Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a common type of refractive error where close objects appear clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred. Although this vision condition is relatively common, recent data has shown a considerable global increase in myopia. The goals of the study are to assess the current mechanistic understanding of myopia pathogenesis and causes of its increased prevalence, to identify knowledge gaps and barriers to progress, and to develop a research agenda aimed at better understanding the biological and environmental factors that could explain its increasing incidence.