A

Abortion and aborted fetuses

and fetal tissue transplants, 120-121, 135, 136, 203, 210-211, 229-230

and germ cell research, 147-148, 157, 166, 167, 168, 176, 263

legalization, 134

Adler, Ruben, 209, 210

Adult stem cells. See also Hematopoietic stem cells

dedifferentiation into multipotent cells, 159, 160, 189, 197, 198, 199-200

defined, 281

directing differentiation, 183

inactive, 61, 103

medical potential, 183, 188, 193-194, 195-196, 200-201, 213-214, 224, 228-229, 230, 240-241

and neurogenesis, 103-107, 181-182

pharmaceutical products to promote proliferation of, 218

properties, 4, 5, 61, 76, 159, 195

transdifferentiation of, 188-189, 192-193, 195, 198-199, 200-201, 214-215, 242, 271

transplants, 196

Advanced Cell Technologies, 177-178

Age of Enlightenment, 18, 23

Aging research, 146, 165, 177-178, 232

Altman, Joseph, 105-107, 116, 117, 120, 181, 207

Alvarado, Alejandro Sánchez, 198

Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo, 118, 119, 120

Alzheimer’s disease, 104, 212-213

American Cancer Society, 32

American Horticulture Society, 158

American Society of Hematology, 270

Amniocentesis, 155, 167

Amphibians

cloning, 140, 258, 264

embryology, 28-29

neurogenesis, 107

regeneration, 10, 17, 19-20, 26, 37, 198, 214-215, 250, 264

salamanders, 10, 17, 19-20, 26, 37, 38, 138, 196-197, 198, 205-208

Andrews, Lori, 134

Anemia, 52-54, 155-156, 187, 265

Animals

regeneration in, 10, 13-23

stem cells, 250

Antilymphocytic globulin, 220

Aphids, 19

Armstrong, Lance, 45

Arnold, Arthur, 110

Asexual reproduction, 10, 17

Atala, Anthony, 231

Athersys, 196

Atomic Energy Research Establishment, 50

Australian National University, 137

Autoimmune disorders, 219-221

Avraham, Hava, 229

B

Baker, John, 92, 251

Baldness, 224-225

Banteng, 274

Barker, Jane, 52, 54

Basal epithelial cells, 69-72, 74-82, 86, 255

Bayer, Shirley, 107

Bayview Medical Center, 168

Becker, Andrew, 60, 61

Beckwith, Jonathan, 257

Bentinck, William, 13

Berg, Paul, 177

Bernstein, Seldon, 41, 52, 53, 54, 56

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 229

BioSurface Technology, 80

Birdsong

biology of, 109-110

male-female structural differences, 110, 116

and neurogenesis, 112-113, 114-115, 119

seasonal variation, 112, 119-120

and seed-storing behavior, 120

testosterone and, 110-111, 112, 114, 116, 260-261

Blackburn, Elizabeth, 264

Blake, David, 165, 166

Blastema, 197

Blastocysts, 3-4, 85, 95, 96, 98, 128-130, 131, 132, 136-137, 138, 140, 149, 156, 170, 174, 240, 277

Blau, Helen, 190

Blood cells, turnover rate, 48-49

Bode, Hans, 73-74, 275

Bone marrow transplants. See also Cord blood

allogenic, 63-64, 256

animal-to-animal, 50, 52

autologous, 63-64

human, 89, 190-191

rejection, 52, 63-64, 186

stem cells and, 5-6, 7, 10, 48, 49, 64-65, 80, 181, 245;

see also Hematopoietic stem cells

Bone regeneration, 10, 11, 102, 228

Bongso, Ariff, 124-125, 126, 128-132, 136-137, 138, 175, 239, 243, 245, 262

Bonnet, Charles, 19-20, 21, 22, 36, 196, 205

Borror, Donald, 260

Boston IVF, 127, 244

Boston Lying-In Hospital, 70

Boston University, 106

Bradley, Allan, 97, 98

Brain. See also Neurogenesis

fetal tissue transplants, 120-121

plasticity, 111, 113, 117

stem cells in, 101, 103-107, 111, 113

vocal learning in songbirds, 107-121

Braun, Armin, 43, 44

Brave New World (Aldous Huxley), 173

Breast cancer, 246

Breast reconstruction, 228-229

Breeze, Robert, 203

Briggs, Robert, 91, 92, 159-160, 171, 258

Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 1, 76, 88-89, 211

Brinster, Ralph, 45, 123, 139, 141, 163

Brown, Louise, 125

Brown University, 52, 202

Brownback, Sam, 249

Budding, in animals, 18, 173

Bush, George W., 177, 201

C

Cajal, Santiago Ramón y, 103

Calvinist doctrine, 18

Cambridge University, 91, 95, 99, 108, 273

Canadian Royal Commission on New

Reproductive Technologies, 151

Cancer. See also Leukemia;

