A
Absorption
carbohydrates, 60
minerals, 97, 98–99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 191
vitamins, 114, 123, 124, 134, 137
Acid-detergent fiber (ADF), 26, 27, 62, 63, 64–66, 68, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
protein requirements, 75
Age factors, 1, 2, 159, 162–163, 167–171, 174
see also Growth and development;
Infants amino acid metabolism, 79
body composition and weight, 168–170, 172–173, 174, 175
energy requirements, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50–53, 167, 168, 169
fiber, 68
immune system, 170
minerals, 94, 98, 99, 100, 102, 167–169
protein requirements, 77, 78, 80–83
sex differences, 167, 168, 170
vitamins, 125, 127, 133, 139, 167–168
Aggressive behavior, 79, 116, 259, 261–262
Albumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–80, 81, 83, 100, 132, 153
lactalbumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–80
Alopecia
vitamins, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135
Amino acids, 2, 20–21, 75, 77, 78–79, 80, 82–83
see also Proteins
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
cysteine, 77, 98, 104, 105, 135
methionine, 2, 77, 78–79, 98, 105, 135, 141, 242–255
selenium, 94, 104–106, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
sulfur, 77
taurine, 2, 79, 98, 166, 192, 242–255
tryptophan, 2, 79, 131, 132, 242–255
Anatomy, vii, 1, 2, 5, 20–26, 182
Anemia, 80, 81, 82–84, 99–100, 101, 124–125, 126, 129, 130, 134, 135, 136, 138
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 259
Animal prey, see Carnivores;
Insects
Arboreal species, general
environmental enhancement, 259, 261
feeding ecology, 6–18 (passim)
water, 153
Arginine, composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
B
Bioavailability, 182, 188, 191
amino acids, 78
minerals, 97, 99–105 (passim), 107
vitamins, 123, 124, 128–136 (passim)
Biotin, 133–134, 191, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Blood, see Hematologic factors
Body composition and weight, 2, 92, 159–164, 171–176
see also Growth and development
age factors, 168–170, 172–173, 174, 175
energy requirements, 43–49, 50–52
feeding ecology, 6–13
fiber, 66
minerals, 106
obesity, 2, 66, 151, 159, 172–176, 185
age factors, 172–173, 174, 175
proteins, 76, 77, 79, 80–81, 83, 102, 155
sex differences, 159, 162–163, 171
vitamins, 115, 119, 124, 127–141 (passim)
water, 150–155 (passim)
Bone and bone marrow, 172
minerals, 94, 95, 96, 97, 107, 127–128
vitamins, 117, 118, 119, 121, 125, 127–128, 134, 137–138
water, joint lubrication, 150
Brain
carbohydrates, 58
diabetes, 175–176
vitamins, 113
water, 152
Browse, general, 96, 186, 187, 261, 262
C
Cadmium, 94–95
Calcium, 27, 83, 94, 95–97, 98, 99, 104, 107, 192, 193
aging, 170
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
vitamins and, 116, 117, 119, 121–122, 128, 131, 138
Caloric measures, 41, 43, 47, 50–54 (passim), 166, 171, 185, 192
aging, 168
fats, 89
Carbohydrates, 2, 58–66, 82, 106, 184
see also Starch
absorption, 58
brain, 58
cellulose, 59–60, 61, 62, 65–66
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
energy requirements, 41, 42, 59–60
energy requirements, 41, 42, 52, 58
water, 154
Cardiovascular diseases, 2, 84, 91, 92, 98, 173
see also Hematologic factors
atherosclerosis, 66, 92, 132, 167, 171, 173–174
Carnitine, 141
Carnivores, general
see also Fish;
Insects
digestion, 21
environmental enhancement, 261, 262
feeding ecology, 6–18 (passim)
protein, 85
Carotenoids, see Vitamin A
Casein, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 99, 136, 191
Cellular biology
see also Immune system
aging, 170
cholesterol, 91
diabetes, 176
minerals, 94, 95, 97, 99, 102, 106
proteins, 82
vitamins, 111, 124, 131–132, 140–141
Cellulose, 59–60, 61, 62, 65–66
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
energy requirements, 41, 42, 59–60
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
Choline, 128, 130, 140, 141, 194
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Cholesterol, 88, 91–92, 101, 173
fiber, 66
infants, 166
vitamins and, 123, 125, 126, 141
Chromium, 94, 99, 106–107, 192, 193
Cold, effects of, see Temperature and thermoregulation factors
Computer applications, 182
Copper, 2, 99, 100–101, 131, 191, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
