Index
A
Academic research, see Professional education;
Universities and colleges
Accountability, general, 1, 39
Accreditation, institutional, 13, 30, 56, 66, 79, 80-82, 112, 113-122, 131-132
Council for Higher Education Accreditation, 80, 119
Quality Improvement Program, 77
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, 117
Administrative Procedures Act, 168, 173
Administrators and administration, 4, 10, 46
cost factors, 10-11, 119-120, 129
education of, 86-87
regulatory compliance, 74
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 21, 106, 187-188
Animal research, 5, 35, 39, 43, 89
accreditation, institutions, 81-82, 121
ORI core content areas, 22
Animal Welfare Act, 39
Army, see U.S. Army
Association of American Medical Colleges, 21
Association of American Universities, 44
Associations, see Professional organizations
Attitudes and beliefs, 16-17, 116
see also Individual scientists;
Public opinion
individual scientists, 16-17, 62, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90-92, 94-96, 130
Award for Excellence in Human Research Protection, 77
Awards, see Reward systems
B
Benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112
Biomedical research, 17-18, 20, 25, 158-161
see also Animal research;
Human subjects
awards, 77
licensure, 118
open systems model, 50
performance-based systems, 77, 78
C
Canter’s Dilemma, 95
Case analyses, 90, 91, 92-93, 151-152
Center for Academic Integrity, 148-149
Colleges, see Universities and colleges
Collegiality, 5, 35, 36, 37-38, 39, 61-62
see also Peer review
Committee biographies, 184-185, 188-194
Competition, 16, 25, 37, 38, 42, 53, 57, 58
Computer technology, 25
see also Databases
computer-based instruction, 103-104, 151
Internet, 21, 105, 125, 138, 170
Conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43-44, 55, 92-93
Continuing education, 27, 40, 41, 85, 86-87
Copyright, see Intellectual property
Council for Higher Education Accreditation, 80, 119
Cultural issues, 1, 4-5, 6, 22, 25, 33, 56, 94-95, 112, 120
see also Institutional factors;
Political factors;
Public opinion
institutional integrity, 34, 46-47, 60, 72, 78, 115, 116-117, 120, 143, 144-150, 161-162, 163
religious, 38
D
committee report at hand, methodology, 135-136
see also Intellectual property;
Journals;
Reporting requirements
open systems model, 59-60
ORI core content areas, 22, 23
Decision-making practices, 3, 9, 10, 23, 26, 42, 43, 54, 56, 62-63, 84, 89
conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43-44, 55, 92-93
problem solving, 9, 20, 41, 53, 62, 63, 89-93, 98, 99
Defining Issues Test, 91-92, 154-159, 160
Definitional issues, 1, 2, 16, 27, 30, 86, 87, 130, 146, 151-159
decision making, 62-63
ethical sensitivity, 86, 87, 88, 89, 151-152
mentor, 40
professional education, 30
research environment, 2, 18, 29
research integrity, 2, 4, 18, 27, 29, 34, 62, 115
research misconduct, 170-172, 175
Dental Practice Act, 160
Department of Education, 119, 150
Department of Energy, 139
Department of Health and Human Services, 18-20, 168-176
see also Office of Research Integrity
Award for Excellence in Human Research Protection, 77
committee charge, 2, 3, 18, 124
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 73
Public Health Service, 20, 45, 169, 173, 174, 175
E
Economic factors, 8, 10-11, 20, 94, 179
see also Funding;
Reward systems
academic research, 25
accreditation, institutional, 116
administrative costs, 10-11, 119-120, 129
computer-based instruction, 103-104
conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43-44, 55, 92-93
mentor/trainee relations, 42-43
open systems model, 63, 64, 65-66
see also Mentor/trainee relations;
Professional education;
Universities and colleges
Ethnic groups, see Racial factors
Expert opinion, 11, 34, 98, 126, 158-159
see also Leadership;
Peer review
committee charge and methodology, 3, 139, 140-142
regulatory compliance, 74
F
Federal government, 12, 14, 22-23, 29, 77, 118-120, 122, 128, 129, 167-177
see also Department of Health and Human Services;