Teratomas cell replacement therapy and, 217

cisplatin treatment, 45-46

differentiation therapy, 43-45

genetic basis for, 35-36, 40-41, 44

head and neck, 223

radiation susceptibility, 50, 55-56, 57

stem cell theory of, 44, 179-180, 246

telomerase and, 146

Capecchi, Mario, 98

Cardiff University, 86

Cardiomyocytes, 12, 174, 176, 226

Carleton College, 9

Carpenter, Melissa, 217

Cartesian doctrine, 18

Cartilage, 102

Castle, William Ernest, 29

Cathey, Marc, 158, 266

Catholic Church, 152, 184, 195, 238, 239-240

Catholic University of Leuven, 190

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 230

Cell cultures, 67, 90, 95.

See also Tissue cultures

conditioned medium, 96-97

EC cells, 67, 85-87, 88, 89

ES cells, 94-97

Cell fusion, 195, 201

Cell lines, 69, 95-96, 131, 137, 258, 262, 277-278

distribution by privately funded researchers, 243-245

human immortal, 153, 177, 243, 266

from IVF embryos, 244-245

mutations in, 242-243, 245

Cell replacement therapies. See also Bone marrow transplants

adult stem cells and, 183, 188, 193-194, 195-196, 200-201, 213-214, 224, 228-229, 230, 240

for aging, 232

for Alzheimer’s disease, 212-213

for anemia, 53-54

animal models for, 53-54, 209, 222, 225, 226

for autoimmune disorders, 219-221

for baldness, 224-225

for bone loss, 10, 11, 102, 228

for breast reconstruction, 228-229

and cancer, 217

cardiomyocytes, 12, 174, 176, 226

complexity of chemical exchanges and control of, 210-211

cord blood transplants, 6, 7, 156, 184-185, 186-187, 196, 217-218, 233

for Crohn’s disease, 221

for deafness, 222

deaths and side effects, 211-212, 229-230

for depression, 218, 225

drug testing in cells, 223

EC cells and, 93-94

Edmonton Protocol, 221, 222, 272

ES cells and, 123, 176-177, 181, 194, 195, 221-222, 223, 224, 229, 230

fetal tissue transplants and, 120-121, 135, 210-212, 229-230

hematopoietic stem cells, 52-54, 64-65, 181, 184-185, 186-187, 217-218, 220-221, 223

immune system tolerance in transplant patients, 227-228

for immunodeficiency disorders, 218

infertility treatment, 224, 236

for juvenile diabetes, 11, 135, 181, 212, 219, 221-222, 272

limbal cell transplants, 213-214, 218

for lupus, 219, 220, 221

mesenchymal stem cells and, 218, 224, 228, 231

for multiple sclerosis, 11, 193, 219, 220-221

for muscular dystrophy, 219

obstacles to, 210-211, 216-217, 237

organ replacement, 230-231

for Parkinson’s disease, 120-121, 135, 181, 203, 210-212, 217, 229-230

pharmaceutical products to promote proliferation of stem cells, 218, 225

potential of, 11-12, 174-175, 176, 180, 181, 212, 215-217, 236-237

products approved by FDA, 216

for retinal diseases, 11, 205-211, 213-215, 233

for rheumatoid arthritis, 219, 221

salivary gland replacement, 223

for spinal cord injury, 11, 231-232

tooth replacement, 224

transdifferentiation of cells and, 223

Cell theory, 38-39, 159

Chain of Being theory, 14

Champion Tree Project International, 236

Charo, Alta, 150

Children’s Hospital of Boston, 4, 199, 222, 231

Chimeras, 93, 160-162, 278

Choanocytes, 38-39, 198-199

Christian Coalition, 151

Cisplatin, 45-46

City University of New York, 231

Clinton, William Jefferson, 135, 149, 150

Clones and cloning, 125.