Corn, 50, 61, 77, 79, 90, 192, 258
Cost factors, 183
Cysteine, 77, 99, 104, 105, 135
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
D
Dental factors, see Oral cavity
Dermatitis, 79, 81, 103, 105, 130, 134
Detergent fiber, see Acid-detergent fiber;
Neutral-detergent fiber
Dextrins, 59
Diabetes, 2, 151, 153, 167, 168, 169, 173–176
Diarrhea, 79, 81, 82, 103, 115, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 154, 188
Diet, 5–12, 14–21, 24, 26–27, 172–175, 185, 187–188, 260–263
carbohydrates, 58
formulation, 182
minerals, 95–107
nutrient, 191–192
processing, 183
restriction, 167–171
supplements, 186
vitamins, 113–116, 118–122, 124–128, 130–141
water, 153–155
Digestion, 2, 20–26, 129, 182, 186
see also Feces;
Fermentation;
Foregut;
Hindgut;
Intestines;
Metabolic processes;
Stomach
energy requirements, 41–42
environmental enhancement, 260
fats, 88
leaves, 24–26
minerals, 97
protein requirements, 75–77
starch, 62
water, 150
Disaccharides, 58–59
Diseases and disorders, vii, 2, 80–81, 91, 92, 167, 188
see also Cardiovascular disease;
Immune system;
Obesity;
Toxicity
aging and, 167–171
alopecia, 80, 82, 101, 103, 105, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135
anemia, 80, 81, 82–83, 99–100, 101, 124–125, 126, 129, 138, 134, 135, 136, 138
atherosclerosis, 66, 92, 132, 167, 171, 173–174
cardiovascular, 2, 84, 91, 92, 99
atherosclerosis, 66, 92, 132, 167, 171, 173–174
diabetes, 2, 151, 153, 167, 168, 169, 173–176
diarrhea, 79, 81, 82, 103, 115, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 154, 188
fats and, 90–91;
see Obesity
infant feeding, 166–167
influenza, 170
mineral deficiencies, 95, 96, 99–100, 101, 103–105, 107
mineral toxicity, 94–95, 97–98, 105–106, 107, 121–122, 155
phenylketonuria, 79
protein deficiencies, 75, 79, 80–84
vitamins,
deficiencies, 90–91, 115, 117–118, 119–120, 124–141 (passim)
hypervitaminosis, 2, 115–116, 121–122
water deficiencies, 151–152, 153, 154, 155
water pollution and, 155–156
wounds, 170–171
Diurnal species, general, feeding ecology, 6–20 (passim)
Dry matter, 3, 18, 49, 51, 83, 187, 188, 260–261
carbohydrates, 58
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–257
extrusion, 60, 69, 96, 172, 182, 184, 185, 186, 260, 262, 263
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
pellets, 83, 121, 138, 167, 168, 183, 184, 185, 186
vitamins, 115, 118, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 136, 139
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 228–241
Duodenum, 117
E
Ecology, see Environmental enhancement;
Feeding ecology
Eggs
albumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–80, 81, 82, 101, 132, 153
protein requirements, 75, 76, 83
vitamins, 134
see also Caloric measures
age factors, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50–53, 167, 168, 169
body composition and weight, 43–49, 50–52
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–241
digestion, 41–42
environmental enhancement, 259–260, 263
fats, 42, 43–44, 50, 52, 88–89, 91
fiber, 41–42
lactation, 41, 44, 51–52, 53–55
metabolic processes, 41, 42–43, 45–47, 49, 50, 58, 165–166, 169
minerals, 95
pregnancy, 53
reproductive system, 41, 44, 48, 53
sex differences, other, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52
thermoregulation, 41, 43, 44, 47, 50
water, 154
Environmental enhancement, 3, 186, 259–265
aggressive behavior, 79, 116, 259, 261–262
Environmental Protection Agency, 156
Enzymes
amino acids, 79
digestion, general, 22, 26, 41
energy requirements, 41
fiber, 62
minerals, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101–102
vitamins, 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137
water, thermoregulation, 150
Ethical issues, 77
Excretion, see also Diarrhea;
Feces;
Urine
Exercise, see Physical activity
Extrusion, 60, 69, 96, 172, 182, 184, 185, 186, 260, 262, 263
Eyes
amino acids, 79
fats, 90
feeding, visual clues, 184, 185, 260, 261
minerals, 107
vitamins, 113, 116, 125, 130, 136
water, 150
F
Fats and oils, 2, 58, 87–93, 171–173, 176, 192, 193
see also Obesity
growth and development, 87, 89, 90, 172
cardiovascular disease, 91, 173
cellular biology, 88–89, 91, 172
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–241, 258
