The National Cancer Policy Forum held a public workshop to examine strategies for widening the spectrum of precompetitive collaboration in biomedical oncology research and development. Over the last decade, biomedical research and drug development costs have skyrocketed, despite falling productivity evidenced by increasing drug development timelines and decreasing new molecular entity approvals. Increased precompetitive collaboration is a potential solution to drive innovation and improve productivity. Workshop presentations and discussions characterized the precompetitive collaboration environment and provided examples of precompetitive collaboration in science, biomedicine, and oncology.