See also In vitro fertilization

amphibians, 140, 159-160, 171, 258

chimeras, 93, 278

chromosomal abnormalities from, 237, 258

defined, 278

Dolly the sheep, 171, 173-174, 189, 199

of endangered species, 274

growth factors, 158-159

human reproductive, 172-173, 194-195, 237-238, 239, 278

human therapeutic, 178, 194-195, 201, 202, 237, 238, 239, 240, 278

in hydra, 18

mammalian, 90-92, 139, 171-172, 177-178, 274

from mature cells, 140, 158-159, 189, 200

moral, ethical, and legal concerns, 172, 194-195, 202, 237-238, 239

plants, 140, 158-159, 171-172, 266

procedure, 92

and stem cells, 87, 90-93, 202, 240, 264

Cnidaria, 16

Coalition of Americans for Research Ethics, 151

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 29, 84, 86, 98, 257

Colony stimulating factors, 218

Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, 170

Columbia University, 41, 92, 232

Institute of Comparative Medicine, 137

Compton, Carolyn, 79

Conjunctival transplants, 76, 213, 218

Cooke, Howard, 147

Cooper, Robin, 37

Cord blood

banking, 1-2, 7, 8, 179, 181, 185-186, 187, 269

costs associated with, 185, 186

effects of freezing, 185

expansion for adult transplants, 185, 269

harvesting, 1-2, 8, 180-181

medical potential of, 181, 184-185, 187, 196, 233, 269

stem cell properties, 2, 6, 156

transplants, 6, 7, 156, 184-185, 186-187, 196

Cord Blood Stem Cell Act of 2003, 7, 249

Cornea, 75, 81, 206, 233

Cornell University, 113, 140, 158

Cotanche, Douglas, 222

Cotsarelis, George, 225

Crabs, 26, 37

Crick, Francis, 84, 86

Crickets, 107

Crohn’s disease, 221

Crown gall disease, 43

Crustaceans, 26, 36, 37, 107

D

Daley, George, 1-8, 179-180, 201, 205, 224

Daley, Nicholas, 2, 3, 5, 7-8, 180-181, 187

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 183-184

de Jussieu, Bernard, 20, 251

de Kruif, Paul, 119

De Luca, Michele, 76

Developmental biology, 158.

See also Embryos and embryology

Di Berardino, Marie, 90, 91, 258

Diabetes, 11, 135, 181, 212, 219, 221-222, 243-245

Diabetic retinopathy, 206

Diatoms, 21

Dickey, Jay, 150

Dimethylsulfoxide, 89

Dinsmore, Charles, 19-20

Dixon, Frank, 43

DNA, 84

Dodd, Chris, 249

Doerflinger, Richard, 152, 265

Dog stem cells, 12

Donovan, Peter, 165, 169, 171

Down syndrome, 164-165

Drexel University, 90

Driesch, Hans, 34-35, 36, 92-93, 161, 253

Duke University, 196, 232

Pediatric Stem-Cell Transplant Program, 186

E

E. coli, LacZ gene, 83, 257

Earthworms, 37

Ectopic pregnancy, 30

Edinburgh University, 96

Edwards, Robert, 125, 156

Embryoid bodies, 87-88, 176

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells

aggregation, 87-88

culturing, 67, 85-87, 88, 89, 139, 258

dedifferentiation to normal cells, 139, 163

defined, 278

differentiation, 27, 33, 44, 86, 87-88, 89, 162

discovery, 43, 44, 51

embryonic development studies, 84, 87-89, 162

and gene therapy, 94

malignancy of, 163

similarity to ES cells, 141

Embryonic germ (EG) cells

defined, 278

immortal cell lines, 165-166, 168, 174

isolation and culturing, 172-173

pluripotency, 157, 172, 173

Embryonic stem (ES) cells, 47.