energy requirements, 42, 43–44, 50, 52, 88–89, 91
fiber and, 66
metabolic processes, 2, 88–89, 91, 97, 129, 141, 154
obesity, 2, 151, 167, 172–176, 185
age factors, 172–173, 174, 175
oilseeds, 91, 102, 107, 192, 258
protein and, 83
supplements, 90–91
vitamins and, 2, 123, 124, 125, 141
fat-soluble, 88, 89, 90–91, 113–128, 228–241
Feces, 262
see also Diarrhea
fats, 88
minerals, 100
environmental enhancement, 3, 186, 259–265
foraging, 2, 5, 6–13, 19, 53, 68, 184, 259–263
gums and exudates, 6, 9, 19, 20
insects, 6–13 (passim), 19, 20, 261
olfactory perception, 184, 185
sex differences, 6–13 (passim)
tactile perception, 184, 185, 260, 261
time factors, 5–13 (passim), 18, 19–20, 259, 260, 261–262
visual perception, 184, 185, 260, 261
water, 153–154
Feed processing, 183–184
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 195–258
extrusion, 60, 69, 96, 172, 182, 184, 185
foraging, 2, 53, 68, 184, 259–263
gelled foods, 3, 59, 60, 62, 83, 184
pellets, 83, 121, 138, 167, 168, 183, 184, 186
Females, see Lactation;
Pregnancy;
Sex differences
energy requirements, 41–43
minerals, 98
protein, 78
water, 150–151
Fiber, 2, 20, 21, 26, 27, 61–64, 66–70, 191
acid-detergent fiber (ADF), 26, 27, 62, 63, 64–66, 68, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
protein requirements, 75
carbohydrates, 60
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
detergent fiber, 62, 63, 64–68
diet formulation, 183
energy requirements, 41–43
environmental enhancement, 263
lignin, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65–68, 75, 197–212
neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), 62–66, 67–70, 192, 193, 197–212
Fish
meal, 183
vitamins, 129
water, 152
Flourine, 107
feeding ecology, 6–19 (passim)
Folacin, 134–135, 136, 192, 228–241
Folivores
see also Leaves
digestion, 24–26
feeding ecology, 6–20 (passim), 261
Foraging, 2, 5, 6–13, 19, 53, 68, 184, 259–263
see also Wild environment
amino acids, 78
fiber, 68
minerals, 98
water, 150–151
see also Seeds
aging, 168
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
feeding ecology, 6–20 (passim), 185
fiber, 69
minerals, 103–104
protein requirements, 75
vitamins, 121
G
Galactose, 58–59
Gelled foods, 3, 59, 60, 62, 83, 184
Gender differences, see Sex differences
Genetic factors, 191
aging, 167
energy requirements, 52
Glucose, 58, 66, 83, 137, 167, 175, 185
see also Cellulose
aging, 169–170
metabolic processes, 154, 171, 174
Grains and grain products, 75, 77, 78, 102, 107, 191, 192
rice, 83
wheat, 60, 77, 78, 79, 83, 102, 183
Group size, 261–262
feeding ecology, 6–18 (passim)
water, 156–157
Growth and development, 1, 2, 159, 166, 170, 171, 172
see also Age factors;
Infants
amino acids, 78–79
environmental enhancement, 260
standards, 159
Gums, 21, 24, 60, 62, 94, 261, 262
H
Heart disease, see Cardiovascular disease
Heat, see Temperature and thermoregulation factors
Hematologic factors, 66, 80, 168, 169–170, 172, 174, 175–176, 186
see also Cardiovascular disease
anemia, 80, 81, 82–83, 99–100, 101, 124–125, 126, 129, 130, 134, 135, 136, 138
atherosclerosis, 66, 92, 132, 167, 171, 173–174
cholesterol, 66, 83, 84, 89, 91–93, 101, 166, 173
vitamins and, 123, 125, 126, 141
insulin, 54, 66, 82, 106, 141, 151, 157, 168, 169, 172–176, 186
diabetes, 2, 151, 153, 167, 168, 169, 173–176
lipids, 61, 66, 81, 88–89, 91, 106, 166, 167, 171, 173–174 (passim), 176
vitamins and, 122, 123–124, 126, 128, 140
lipoproteins, 88, 89, 92, 123–124, 166, 171, 173
minerals, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105
vitamins, 114, 118, 120–140 (passim)
Hemicelluloses, 60
Hepatic system, 22, 58, 79, 82, 100
vitamins, 114, 123, 124, 128, 130, 131, 132, 136, 137, 141
fiber, 68
minerals, 106
Histidine, composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
Historical perspectives, vii
committee report at hand, vii, 1
energy requirements, 42
fiber, 61–62
protein requirements, 77, 79, 80
sampling methods, 5
Homeostasis
see also Temperature and thermal regulation factors
Hormones
minerals and, 94, 97, 99, 104, 106
obesity and diabetes, 176
vitamins and, 119–120
Hypervitaminosis, 2, 115–116, 121–122
I
Immune system
aging, 170
vitamins, 119–120, 126, 131–132, 134, 135
water, 150
Infant formula, 51, 79, 97, 99–100, 102–103, 165–166
see also Lactation;
