WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria: A Scientific Assessment (1996)
Chapter: Front Matter
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This study was supported under contract no. 59-3198-3-044 from the Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Committee on Scientific Evaluation of WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria
RICHARD E. BEHRMAN (Chair),*
Center for the Future of Children, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Los Altos, California
BARBARA ABRAMS,
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
A. SUE BROWN (through February 1995),
Commission on Health Care Finance, Government of the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C.
MARY ELLEN COLLINS,
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
CATHERINE COWELL,
School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
BARBARA DEVANEY,
Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey
LEON GORDIS,*
School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
JEAN-PIERRE HABICHT,
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
K. MICHAEL HAMBIDGE,
Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
GAIL G. HARRISON,
School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
JEAN YAVIS JONES,
Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
ROY M. PITKIN,*
School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
ERNESTO POLLITT,
Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis
KATHLEEN M. RASMUSSEN,
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
EARNESTINE WILLIS,
MACC Fund Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Staff
ROBERT EARL, Study Director (through November 1995)
CAROL WEST SUITOR, Study Director (beginning November 1995)
SANDRA A. SCHLICKER, Senior Program Officer (beginning November 1995)
SHEILA A. MOATS, Research Associate
KIMBERLY M. BREWER, Research Assistant (beginning September 1995)
GERALDINE KENNEDO, Project Assistant
Food and Nutrition Board
CUTBERTO GARZA (Chair),
Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice Chair),
Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois, Urbana
PERRY L. ADKISSON,
† Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station
LINDSAY H. ALLEN,
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
DENNIS M. BIER,
USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE,
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
MICHAEL P. DOYLE,
Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, University of Georgia, Griffin
JOHANNA T. DWYER,
Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
SCOTT M. GRUNDY,
Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
K. MICHAEL HAMBIDGE,
Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
JANET C. KING,
* USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Presidio of San Francisco, California
SANFORD A. MILLER,
Graduate Studies and Biological Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
ALFRED SOMMER,
* School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
STEVE L. TAYLOR (Ex officio),
Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
VERNON R. YOUNG,
† Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Staff
ALLISON A. YATES, Director (beginning July 1994)
CATHERINE E. WOTEKI, Director (through December 1993)
BERNADETTE M. MARRIOTT, Associate Director and Interim Director (through June 30, 1994)
GAIL SPEARS, Administrative Assistant (beginning September 1994)
MARCIA S. LEWIS, Administrative Assistant (through August 1994)
JAMAINE L. TINKER, Financial Associate
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Acknowledgments
This report represents the collaborative efforts of many individuals, particularly the study committee and staff whose names appear at the beginning of this document. Completion of this study was a complex task and it required substantial dedication and effort by all those who participated in its completion.
The committee wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the National Association of WIC Directors (NAWD) for furnishing volumes of information about nutrition risk criteria in use in state WIC programs. NAWD's president during the majority of the study, Alice Lenihan, was particularly helpful and supportive. The committee wants to express their appreciation of the input received from the entire WIC community, too numerous to mention by name, through public meetings, site visits, additional information about nutrition risk criteria, and informal communications.
Drs. Robert Kuczmarski and Anne Looker of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, made presentations to the committee on upcoming data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and revision of NCHS infant and child growth charts. Dr. Tiefu Shen of the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, and Cyn O'Malley and Suzan Carmichael of the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, provided substantial assistance with the development of the chapter on anthropometric risk criteria.
This report was sponsored by the Food and Consumer Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Without their vision for the need to undertake this scientific assessment, this report would not have become a reality. The committee acknowledges their commitment to the WIC program
and their support of this project, particularly the support of project officers Jay Hirschman and Dr. Janet Tognetti Schiller. In addition, the committee recognizes other major informational contributions of several USDA staff: Donna Hines, Julie Kresge, Michele Lawler, Elaine Lynn, and Debra Whitford.
The committee also wishes to express its appreciation to the staff of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, whose tireless efforts on our behalf were so critical to the committee's deliberations and the production of this report. Our appreciation goes to Robert Earl, who provided administrative support to the committee. The committee is especially grateful for the substantial efforts of Dr. Carol Suitor, who, with the assistance of Dr. Sandra Schlicker and Kim Brewer, worked closely with committee members to complete the analysis and finalize the report. The efforts of Sheila Moats, Geraldine Kennedo, Susan Knasiak, and Dr. Allison Yates on behalf of the committee are also deserving of our heartfelt thanks.
RICHARD E. BEHRMAN, Chair
Committee on Scientific Evaluation of WIC Nutrition Risk Criteria
List of Tables and Figures
TABLES
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S-1 |
Nutrition Risk Criteria and Committee Recommendations for the Specific WIC Population, by Category of Nutrition Risk, |
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1-1 |
WIC Program Participation by Subgroup and Federal Costs, 1974–1993, |
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3-1 |
Nutrition Risk Criteria Defined by WIC Program Regulations, |
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3-2 |
The WIC Priority System, |
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4-1 |
Summary of Anthropometric Risk Criteria in the WIC Program and Use by States, |
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4-2 |
Summary of Anthropometric Risk Criteria as Predictive of Risk or Benefit Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women, |
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4-3 |
Summary of Anthropometric Risk Criteria as Predictive of Risk or Benefit Among Infants and Children, |
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4-4 |
Summary of Anthropometric Risk Criteria and Committee Recommendations for the Specific WIC Population, |
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5-1 |
Summary of Biochemical and Other Medical Risk Criteria in the WIC Program and Use by States, |
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5-2 |
Summary of Broad Categories of Biochemical and Other Medical Risk Criteria as Predictive of Risk or Benefit Among Women, Infants, and Children, |
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5-3 |
Cutoff Points for Anemia Used in the WIC Program and Recommended Cutoff Points from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute of Medicine for Women, Infants, and Children, |
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5-4 |
Summary of Medical Risk Criteria and Committee Recommendations for the Specific WIC Population, |
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6-1 |
Summary of Broad Dietary Risk Criteria in the WIC Program and Use by States, |
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6-2 |
Summary of Broad Dietary Risk Criteria as Predictive of Risk or Benefit Among Women, Infants, and Children, |
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6-3 |
Summary of Broad Dietary Risk Criteria and Committee Recommendations for the Specific WIC Population, |
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7-1 |
Summary of Predisposing Risk Criteria in the WIC Program and Use by States, |
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7-2 |
Summary of Predisposing Risk Criteria as Predictive of Risk or Benefit Among Women, Infants, and Children, |
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7-3 |
Summary of Dietary Risk Criteria and Committee Recommendations for the Specific WIC Population, |
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8-1 |
Nutrition of Risk Criteria and Committee Recommendations for the Specific WIC Population, by Category of Nutrition Risk, |
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8-2 |
Committee Recommendations for Changes in Risk Criteria, |
FIGURES
