH11	High	High	High	High	High	Medium	Medium	Medium
AH12	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low	High	Medium
AH13	Medium	Low	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
AH14	Medium	Low	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
AH15	Medium/Low	Low	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
AH16	Medium/Low	Medium/Low	Medium/Low	High	High	Low	High	Medium

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Recommendation Identifier^a Within Suggested Program Elements	<-------------------------------------------------------------------------Prioritization Criteria----------------------------------------------------------->
	(1) Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples, Risk Reduction	(2) Potential to Enhance Mission Options or to Reduce Mission Costs	(3) Positive Impact on Exploration Efforts, Improved Access to Data or to Samples	(4) Relative Impact Within Research Field	(5) Needs Unique to NASA Exploration Programs	(6) Research Programs That Could Be Dual-Use	(7) Research Value of Using Reduced-Gravity Environment	(8) Ability to Translate Results to Terrestrial Needs

Crosscutting Research for the Human System
CC1	Medium	Low	Low	Low	High	Low	High	Medium
CC2	High	High	High	High	High	Low	High	Low
CC3	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low	High	Low	High	Low
CC4	High	High	High	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
CC5	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
CC6	Medium	High	High	High	High	Medium	Low	Medium
CC7	High	High	High	Low	High	Low	High	Low
CC8	Medium	Medium	High	Low	High	Low	Low	Low
CC9	Medium	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Low	Low	Low
CC10	Medium	Medium/Low	Medium	Low	Medium	Medium	Low	Medium
CC11	Medium	Medium/Low	Medium	Low	Medium	Medium/Low	High/Medium	Medium

Fundamental Physical Sciences Research
FP1	Low	Low	Medium	High	Low	Medium	High	Medium
FP2	Low	Low	Low	High	Low	Medium	High	Medium
FP3	Low	Low	Medium	High	Low	Medium	High	Medium
FP4	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Low	Medium	High	Medium

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Applied Physical Sciences Research
AP1	High	High	High	Medium	High	Low	High	High
AP2	Medium	High	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	High
AP3	Medium	Medium	High	Low	High	N/A	Low	Low
AP4	High	Medium	Medium	Low	High	N/A	Medium	Low
AP5	Low	Low	Medium	High	Low	Medium	High	Medium
AP6	High	Medium	Low	Low	High	Low	High	Medium
AP7	Medium	N/A	N/A	High	Medium	High	High	High
AP8	High	Medium	Low	High	Medium	High	N/A	High
AP9	N/A	N/A	Low	High	Low	High	High	High
AP10	Low	High	High	Medium	Medium	High	Low	Medium
AP11	High	High	High	Low	High	N/A	Medium	N/A

Translation to Space Exploration Systems Research
TSES1	High	High	Low	Low	Medium	Medium	High	Low
TSES2	High	High	Medium	Low	High	Medium	High	Medium
TSES3	High	High	High	Low	High	Medium	High	Medium
TSES4	Medium	Medium	High	Low	High	Low	High	Low
TSES5	Medium	Medium	High	Low	High	Low	Medium	Low
TSES6	Medium	Medium	Medium	Low	High	Low	Medium	Low
TSES7	Medium	Medium	High	Low	High	Medium	Medium	Medium
TSES8	Low	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Medium	High	Medium
TSES9	Low	Low	Low	Low	Medium	Medium	High	Medium
TSES10	Medium	High	Low	Low	Medium	High	Medium	Medium
TSES11	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	Medium	High	Low	Medium
TSES12	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	High	High	High	Medium
TSES13	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	High	Medium	High	Medium
TSES14	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	Medium	High	Medium
TSES15	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	Medium	Low	High	Low
TSES16	Medium	Medium	Low	Low	High	Low	High	Low

^aIdentifiers are listed in Table 13.1 and correspond with the recommendations listed there and also presented the ends of Chapters 4 through 10, which provide context and clarifying discussion.