Pregnancy
amino acids, 79
carbohydrates, 59
energy requirements, 43, 48, 50–51, 52–53
minerals, 96–97, 99–100, 101–103, 104
protein requirements, 77–82 (passim)
Influenza, 170
Inositol, 141–142
Insects
carnitine, 141
digestion, 21
feeding ecology, 6–13 (passim), 19, 20, 261
Insulin, 54, 66, 82, 106, 141, 151, 157, 168, 169, 172–176, 186
diabetes, 2, 151, 153, 167, 168, 169, 173–176
Intake, 9, 20–21, 42, 44–52, 58, 66, 68, 70, 76, 80–81, 83, 87, 90–91, 97–100, 102–104, 106–107, 113–115, 117–119, 121, 128, 130, 133, 137, 140, 152–156, 159, 164, 166–176, 184–186, 192–193, 259–260
Internet
number of laboratory primates, vii
water quality standards, 156
Intestines, 24
fats, 88
vitamins, 123
water, 154
Iron, 94, 95, 99–100, 104, 131, 138, 191, 192, 193
anemia, 80, 81, 82–83, 99–100, 101, 124–125, 126, 129, 130, 134, 135, 136, 138
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
see also Leucine
K
Kidney, see Renal system
Kwashiorkor, 81
L
Lactalbumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–81
energy requirements, 41, 43, 51–52, 53–54
vitamin requirements, 117–118, 121, 128
digestion, 24–26
feeding ecology, 6–20 (passim)
protein requirements, 75
water, 153
Leptin, 175–176
see also Isoleucine
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
Life stages, see Age factors
Light, 120
ultraviolet radiation, 96, 117, 118, 120, 121
Lignin, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65–68, 75
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
Linoleic acid, 87, 88, 89, 90–91
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–241
Linolenic acid, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–241
Lipoproteins, 89, 89, 92, 123–124, 166, 171, 173
Lipids, 61, 66, 81, 88–89, 91, 106, 167, 171, 173–174 (passim), 176
infants, 166
vitamins and, 122, 123–124, 126, 128, 140
Liver, see Hepatic system
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
M
Magnesium, 94, 97–98, 191, 256–257
Maize, see Corn
Males, see Sex differences
Maltose, 59
Manganese, 94, 95, 99, 101–102, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
Marasmus, 81
Metabolic processes, 2, 22, 166
see also Digestion;
Enzymes;
terms beginning“Vitamin”
amino acids, 79
carbohydrates, 58, 97, 129, 154
energy, 41, 42–43, 45–47, 49, 50, 58, 165–166, 169
fats, 2, 88–89, 91, 97, 129, 141, 154
insulin, 54, 66, 82, 106, 141, 151, 157, 168, 169, 172–176, 186
minerals, 66, 95, 96–97, 99, 104, 105, 106, 117
proteins, 83, 97, 129, 154, 165–166
vitamins, 2, 114, 115, 117, 118–120, 123–133 (passim), 135, 137, 138, 140, 141
water, 150–157 (passim)
Methionine, 2, 77, 78–79, 98, 105, 135, 141
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
Methodology, see Research methodology
Milk, 2, 9, 89, 159, 161, 164–167
see also Lactation
casein, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 99, 136, 191
energy requirements, 42, 51–54
lactalbumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–80
protein requirements, 75, 76, 81, 83
replacers, 52, 59, 159, 161, 164–167
Mineral Tolerances of Domestic Animals, 95
see also Calcium;
Phosphorus
age factors, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 167–169
growth and development, 95, 99, 102, 104
bioavailability, 97, 99–105 (passim), 107
body composition and weight, 106
bone, 94, 95, 96, 97, 107, 127–128
cadmium, 94–95
cellular biology, 94, 95, 98, 99, 102, 106
chromium, 94, 99, 106–107, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227
copper, 2, 99, 100–101, 131, 191, 193, 213–227, 256–257
deficiencies, diseases caused by, 95, 96, 99–100, 101, 103–104, 107
dry matter, 94, 95, 96, 97–98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 213–227
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
enzymes and, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101–102
hormones and, 94, 97, 99, 104, 106
infants, 96–97, 99–100, 101–103, 104
iron, 94, 95, 98–100, 102, 131, 138, 191, 192, 193
anemia, 80, 81, 82–83, 99–100, 101, 124–125, 126, 129, 130, 134, 135, 136, 138
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
magnesium, 94, 97–98, 191, 256–257
manganese, 95, 99, 101–102, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
metabolism, 66, 95, 96–97, 99, 104, 105, 106, 117
potassium, 94, 99, 104, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