See also In vitro fertilization

and cancer, 27-28, 217, 240

from cloning, 240, 241

defined, 279, 281

differentiation, 85, 90-91, 131, 181, 268

genetic engineering with, 98, 124

human, 128, 130-131, 136-137, 147-150, 170-171, 174, 240, 267

immortal cell lines, 174, 201-202, 238, 244, 267

implantation interruption, 96, 97

isolation and culturing, 94-97, 124, 129-130, 131-132, 137, 138, 141-142, 143, 156-157, 165, 170-171, 174, 175, 181, 245, 262, 267

from IVF surplus, 126-128, 130-131, 136-137, 145, 147, 148, 149-150, 156-157, 165, 166, 173-174, 194, 202, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 267

medical potential, 123, 176-177, 181, 194, 195, 216

from mice, 93-94, 138, 140, 141-142, 143

motivation for research, 97-99, 144-145

from parthenotes, 240

from primates (nonhuman), 137-138, 143-145, 148

properties, 2, 3-4, 76, 240

from rabbits, 156

research restrictions, 177, 180, 201-202, 238-239

testing pluripotency, 144, 268

from transdifferentiation procedure, 241

Embryos and embryology. See also Developmental biology

abortion issue and, 134, 136, 238-239

Carnegie collection, 164

cloning studies, 90-92, 125, 139

culture techniques, 139, 169-170, 174

defined, 134

EC cell studies, 84, 87-89

frog studies, 85, 91

frozen storage effects on quality of, 156

gastrulation, 29, 130-131

genetic code in differentiated cells, 90-92

germ cell migration, 51, 160

implantation, 137-138, 279

marsupial studies, 137-138

moral, legal, and ethical issues, 148-149, 150-153, 165, 166, 169, 173-174, 176, 240, 241, 265

mouse studies, 84-85, 90, 94-97, 137, 138, 139, 160-161

neurogenesis, 103-104

and personhood, 131, 134, 148-149, 152-153, 202, 243, 262

preimplantation, 151

primate (nonhuman) studies, 133-134, 137-138, 142, 143

restrictions on human research, 130, 134, 149-150, 202, 267

stages of development, 29

survival rate in vivo, 262

Empirical research, 22-23

Endoderm, 89

Ephrussi, Boris, 85

EpiStem Ltd., 199

Epithelial stem cells, 224.

See also Basal epithelial cells;

Keratinocytes;

Skin grafts

Erythropoietin, 218

Esophageal tissue, 75, 81

Evans, Martin, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95-96, 97, 123, 138, 140, 142, 143, 259

F

Falcon, Kate, 187

Fat cells, 102

Fetuses and fetal research

with aborted fetuses, 147-148, 157, 166, 167, 168, 238-239, 263

defined, 134

genital ridge, 40

germ cells, 157, 166, 167-168, 172-173, 174-175

restrictions on research, 134, 135-136, 150, 167, 211, 238-239, 263

stem cells, 4, 47, 116, 147, 157

tissue transplants from, 120-121, 135, 203, 210-211, 229-230

viability, 134

Fibroblasts, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74-75

Filbin, Marie, 231, 232

Fiorenza, Joseph, 152

Fischer, Andrew, 214

Fish, 107

Flatworms, 37

Folkerth, Rebecca, 211-212

Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 216

Ford, Charles, 50-51, 60

Fost, Norman, 134, 149, 150-151, 152, 153

Fox Chase Cancer Center, 67, 91

Freed, Curt, 203

Friedrich Miescher Institute, 140

Frogs, 37, 160, 258

G

Gagarian, Yuri, 63

Gage, Fred, 104, 269

Gallico, Gregory, 78

Gardner, David, 170, 174, 267

Gardner, Richard, 45, 163

Gash, Don, 210, 211

Gastrulation, 29

Gearhart, John, 67, 148, 157-158, 159-160, 162-168, 171, 172-173, 174, 176, 177, 181, 183

Gene targeting, 98

Gene therapy, 93-94, 184

Genetic analysis, 155

Genetic code, 35-36

in differentiated cells, 90-92, 199

Genetic engineering, 98, 124, 172-173, 235-236.