Funding;
Legislation;
Regulatory issues
Department of Education, 119, 150
Department of Energy, 139
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 23
National Institute of Nursing Research, 20
National Institute of Standards and Technology , 77-78
National Institutes of Health, 75, 84, 168, 170-171, 173, 174
National Science and Technology Council, 171-172
National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 145, 171
Office of Government Ethics, 148
Office of Science and Technology, 171
Office of Scientific Integrity, 168, 174
Office of Scientific Integrity Review, 168, 174
U.S. Army, 149-150
Foreign countries, see International influences
Foundations, 21, 65, 77, 119, 122, 128, 129, 131
National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 145, 171
Four-Component Model of Morality, 87, 88, 94, 150-151
Funding, 12, 20, 23-24, 45, 106, 127-129, 132, 138-139, 168, 173
administrators and administration, 23, 119-120, 129
foundations, 21, 65, 77, 119, 122, 128, 129, 131
National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 145, 171
grantsmanship, 10, 19, 105, 119-120, 179
institutional self-assessment, 73, 118-120, 122
open systems model, 53, 63, 64, 65
G
Gender factors, 89, 100, 151, 152, 161
Good Practice in Biomedical Research, 21
Government Performance and Results Act, 77
Government role, see Department of Health and Human Services;
Federal government;
Funding;
Legal issues;
Legislation;
Regulatory issues
Grantsmanship, 10, 19, 105, 119-120
bibliographic resource list, 179
H
Health Care Compliance Association, 139
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 67
Health sciences, see Biomedical research
Historical perspectives, 20-21, 167-177
accreditation, institutional, 80
awards, 24
reform movements, 27-28
Honor in Science, 95
Human subjects, 5, 35, 38-39, 43, 89, 104
accreditation, institutional, 81-82, 121
Award for Excellence in Human Research Protection, 77
informed consent, 38-39
open systems model, 54, 65, 67
I
Identity formation, 94, 95-96, 159-161
Incentives, see Reward systems
Individual scientists, 1, 3, 4-5, 14-15, 26, 33, 34-41, 90-91, 112, 120-121, 132, 146-147, 163
attitudes of, 16-17, 62, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90-92, 94-96, 130
developmental differences/individual learning, 100
identity formation, 94, 95-96, 159-161
institutional factors, 4-5, 25-27, 39, 56, 144, 145-147
outcome measures, 143-144
self-efficacy abilities, 96-97
self-regulation abilities, 96-97
Inova Institute of Research and Education, 139
Institutional factors, 1, 5-8, 12-14, 22, 27-28, 35, 41-47, 72-83, 126-127, 128-129, 161-162
see also Accreditation, institutional;
Administrators and administration;
Education;
Leadership;
Mentor/trainee relations;
Professional education;
Universities and colleges
animal research, 22, 54, 81-82, 121
committee methodology, 2, 6, 29, 143
conflicts of interest, 43-44, 55
culture of integrity, 34, 46-47, 60, 72, 78, 115, 116-117, 120, 143, 144-150, 161-162, 163
human subjects, 39, 54, 81-82, 121
individual scientists, 4-5, 25-27, 39, 56, 144, 145-147
investigations and inspections, 35, 41, 45, 54, 73-74, 79, 168
organizational learning, 72, 73
performance-based assessment, 10, 73, 75-79
public opinion, 16
self-assessment, 10, 11, 13, 73, 78, 112, 113-122, 124, 130-132
support systems, 42
Intellectual property, 25, 37, 171, 172
collegiality, 5, 35, 36, 37-38, 39, 61-62
ORI guidelines, 22
International influences, open systems model, 54
Internet, 21, 105, 125, 138, 170
Investigations and inspections, 35, 41, 45, 73-74, 79, 168
open systems model, 54
J
Journals, 38, 63, 64, 66, 85, 101, 105
see also Literature reviews
L
Leadership, 14, 35-36, 41, 57-58, 101, 122, 129, 132
see also Administrators and administration;
Mentor/trainee relations
awards, 78
performance-based systems, 76, 78
see also Intellectual property;
Regulatory issues
conflicts of interest, 5, 25, 35, 37, 38, 43-44, 55, 92-93
human subjects, informed consent, 38-39