reproductive system, 96, 99–100, 104–105
pregnancy, 102–103, 104, 105, 106, 115
selenium, 2, 94, 104–106, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
sex differences, 98, 103, 104–105, 107
sodium, 94, 96, 98, 105, 153, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
sulfur, 2, 77, 94, 96, 98, 213–227, 256–257
supplements, 96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 256–257, 261
toxicity, 94–95, 97–98, 105–106, 110, 121–122, 155
trace minerals, 94, 98–107, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
water, contents of, 155–156
wild environment, 94, 96–97, 100
zinc, 94, 99, 102, 102–104, 115, 166–167, 191, 193, 213–227, 256–257
Monosaccharides, 58
Muscles and muscular activity, 171, 172
see also Physical activity
energy requirements, 41
environmental enhancement, 260
fats, 92
N
National Institutes of Health, 183
Nervous system
see also Brain
aging, 167
carbohydrates, 58
diabetes, 176
fats, 89
vitamins, 113, 116, 118, 119–120, 129, 132, 136, 137
Neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), 62–66, 67–70, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 197–212
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Nitrogen, 138
fecal loss, 77
feeding ecology, 21
protein requirements, 75, 77, 80
Nocturnal species, general
environmental enhancement, 259
feeding ecology, 6–13 (passim)
Nutrient composition, 26, 164, 182, 184, 188, 195, 260
NutritionalEnergetics of Domestic Animals, 42
O
Obesity, 2, 151, 167, 172–176, 185
age factors, 172–173, 174, 175
Oils, see Fats and oils
fiber, 62
vitamins, 125, 132, 135, 138, 140
P
Pancreas, 59, 82, 84, 123, 168, 191
diabetes, 2, 151, 153, 167, 168, 169, 173–176
Pantothenic acid, 130–131, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Pellets, 83, 121, 138, 167, 168, 183, 184, 185, 186
Perception, see Eyes;
Olfactory factors;
Tactile perception;
Taste
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
Phosphorus, 94, 95–97, 99, 107, 170, 191, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
vitamins and, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124, 128, 132, 140
Physical activity, 159
see also Muscles and muscular activity;
Obesity
water, 152
Plant feeding, 64, 65–66, 67, 75, 135, 185, 187, 188, 260, 263
see also Carbohydrates;
Fiber;
Fruit;
Leaves;
Seeds;
specific fruits and vegetables
browse, general, 26, 96, 186, 187
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–258
feeding ecology, 5–21 (passim)
foraging, 2, 5, 21, 26, 53, 68, 184, 259–263
Polysaccharides, 58, 59–60, 63
Potassium, 94, 98, 104, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
energy requirements, 53
minerals, 102–103, 104, 105, 106, 115
vitamins, 115, 121, 124, 128, 134–135
Proteins, 2, 61, 62, 75–86, 166, 171, 186, 191, 192, 193
see also Amino acids
growth and development, 77, 80–83, 171
albumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–80, 81, 83, 102, 132, 153
lactalbumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–80
body composition and weight, 76, 77, 79, 80–81, 83, 102, 155
caloric measures, 77, 80, 80–83
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–255
diet formulation, 183
diseases, deficiencies caused by, 75, 79, 80–84
energy requirements, 42, 50, 76, 77, 81
feeding ecology, 22
fats and, 88
infants, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
lactalbumin, 75, 76, 77, 79–80
lipoproteins, 88, 89, 92, 123–124, 166, 171, 173
metabolic processes, 83, 97, 129, 154, 165–166
minerals and, 83, 95, 96, 98, 100, 104–105, 107
soya, 75, 77, 79, 83–84, 97, 99, 191
supplements, 78, 79, 82, 105, 107, 129
vitamins and, 123–124, 127, 128, 141
Psychological well-being, 3, 186, 259–265
aggressive behavior, 79, 116, 259, 261–262
R
Reproductive system and reproduction, 159
see also Lactation;
Pregnancy
diet formulation, 183
energy requirements, 41, 43, 49, 53
vitamins, 134–135
water, 150
Requirements
energy, 41, 43, 49, 53, 60, 83, 186, 191
mineral, 95
vitamin, 58
water, 156–157
Respiratory system, 150, 152, 154
Retina, see Eyes
Research methodology
see also Caloric measures;
Standards
aging, 167–170
birth to weaning, 159, 161, 167
body composition, 171–172
carbohydrates and fiber, 61–64, 66
committee report at hand, 1
