The U.S. military has established resilience practices for domestic installations, and a number of different military organizations, such as the Air National Guard, are co-located at civilian airports. This situation provides opportunities for airports to learn from military resilience practices.
ACRP Synthesis 133: Identifying Military Resources and Strategies to Improve Civilian Airport Resiliency, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, documents resiliency practices and processes from the National Guard and other military services that airports can adapt and leverage for their own facilities and in partnerships with co-located military facilities.
178 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70930-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71489-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27453
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Identifying Military Resources and Strategies to Improve Civilian Airport Resiliency. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Advances in artificial intelligence, and specifically in machine learning, are enabling new capabilities across nearly every sector of the economy. Many of these applications - such as automated vehicles, the power grid, or surgical robots - are safety critical: where malfunctions can result in harm to people, the environment, or property. While machine learning is already being deployed to enhance the capabilities of some physical systems, extending the rigorous practices of safety engineering to include machine learning components brings significant challenges.
Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications explores ways to safely integrate machine learning into physical systems and presents research priorities for improving safety, testing, and evaluation. This report finds that designing machine learning algorithms in a way that aligns with safety engineering standards will require changes in research, training, and engineering practice - as well as a shift away from focusing on algorithmic performance in isolation.
82 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72666-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-59994-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27970
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Federal tax credits are among the nation's most powerful tools for reducing child poverty. Temporary expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and Child Tax Credit (CTC) under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 demonstrated the scale of impact these policies can have, lifting more than 2 million children above the poverty line and showing that alternative designs could reduce child poverty even further.
Pathways to Reduce Child Poverty: Impacts of Federal Tax Credits provides an in-depth assessment of how these credits worked in 2021, what effects they had across different groups of children, and the potential trade-offs of long-term policy options. Developed by a committee of experts, the report offers evidence-based insights for policymakers, funders, researchers, and advocates. It highlights how different credit designs could shape children's well-being, employment incentives, and fiscal costs, and points to opportunities for future research to strengthen policy decisions.
403 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99409-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99407-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29163
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Pathways to Reduce Child Poverty: Impacts of Federal Tax Credits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The COVID-19 pandemic-induced shift toward remote and hybrid work arrangements significantly impacted peak hour transit ridership across the United States; however, offpeak ridership exhibited greater resilience. As a result, many transit agencies began reevaluating their service strategies, placing greater emphasis on nighttime service enhancements to better serve emerging travel patterns and support those who rely on transit outside conventional work hours.
TCRP Synthesis 181: Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, documents current practices undertaken by transit agencies to support nighttime transit ridership and focuses on how transit agencies prioritize service improvements to support nighttime transit demand and address the needs of essential workers. It includes a survey of 25 transit agencies plus five case examples that examine strategies related to safety, operations, resource allocation, ridership trends, and partnerships.
82 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99541-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99542-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29221
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Planning and Operations Initiatives to Support Nighttime Transit Ridership. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Young drivers with neurodevelopmental disabilities may be at more risk for motor vehicle crashes due to behavior characteristics commonly associated with these conditions. In recent years, a growing body of research has examined driving risks for teens with autism and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
BTSCRP Research Report 15: Teen Driving Performance Associated with Distraction, ADHD, and Other Risk Factors, from TRB's Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program, provides further insights into traffic safety risks for teen drivers with different levels of ADHD. The report concludes that teen drivers with ADHD tend to look away from the road more frequently and may be at an elevated risk for missed hazards.
40 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99489-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99490-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29209
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Teen Driving Performance Associated with Distraction, ADHD, and Other Risk Factors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
On March 12-13, 2025, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Army Research and Development convened a workshop to explore barriers and opportunities for developing the U.S. Army's next generation of armor. At the workshop, experts from industry, academia, government, and national laboratories explored barriers that may exist to the introduction of a new generation of materials that could provide somewhat comparable kinetic weapons protection with significant weight savings. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
13 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99540-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29220
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. U.S. Army Next Generation Armor: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
On February 20-21, 2025, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop, Building Access to Tomorrow's Medicines: Bringing Together Humans, Robots, and Artificial Intelligence. It examined how artificial intelligence (AI) could potentially revolutionize drug discovery and development, shorten the time for drug development, and eventually personalize medicine at scale. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief summarizes the presentations and panel discussions that occurred at that workshop.
13 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99406-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29162
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Building Access to Tomorrow's Medicines: Bringing Together Humans, Robots, and Artificial Intelligence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Over the past decade, public transit agencies across the United States and Canada have increasingly adopted low-income fare discount programs to improve transit affordability and accessibility. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this trend, prompting agencies to reevaluate services and expand affordable transit choices. These programs offer various benefits such as fare discounts, free rides, or discounted passes.