sanctions, 35, 41, 59-60, 67, 76
Administrative Procedures Act, 168, 173
Animal Welfare Act, 39
Dental Practice Act, 160
Government Performance and Results Act, 77
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 67
Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act, 77-78
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act, 170
Literature reviews, 85, 135-142
bibliographic resources, 178-183
committee methodology, 6, 49, 135-142
M
Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award, 77-78
Medical Device Manufacturers Association, 139
Medical Ethics Inventory, 160
Medical research, see Biomedical research
Men, see Gender factors
Mentor/trainee relations, 5, 9-10, 22, 26-27, 35, 38, 40, 42-43, 59, 85, 86, 99-101, 107
bibliographic resource list, 178-179, 180
ORI core content areas, 22
performance-based assessment, 76
Methodological issues, general, 1, 3, 11, 14, 16, 122, 126, 131, 150-162
see also Definitional issues;
Literature reviews;
Models and modeling;
Outcome measures
collegiality, 37
committee biographies, 184-194
committee report at hand, methodology of, 2-3, 6, 17, 18, 28-31, 135-142
multidisciplinary approaches, 102, 104, 128
professional education, 95-97
theory, 3, 6, 9, 49, 68, 98, 103, 125
Middle States Commission on Higher Education, 79, 80-81
Minority groups, see Racial factors
Models and modeling, 8, 10, 14, 73, 97, 125, 143, 174
Four-Component Model of Morality, 87, 88, 94, 150-151
Moral Reasoning in Scientific Research: Cases for Teaching and Assessment, 92, 93
Multidisciplinary approaches, 102, 104, 128
N
National Center for Education Statistics, 150
National Council of Examinations for Engineers and Surveyors, 80
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 23
National Institute of Nursing Research, 20
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 77-78
National Institutes of Health, 75, 84, 168, 170-171, 173, 174
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act, 170
National Performance Review, 77
National Research Service Awards, 84
National Science and Technology Council, 171-172
National Science Foundation, 23, 24, 145, 171
O
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 73
Office of Government Ethics, 148
Office of Research Integrity (ORI), 13-14, 21-22, 118, 146, 167-176 (passim)
committee charge/methodology, 2, 18, 19, 135, 138-139
Quality Improvement Program, 77
Office of Science and Technology, 171
Office of Scientific Integrity, 168, 174
Office of Scientific Integrity Review, 168, 174
data issues, 59-60
economic factors, general, 63, 64, 65-66
professional education, 53, 55, 63, 67
professional organizations, 66-67
regulatory issues, codes of conduct, 54-55, 58-59, 61, 66
regulatory issues, other, 53, 63, 64, 65
Organizational factors, see Institutional factors
ORI, see Office of Research Integrity
Outcome measures, 2, 11, 14, 28, 29, 114, 143-166 (passim)
see also Standards
benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112
individual scientists, 143-144
P
Patents, see Intellectual property
Peer review, 5, 35, 37, 73, 79-81, 112, 113, 116, 119, 130-131
see also Collegiality;
Self-assessment
ORI core content areas, 21-22
Penalties, see Sanctions
Performance-based assessment, 10, 73, 75-79, 112, 151-152
see also Reward systems
benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112
Plagarism, see Intellectual property
Political factors, 8, 33, 124, 156, 168
see also Public opinion
individual scientists’ beliefs, 38
Portfolio assessment, 77
Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions, 92, 141
Problem solving, 9, 20, 41, 53, 62, 63, 89-93, 98, 99
Professional Decisions and Values Test, 160-161
Professional education, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9-10, 12-13, 14, 20-21, 28, 30, 33, 35, 45-46, 84-111, 112, 124, 128, 129-132, 142-143, 148-149
see also Mentor/trainee relations;
Universities and colleges
administrators, 86-87
attitudes of educators, 98, 116