diet formulation, 182–183
energy requirements, 41–43, 47–48, 50–54
ethical issues, 77
feeding ecology, 5, 13, 16, 18, 20
obesity, 172–175
proteins, 75–82
vitamins, 113, 116, 122–123, 125, 126, 127, 133, 139
water requirements, 151, 156–157
weight equivalents/conversion factors, tables, 268
Riboflavin, 129–130, 131, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Rice, 83
S
Seasonal factors, 65–66
see also Temperature and thermoregulation factors
feeding ecology, 6–20 (passim)
water, 153–154
carbohydrates, 58
digestion, 23
feeding ecology, 6–16 (passim), 19, 185
minerals, 102
protein requirements, 75
water, 154
Selenium, 2, 94, 104–106, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
Sensory perception, see Eyes;
Olfactory factors;
Tactile perception;
Taste
Sex differences
see also Lactation;
Pregnancy;
Reproductive system and reproduction
amino acids, 79
body composition and weight, general, 159, 162–163, 171
energy requirements, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52
feeding ecology, 6–13 (passim)
minerals, 98, 103, 104–105, 107
water, 150–155 (passim)
Skin
dermatitis, 79, 81, 103, 105, 130, 134
fats, 90
fold thickness, 172
vitamins, 116, 117–118, 120, 130
Social factors, 173
see also Environmental enhancement;
Group size
Sodium, 94, 96, 99, 105, 153, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
Soya, 75, 77, 79, 83–84, 97, 99, 191
Species (Tables of), 6–18
Stages of life, see Age factors
Standards
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 197–241
energy requirements, 41
environmental enhancement, 259
growth, 159
vitamin measures, 113, 115, 117, 123, 126
water quality, 156
Stomach, 191–192
carbohydrates, 60
energy requirements, 50
Stress
see also Environmental enhancement
energy requirements, 52
protein, 76
amino acids, 77
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
Supplements, 161, 167, 174, 186–187
fat, 90–91
mineral, 96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 256–257, 261
protein, 78, 79, 82, 105, 107, 129
vitamin, 105, 114, 122, 125, 129–136 (passim), 140, 141, 183, 184, 261
T
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
Temperature and thermoregulation factors
aging, 169
energy requirements, general, 41, 43, 44, 47, 50
feed processing, 183–184
soy, 83–84
starch, 62
Terrestrial species, general
environmental enhancement, 259, 261
feeding ecology, 5–22 (passim)
Thermoregulation, see Temperature and thermoregulation factors
Thiamin, 128–129, 184, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Time factors
see also Diurnal species;
Nocturnal species
clotting, vitamin K, 128
feeding ecology, 5–13 (passim), 18, 19–20, 259, 260, 261–262
minerals, 101
vitamin deficiencies, 129
water deprivation, 153
minerals, 94–95, 97–98, 105–106, 107, 121–122, 155
Trace minerals, 94, 98–107, 192
chromium, 96, 101, 108–109, 192, 193
copper, 2, 99, 100–101, 131, 191, 193, 213–227, 256–257
iron, 94, 95, 98–100, 102, 131, 138, 191, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
manganese, 94, 95, 99, 101–102, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
selenium, 2, 94, 104–106, 192, 193, 213–227, 256–257
zinc, 94, 99, 101, 102–104, 115, 166–167, 191, 193, 213–227, 256–257
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
U
Ultraviolet radiation, 96, 117, 118, 120, 121
Urine
energy requirements, 43
protein, excessive, 83
vitamins, 124
V
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 242–255
Vegetation, see Plant feeding
Visual perception, see Eyes
Vitamin A, 113–116, 118, 184, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 228–241
Vitamin B, 60, 94, 106, 131, 132–133, 135–137, 192, 193
choline, 128, 130, 140, 141, 194, 228–241
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Vitamin C, 101, 129, 137–140, 183, 184, 185, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Vitamin D, 96, 97, 116–122, 128, 166, 184, 192, 193
aging, 170
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Vitamin E, 1–2, 90–91, 105, 120–121, 122–126, 127, 184, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Vitamin K, 116, 126–128, 192, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
Vitamins, general, 20–21, 83, 98, 113–151, 183, 184, 185, 191, 192
absorption, 114, 123, 124, 134, 137