TCRP Synthesis 182: Providing Low-Income Fare Discounts at Public Transit Agencies, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, documents the current state of the practice of low-income fare discount programs offered by North American transit agencies.
126 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99495-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99496-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29210
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Providing Low-Income Fare Discounts at Public Transit Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Transportation leaders encounter multiple situations daily that require decisions to be made. These decisions can have impacts on billions of dollars or an entire state of travelers, and they often need to be made quickly and without all the information available.
NCHRP Research Report 1162: Advancing the Art and Science of Decision-Making: A Guide, from TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program, combines practical advice and experiences from transportation agency executives with the latest findings from cognitive science research to supplement leaders’ toolboxes for good decision-making.
87 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-60018-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60016-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29265
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Advancing the Art and Science of Decision-Making: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The transportation industry continues to face a range of unforeseen and evolving challenges to transportation assets and operations that affect the performance and resilience of transportation systems and networks. For example, significant disruptions to supply chains and traffic patterns were outcomes of the unanticipated collapse of the Key Bridge in Baltimore, Maryland.
NCHRP Research Report 1146: Risk Management at State DOTs: Building Momentum and Sustaining the Practice, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, provides guidelines for state departments of transportation and other agencies to establish and maintain a risk management culture and practice.
104 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99340-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99341-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29144
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Risk Management at State DOTs: Building Momentum and Sustaining the Practice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
Empathy and compassion shape how people build relationships, care for one another, and respond to suffering. Yet, the biological mechanisms that underlie these traits and their influence on brain health are not fully understood.
The National Academies Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, in collaboration with the Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, convened a two-day virtual workshop in May 2025 to explore the underlying neurobiology of empathy and compassion; consider the influence of social interactions, psychological states, and the environment; and explore how this knowledge may be harnessed to treat brain disorders and foster human well-being. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief outlines presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop, including perspectives from individuals with lived experience, neuroscientists, and health care professionals, including psychologists.
15 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60034-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29238
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Unraveling the Neurobiology of Empathy and Compassion: Implications for Treatments for Brain Disorders and Human Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The scientific community has been studying the question of how human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases are affecting the climate for well over a century. Much is known today, drawing on decades of direct observations of the Earth system and detailed research. This report summarizes the latest evidence on whether greenhouse gas emissions threaten public health and welfare in the United States.
The impetus for this report was a notice of proposed rulemaking issued in August 2025 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicating its intention to rescind the 2009 Finding of Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases Under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. Recognizing that significantly more evidence is available today, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine launched this study to review newly available scientific evidence on the topics included in a Technical Support Document that EPA prepared to inform its decision-making on the finding.
The report’s authoring committee found that EPA’s 2009 finding that human-caused emissions of greenhouse gases adversely affect human health and welfare was accurate, has stood the test of time, and is now reinforced by even stronger evidence. Today, many of EPA’s conclusions are further supported by longer observational records and multiple new lines of evidence. Moreover, research has uncovered additional risks that were not apparent in 2009.
126 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99603-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60029-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29239
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Effects of Human-Caused Greenhouse Gas Emissions on U.S. Climate, Health, and Welfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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The availability of large-scale, high-resolution, and consistently collected road data will improve the safety of all road users. The use of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and big data is key in providing the information needed to power data-driven, public, and proprietary safety analysis tools, as well as predictive and other systemic safety tools.
NCHRP Research Report 1152: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Big Data to Enhance Safety Analysis: A Guide, a publication from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, outlines the limitations of traditional safety evaluations and demonstrates how new data sources— like connected vehicles, LiDAR, video analytics, and edge devices—can enhance safety insights and predictive capabilities. Case studies include successful pilots with the Oregon Department of Transportation, showcasing ML models for inventorying streetlight luminaires to inform crash risk analysis, and the City of Bellevue, WA, analyzing vehicle turning behavior to improve safety at signalized intersections.
110 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-59960-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-59961-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29098
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Big Data to Enhance Safety Analysis: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Rising rates of stress, anxiety, and depression highlight the need to understand how the brain builds resilience across life stages. The National Academies' Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders, in collaboration with the Forum on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders, hosted a workshop in March 2025 to explore the neurobiological mechanisms of stress; critical periods for resilience development; and strategies to apply these insights in clinical, public health, and community-based approaches. This Proceedings of a Workshop highlights presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.