bibliographic resources on teaching, 183
case analyses, 90, 91, 92-93, 151-152
committee biographies, 184-194
computer-based instruction, 103-104
defined, 30
Defining Issues Test (DIT), 91-92, 154-159
multidisciplinary approaches, 102, 104, 128
open systems model, 53, 55, 63, 67
ORI core content areas, 21-22, 104-105
outcome measures, 22, 114, 131-132
portfolio assessment, 77
principles of adult learning, 98-100
self-assessment, 79, 80-81, 113-120
textbooks, 106
continuing education, 27, 40, 41, 85, 86-87
full-semester courses, 103
reaccreditation, 113-114
short courses, 102
single workshops, 103
workshops, 61, 97, 103, 105, 106
Professional organizations, 21, 120
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 21, 106, 187-188
Association of American Medical Colleges, 21
Association of American Universities, 44
Center for Academic Integrity, 148-149
committee biographies, 184-194
committee charge/methodology, 2, 138
Medical Device Manufacturers Association, 139
National Council of Examinations for Engineers and Surveyors, 80
open systems model, 66-67
Society for Neuroscience, 106
Professional Role Orientation Inventory, 159-160
Public Health Service, 20, 45, 169, 173, 174, 175
Public opinion, 1, 3, 4, 16, 33, 130
accreditation, institutions, 115, 119
committee charge, 2-3, 18, 29, 124
Q
Quality Improvement Program, 77
R
Racial Ethical Sensitivity Test, 90, 151
Racial factors, 89, 90, 100, 151, 152
Regulatory issues, 6, 27, 33-34, 36, 42, 45, 73-75, 81, 86, 112, 130
see also Accreditation, institutional;
Investigations and inspections;
Sanctions;
Standards
administrators, 74
committee methodology, 2
expert opinion, 74
investigations and inspections, 35, 41, 45, 54, 73-74, 79, 168
occupational health and safety, 73, 89
open systems model, codes of conduct, 54-55, 58-59, 61, 66
open systems model, other, 53, 63, 64, 65
reporting requirements, 73-75
sanctions, 35, 41, 59-60, 67, 76
self-assessment and, 10-11, 73
Religious issues, 38
Reporting requirements, 5, 34, 36, 37, 79, 107, 171, 172
bibliographic resources on writing, 183
journals, 38, 63, 64, 66, 85, 101, 105
mentoring, 40
regulatory compliance, 73-75
The Responsible Conduct of Research in the Health Sciences, 20, 167-177
Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process, 19, 20-21, 22-23, 140
Reviews of the literature, see Literature reviews
Reward systems, 20-21, 24, 76, 112, 127, 175
Award for Excellence in Human Research Protection, 77
Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award, 77-78
National Research Service Awards, 84
S
Sanctions, 35, 41, 59-60, 67, 76
The Scientific Attitude, 95
Scientific Research Society, 21
Self-assessment, 3, 10-11, 78, 79-82, 112-123
see also Peer review
accountability, general, 10, 73
economic factors, general, 80-81, 113
institutions, 10, 11, 13, 73, 78, 112, 113-122, 124, 130-132
professional education, 79, 80-81, 113-120
technology, 79
Self-efficacy abilities, 96-97
Self-regulation abilities, 96-97
Sex differences, see Gender factors
Sigma Xi, see Scientific Research Society
Social factors, see Cultural issues;
Institutional factors;
Mentor/ trainee relations;
Political factors;
Public opinion
Society for Neuroscience, 106
Standards, 24, 33, 34, 58, 73, 81, 84, 115, 169-170, 174-175, 176
see also Accreditation, institutional;
Outcome measures;
Performance-based assessment
benchmarks, 75-77, 78-79, 81, 112
codes of conduct, 54-55, 58-59, 61, 66, 95, 120, 127, 138
identity formation, 94
open systems model, codes of conduct, 54-55, 58-59, 61, 66
T
Technology
computer-based instruction, 103-104, 151
computer technology, general, 25
inadequate, 17
Internet, 21, 105, 125, 138, 170
open systems model, 54, 57, 67
self-assessment, 79
Textbooks, 106
Theoretical issues, 3, 6, 9, 49, 68, 98, 103, 125
see also Models and modeling
U
Universities and colleges, 25, 27, 39-40, 81-82, 84-111, 116-117, 120-122, 148-149
committee biographies, 184-194
conflicts of interest, 38, 43-44
regulatory compliance, 74
U.S. Army, 149-150