age factors, 125, 127, 133, 139, 167–168
growth and development, 118, 121, 130, 135
bioavailability, 123, 124, 128–136 (passim)
body composition and weight, 115, 119, 124, 127–141 (passim)
bone, 117, 118, 119, 121, 125, 127–128, 134, 137–138
cardiovascular disease, 128–129, 132
calcium and, 116, 117, 119, 121–122, 128, 131, 138
cellular biology, 113, 124, 131–132, 140–141
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 228–241
cholesterol and, 123, 125, 126, 141
deficiencies, diseases caused by, 90–91, 115, 117–118, 119–120, 124–141 (passim)
dry matter, 115, 118, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 136, 139
composition of food/feed ingredients, tables, 228–241
enzymes and, 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137
fats and, 2, 123, 124, 125, 141
hepatic system, 114, 123, 124, 128, 130, 131, 132, 136, 137, 141
hormones and, 119–120
immune system, 119–120, 126, 131–132, 134, 135
metabolic processes, 2, 114, 115, 117, 118–120, 123–133 (passim), 135, 137, 138, 140, 141
nervous system, 113, 116, 118, 119–120, 129, 132, 136, 137
oral cavity, 125, 132, 135, 138, 140
phosphorus and, 116, 117, 119, 122, 124, 128, 132, 140
pregnancy, 115, 121, 124, 128, 134–135
proteins and, 123–124, 127, 128, 141
reproductive system, 134–135
sex differences, 115, 119, 122, 134
standard measures, 113, 115, 117, 123, 126
supplements, 105, 114, 122, 125, 129–136 (passim), 140, 141, 183, 184, 261
water-soluble, 2, 128–142, 228–241
Vitamins, other specific
biotin, 133–134, 191, 192, 193, 228–241
carnitine, 141
choline, 128, 130, 140–141, 194, 228–241
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 228–241
folacin, 134–135, 136, 192, 228–241
inositol, 141–142
niacin, 131–132, 191–192, 193, 228–241
pantothenic acid, 130–131, 192, 193, 228–241
riboflavin, 129–130, 131, 192, 193, 228–241
thiamin, 128–129, 184, 192, 193, 228–241
wild environment, 119, 121, 122
W
age factors, 150, 151, 153, 155
body composition and weight, 150–155 (passim)
bone, joint lubrication, 150
cardiovascular disease, 151, 152
cellular biology, 150, 151–152, 156
cobalt, 107
digestion, 150
diseases,
deficiencies caused by, 151–152, 153, 154, 155
pollution caused by, 155–156
environmental enhancement, 262–263
fluorine, 107
metabolic processes, 150–157 (passim)
minerals, 155–156
nervous system, 150, 152, 155, 156
quality of, 155–156
respiratory system, 150, 152, 154
riboflavin, 129–130
sex differences, 150–155 (passim);
see also “pregnancy” supra
sodium, 99
thermoregulation, 150, 152–153, 154
Weight, see Body composition and weight
Wheat, 60, 77, 78, 79, 84, 102, 183
Wild environment, 182, 184, 185, 260–261
see also Endangered species
body weight, 159
browse, general, 26, 96, 186, 187, 261, 262
carbohydrates, 64–66
foraging 2, 5, 53, 68, 184, 259–263
obesity, 172
protein requirements, 75
World Health Organization, 117
World Wide Web, see Internet
Wound healing, 170–171
Z
Zinc, 94, 99, 101, 102–104, 115, 166–167, 191, 193
composition of food/feed ingredients, table, 213–227, 256–257
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987)
Agricultural Biotechnology and the Poor: Proceedings of an International Conference, (2000)
Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992)
Agriculture’s Role in K-12 Education: A Forum on the National Science Education Standards (1998)
Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs (2003)
Alternative Agriculture (1989)
Animal Biotechnology: Science Based Concerns (2002)
Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (1998)
Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: Public Service and Public Policy (1996)
Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: A Profile (1995)
Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism (2002)
Designing an Agricultural Genome Program (1998)
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988)
Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops (2001)
Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century (1996)
Ensuring Safe Food: From Production to Consumption (1998)
Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regulation (2002)
Emerging Animal Diseases: Global Markets, Global Safety: Workshop Summary, (2002)