114 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-59922-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-59920-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29243
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Applying Neurobiological Insights on Stress to Foster Resilience Across Life Stages: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Minerals form the foundation of our infrastructure, manufacturing, energy systems, and everyday technologies. Demand for these minerals, especially critical minerals, is rapidly increasing, highlighting the need for reliable sourcing and for resilient supply networks to ensure energy security and national competitiveness, and support technological innovation.
The Mineral Resources Program (MRP), within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), plays a central role in addressing the nation's mineral resource challenges by providing the unbiased science and data needed to inform decision making across government, private industry, and academia. At the request of the USGS, the National Academies reviewed MRP and considered how it might best position itself to address current and future mineral resource challenges facing the nation.
This report finds that MRP has demonstrated exceptional leadership and innovation during rapid budget fluctuations and renewed national attention on mineral resources, especially critical minerals, and has significantly advanced mineral deposit science, exploration, and analysis. The report recommends that MRP remain proactive in its priorities, set production targets for critical minerals, create a national atlas of resource potential, improve data delivery, establish external advisory input, regularly update its strategic plan, and strengthen collaboration across USGS and with external partners. These recommendations are intended to help MRP achieve its mission while supporting national objectives and remaining the national authority on minerals information, analysis, research, and assessment.
144 pages
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7 x 10
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73529-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60000-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29068
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Meeting Future U.S. Mineral Resource Needs: The Role of the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Out-of-School Time (OST) programs play a crucial role in child and youth development, serving as a bridge between school, home, and the community. They offer structured environments where young people can engage in meaningful activities, build relationships, and develop essential life skills. OST programs foster personal growth, academic support, career exploration, and social-emotional development. Since the release of the National Academies' 2002 foundational report, Community Programs for Youth Development (the "Blue Book"), OST programs have evolved significantly.
The Future of Youth Development examines the effectiveness of OST programs and identifies access and quality improvements. This book describes the array of OST activities; evaluates their effectiveness in promoting learning, development, and well-being; outlines improvements to existing policies and regulations to increase program access and quality; and lays out a research agenda that would strengthen the OST evidence base. The conclusions and recommendations of The Future of Youth Development will guide and support a sustainable OST system that meets the evolving needs of young people across the country.
498 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72185-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72186-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27833
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. The Future of Youth Development: Building Systems and Strengthening Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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In July 2025, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services solicited public comments on proposed policy changes for Medicare payments under the Physician Fee Schedule - and other Medicare Part B components - set to take effect on or after January 1, 2026. The National Academies convened a committee of experts in relevant fields to respond to the changes and outline specific recommendations. The resulting report addresses topics such as valuation of primary care services, management and prevention of chronic disease, and health coaching and motivational interviewing.
46 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-59984-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29259
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Response to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services CY 2026 Physician Fee Schedule and Other Changes to Part B Payment and Coverage Policies Proposed Rule. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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This is the first of two reports requested by the Social Security Administration (SSA) to address best practices and community experiences in the management and treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD, a group of inherited blood disorders affecting approximately 100,000 people in the United States, is a chronic, life-long condition that affects every organ system in the body. The life of an individual with SCD is often complicated by frequent bouts of extreme pain and hospitalizations, fatigue, organ damage, and mental health conditions. The cumulative burden of SCD-related health effects can significantly affect quality of life, including the ability to regularly attend and participate fully in school and work.
In response to SSA's request, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an expert, ad hoc committee to review the latest published scientific research and generate findings and conclusions on a variety of topics related to SCD. This report is the first report in a two-report series, and presents the committee's findings and conclusions pertaining to SCD pain crises, pain management, and treatment settings relevant to SSA disability determinations.
144 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99306-7
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99307-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29137
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Sickle Cell Disease in Social Security Disability Evaluations: Pain and Treatment Settings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Governments, businesses, and funders all have a strong interest in biodiversity measurement to inform decision making, assess impacts, and track progress toward conservation and restoration goals. The US-UK Scientific Forum on Measuring Biodiversity for Addressing the Global Biodiversity Crisis held in Washington, DC, on May 21–22, 2025, aimed to build momentum toward standardizing methods for using environmental monitoring technologies to assess biodiversity, ensure interoperability between different outputs, increase confidence that observed changes in biodiversity result from real changes in what is being measured, and advance integrating biodiversity monitoring with evaluation to help ensure that conservation at a variety of scales can be more effective.
42 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99499-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29211
National Academy of Sciences. 2025. Measuring Biodiversity for Addressing the Global Biodiversity Crisis: Summary of the 2025 US-UK Scientific Forum. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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