See also Clones and cloning

Genetic markers

of differentiation, 161, 163, 236, 274

of Down syndrome, 164-165

Genital ridge, 40, 169

Genome, defined, 279

Genzyme, 80

George Washington University, 242

Germ cells. See also Embryonic germ (EG) cells

cancers, 30-31, 40-43, 45-46

dedifferentiation of, 189

defined, 279

immortality in, 146, 167, 178

migration into developing embryo, 51, 160, 169

motivation for research, 163, 165, 168

Geron, 146, 148, 150, 153, 167-168, 177, 223

Gilbert, Scott, 83, 250

Gingrich, Newt, 149

Glasgow University, 156

Glaucoma, 206, 207, 214

Glia, 104, 106, 111, 113, 118, 183, 214, 233

Gliomas, 246

Globet cells, 76

Goldberg, Burton, 70

Goldfish, 107

Goldman, Steven, 113-114, 116-117, 118, 183

Goss, Richard J., 13

Graham, Christopher, 156, 266

Green, Howard, 67-72, 74-82, 86, 87

Griesbach, Robert, 266

Growth factors, 156, 158-159, 160, 169, 181, 193

Gurdon, John, 91-92, 258, 264

Gussoni, Emanuela, 219

H

Ham, Arthur, 59

Hamilton, Edith, 16

Harris, William, 273

Harvard Medical School, 68, 70, 78, 182, 196, 213, 224, 244, 246, 257

Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, 76

Harvard University, 29

Hatch, Orrin, 238, 249

Hayflick, Leonard, 146

Hearn, John, 25, 137-138, 139, 142, 143, 144

Hemangioblasts, 178

Hematopoietic stem cells, 5-6.

See also Bone marrow transplants;

Cord blood

colony assay technique, 62-63

dedifferentiation of, 185

defined, 279

differentiation process, 55, 61-63, 195

effectiveness of treatment with, 186-187, 245

evidence of, 47-49, 50-51, 101, 183

genetic diseases and, 186, 187, 220

isolation/extraction, 53, 54-55, 63, 64

proliferation, 61, 185, 195

radiation sensitivity, 49-50, 52, 55-60, 64

recognition in cultures, 56

transdifferentiation, 189-190, 223

transplants, 52-54, 64-65, 181, 184-185, 186-187, 220

Hepatocytes, 102, 103, 223

Herrick, Francis, 36

Hill, Susan Douglas, 264

Hodgkin’s disease, 50

Hogan, Brigid, 165, 169, 171

Holtfreter, Hans, 28

Hooke, Robert, 21

Howard Hughes Foundation, 244

Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 (UK), 195-196, 202

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), 64

Hunter College, 231

Huntington’s disease, 135, 181

Hurler syndrome, 191-192, 196

Hydra, 13-19, 21, 22, 23, 37, 72-74, 173, 198, 247, 250, 275

I

Immune deficiency disorders, 65

Immune system suppression, 52

Immune Tolerance Network, 272

In vitro fertilization, 90

and birth defects, 126

defined, 279

excess/unused embryos, 126-128, 130-131, 136-137, 145, 147, 148, 149-150, 165, 202, 238

growth medium, 128, 169-171

number of births from, 262

opposition to, 152

pioneering work with humans, 124-125

and pregnancy outcomes, 126

procedure, 127, 169-170

survival rate of embryos, 126, 127-128, 171

Infertility treatment, 224

Insects, 107

Institute for Cancer Research, 45, 91, 159

Interleukins, 218

International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry, 64-65

International Congress of Developmental Biologists, 172

Ionizing radiation, 49-50, 52, 55-60, 64

J

Jackson Laboratory, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32-33, 39, 40, 51, 52, 54, 68, 147, 160, 194, 252, 253