Exploring Horizons for Domestic Animal Genomics. (2002)
Forested Landscapes in Perspective: Prospects and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of America’s Nonfederal Forests (1997)
Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food, Health, Environment, and Communities (2003)
Future Role of Pesticides for U.S. Agriculture (2000)
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984)
Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation (2000)
Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade (2000)
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989)
Investing in the National Research Initiative: An Update of the Competitive Grants Program in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1994)
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993)
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991)
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock (1993)
Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991)
National Capacity in Forestry Research (2002)
National Research Initiative: A Vital Competitive Grants Program in Food, Fiber, and Natural-Resources Research (2000)
New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985)
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Update (2000)
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Seventh Revised Edition (2001)
Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, Second Revised Edition (2002)
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Tenth Revised Edition (1998)
Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986)
Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Precision Agriculture in the 21st Century: Geospatial and Information Technologies in Crop Management (1997)
Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests (2002)
Professional Societies and Ecologically Based Pest Management (2000)
Publicly Funded Agricultural Research and the Changing Structure of U.S. Agriculture (2002)
Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands (1994)
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987)
Scientific Advances in Animal Nutrition: Promise for a New Century (2001)
Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993)
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986); Volume 2 (1986)
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993)
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991)
The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition (1997)
The Scientific Basis for Estimating Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Interim Report (2002)
The Scientific Basis for Predicting the Invasive Potential of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests in the United States (2002)
The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks (1999)
Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991)
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988)
Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks, The (1999)
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992)
Wood in Our Future: The Role of Life Cycle Analysis (1997)
Building a North American Feed Information System (1995)
Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals (1994)
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Seventh Revised Edition, Update (2000)
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986)
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Seventh Revised Edition (2001)
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985)
Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993)
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989)
Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, Fourth Revised Edition (1995)
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Revised Edition (1994)
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985)
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Tenth Revised Edition (1998)
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986)
Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition (1997)
Scientific Advances in Animal Nutrition: Promise for the New Century (2001)
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987)
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