Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition (2025)

Chapter: How Science Works

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Previous Chapter: The Admissibility of Expert Testimony
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Page 84 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "How Science Works." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Next Chapter: Reference Guide on Forensic Feature Comparison Evidence
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