Appendix B

Relevant Session Articles Found in Issues in Science and Technology

Endless Frontier Symposium 2022: Research and Higher Education Institutions for the Next 75 Years

*Found in the special edition of The Next 75 Years of Science Policy

Reevaluating the Structure of Institutions and the Scientific Enterprise (Frances Arnold, Harvey Fineberg, Ottoline Leyser, and Elias Zerhouni)

Articles written by or about speakers

• Stark, High, and Urgent by Harvey V. Fineberg
  • The COVID-19 pandemic reveals the stakes of the relationship between science and society—and shows how science can rise to meet new challenges. How can this experience shape science policy in the future?
• Working in the Penumbra of Understanding by William S. Hammack and John L. Anderson*
  • A 21st century science and technology policy that works to solve society’s problems must fully incorporate engineering’s unique perspective.
    • Includes the story of how Frances Arnold pioneered directed evolution.

Articles relevant to the session topic

• Time to Say Goodbye to Our Heroes? by Lindy Elkins-Tanton*
  • To increase the speed and impact of knowledge creation, the United States must radically restructure research funding and resources away from big names—and toward our biggest questions.
• Opening Up to Open Science by Chelle Gentemann, Christopher Erdmann, and Caitlin Kroeger*
  • More inclusive open science can help solve society’s most pressing problems—and at a faster pace—but making it mainstream requires systemic institutional change.
• Science Policy from the Ground Up by Melissa Flagg and Arti Garg*
  • It’s time to modernize the federal role in the nation’s increasingly decentralized R&D ecosystem and unleash innovation at the local level.

The “Valleys of Death”: Addressing the Translational Gaps Between Discovery and Innovation (Mark Fishman, Demis Hassabis, and Geraldine Richmond)

Articles relevant to the session topic

• Changing the Business of Breakthroughs by Regina E. Dugan and Kaigham J. Gabriel*
  • A new worldwide network of scientists and engineers is demonstrating how philanthropy can leverage a highly effective innovation model to solve urgent global problems.
• Scaling Research Solutions for Society’s Real Problems by Gopal P. Sarma*
  • To transform U.S. research labs to better serve society, we need to bring in a new type of scientist who specializes in scientific operations.

Producing the Right Technical and Professional Science Workforce: Ensuring Inclusivity, Increasing Diversity, and Improving Training (Angela Belcher, Kafui Dzirasa, and Keith Yamamoto)

Articles relevant to the session topic

• Nothing Succeeds Like Success by Freeman A. Hrabowski III and Peter H. Henderson*
  • To expand underrepresented minority participation in science and engineering, we need to fund the institutions and programs that are already graduating diverse students.
• The Limiting Factor of “The Endless Frontier” Is Still a Human One by Shirley M. Malcom*
  • In science policy circles, making science more inclusive and diverse has not received the attention it urgently needs. To remain a leader in innovation, the United States must diversify its science, engineering, and technology workforce.
• Building a Just and Fair Scientific Enterprise by Gilda A. Barabino*
  • The culture of science itself must change to fully reach untapped talent, enhance knowledge creation, and ensure the health and well-being of the nation.
• Cultivating America’s STEM Talent Must Begin at Home by Ellen Ochoa and Victor R. McCrary*
  • Only with collective commitment, effort, and focus can the country educate and develop the “missing millions” needed to push the frontiers of knowledge, keep our nation safe, and power the innovation economy.
• Attracting (and Keeping) the Best and the Brightest by Divyansh Kaushik and Caleb Watney*
  • Foreign students and entrepreneurs helped make the United States an innovation powerhouse. With more countries competing for talent, Congress must create a system that attracts highly skilled immigrants.
• A Moonshot for Every Kid by Ayanna Howard, Charles Isbell, and Raheem Beyah*
  • The exclusion of diverse people from engineering and computer science is a blind spot in U.S. national security—and one the nation must work to fix.
• Democratizing Engineering for Every High School Student by Darryll J. Pines*
  • Offering engineering classes to high school students can empower them to create change in their local communities and encourage them to pursue careers in the field.
• Great Science Begins with Nurturing Early-Career Researchers by Adriana Bankston*
  • Graduate students and postdocs endure long hours, low pay, uncertain employment, and inequitable conditions. To foster future innovation, we must build an environment where they thrive in all aspects, including mental health.
• There Can Be No Innovation Without Diversity by Wayne A. I. Frederick*
  • For society to advance, we need solutions and upgrades that work for everyone without leaving anyone behind.
• For a Competitive Economy, We Need a Skilled Workforce by Rebecca Blank*
  • The United States must make sustained investments in worker training and higher education to meet the shifting needs of a scientifically productive society.

Is the Science and Technology Enterprise Optimized to Benefit Society? (Peter Gluckman, Darshan Karwat, and Alondra Nelson)

Articles written by or about speakers

• Creating a New Moral Imagination for Engineering by Darshan Karwat*
  • From lifesaving vaccines to weapons of mass destruction, engineers seem willing to enable any enterprise for the right price. How might engineering become better aligned with sustainability, justice, peace, and human rights?
• “Science and Technology Now Sit in the Center of Every Policy and Social Issue” interview with Alondra Nelson
  • Alondra Nelson talks about “a new social compact for science and technology policy” that would make innovation more inclusive and equitable, reckon with the nation’s past, and use social science to improve policy making.
• Rebooting Science Diplomacy in the Context of COVID-19 by Peter Gluckman and Vaughan Turekian
  • Science can be a common language and an important mechanism for calming geostrategic tensions.

Articles relevant to the session topic

• Innovation as a Force for Equity by Shobita Parthasarathy*
  • Today’s health innovation system doesn’t benefit everyone equally. To change it we need to think differently about expertise, innovation, and systems for ensuring access to crucial technologies.
• The Next 75 Years of U.S. Science and Innovation Policy: An Introduction by Robert W. Conn, Michael M. Crow, Cynthia M. Friend, and Marcia McNutt*
  • In the future, science and technology will be called upon to address many challenges, from pandemics to climate change to food and water shortages to crises that cannot be foreseen today. Scientific research must be structured to meet society’s needs.

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