Jackson Memorial Hospital, 258

Jacob, François, 83-84, 88, 94, 98

Jaenisch, Rudolf, 201, 237

Jellyfish, 37

Jessell, Thomas, 232

Johns, Harold, 56

Johns Hopkins University, 148, 157, 164, 167, 168, 172, 190, 209, 232

Jones, Jeffrey, 170, 174, 267

Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 244

K

Kalishman, Jennifer, 137, 144, 145

Kaplan, Michael, 106

Kaufman, Matthew, 95, 97, 138

Keating, Mark, 199-200, 250

Keillor, Garrison, 181

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 147

Kenyon, Kenneth, 3, 213

Keratin, 70

Keratinocytes, 70, 71, 74-76, 81, 86

Kidney, 88-89, 103

King, Thomas, 91, 92, 159-160, 171, 258

Kleinsmith, Lewis, 42-43, 86

Knockout animals, 98, 138, 164, 173, 259, 280

Korschelt, Eugen, 38, 270

Krause, Diane, 190

Kurtzberg, Joanne, 186, 196

L

Lahn, Bruce, 175, 265

Leeches, 26, 37, 106

Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 16-17, 119

Lenhoff, Howard and Sylvia, 17, 22, 247, 250, 251

Lenon, Jordana, 201, 202

Lensch, William, 4

Leukemia, 1, 6, 55-56, 65, 186-187, 246, 269

Levesque, Michel, 230

Li, Shunong, 155-156, 175, 265, 268

Limbal stem cells, 213-214, 218

Litman, Gary, 168

Little, Clarence Cook (“Prexy”), 29-30, 40, 253

Littlefield, John, 167

Liver cancer, 102

Liver regeneration, 11, 102, 103, 119

Lobsters, 36, 37

Lupus, 6, 219, 220

Lymphomas, 65

M

MacDougall, Mary, 224

Macular degeneration, 206

Marler, Peter, 108-109, 260

Martin, Gail, 87-88, 95, 97, 123

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 213

Massachusetts General Hospital, 1, 228-229, 236, 246-247

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 68, 75, 107

Mathé, George, 64

Max Planck Institute, 198

Maximow, Alexander, 48, 50, 51

McCaffrey, Timothy, 242

McCain, John, 238

McCulloch, Ernest, 54-63, 72, 101

McGill University, 79

McKay, Ronald, 222, 229, 230, 235, 237

McMahon, Andrew, 244, 245

Meins, Frederick, 264

Melton, Douglas, 222, 243-245

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 243

Mendel, Gregor, 35

Meristem cells, 9, 140, 235-236, 250, 266

Mesenchymal stem cells, 191-192, 197-198, 218, 224, 228, 231, 245-246, 280

Mezey, Éva, 189-190, 193, 223

Mice

anemic, 52, 53

chimeras, 93, 160-162

embryo studies, 84-85, 90, 93, 138, 139, 140

hematopoietic stem cells, 183

knockout strains, 98, 164, 259, 280

neurological repair in, 182, 208

nude, 77, 225

Orlic, 226

radiation experiments, 49-50, 57-58

“shiver,” 182

stem cells, 6, 12, 53, 93-94, 138, 140, 141-142, 143, 165-166, 182, 222

strain 129, 25-26, 27, 29, 30-32, 39-42, 67, 68, 82, 85, 98-99, 141, 158, 159, 252, 253

therapeutic cloning in, 201

Milkweed bug, 107

Mintz, Beatrice, 45, 51, 93, 139, 159, 160-162, 163, 262

Moffitt, Timothy, 184-185, 187

Monarch butterfly, 107

Monash University, 170

Monoclonal antibodies, 63

Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 38, 196-197, 235, 270

Mud worms, 19

Multiple sclerosis, 11, 193, 219, 220-221

Muscle cells, 89

Muscular dystrophy, 181, 219

Myocyte regeneration trials, 12

N

National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 152

National Cord Blood Stem Cell Bank Network, 7

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 80, 223

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, 221

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 189

National Institutes of Health, 11, 65, 180, 226, 274

Human Embryo Research Panel, 150, 151

National Neurological Institute, 188

National Right to Life Committee, 151

Neural stem cells, 114-116, 119, 120, 181, 182-183, 192, 193, 280

Neurogenesis

in adult mammals, 101, 116-117, 120, 181-183, 207

defined, 280

differentiation and migration of stem cells, 114-116, 119, 120, 181, 182-183, 192, 193

exercise and, 225-226

and learning and intelligence, 182, 225

and memory, 120

in nonmammalian species, 107

pharmaceuticals that promote, 218, 225

in songbirds, 107-121

in stroke victims, 193-194

thymidine radio-labeling studies, 105-106, 114, 118

New England Medical Center, 211

New York Medical College, 226

New York University School of Medicine, 68, 69, 70

Nitsch, Jean Paul, 159

Northwestern University, 220

Nottebohm, Fernando, 101, 107-121, 182, 207

Nottebohm, Marta, 111-112, 121

Nuclear transplants. See Clones and cloning

O

O’Connor, Nicholas, 77, 78

Odelberg, Shannon, 199-200

Ohio State University, 260

Ontario Cancer Institute, 50, 55, 57, 60

Ontario Veterinary College, 124

Optic neuropathy, 207

Ordway Research Institute, 102

Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, 142

Organ engineering from stem cells, 188

Organ transplants

compatibility of graft, 52, 63-64, 73

conjunctiva, 213

cornea, 206

first successful in human, 88-89

hydra experiments, 72-73

immune system tolerance induced by cell therapy, 227-228

progress in, 188, 258

stem cell differentiation and, 147

Organogenesis, 29

Orlic, Donald, 65, 226, 227

Oxford University, 45, 91, 156

P

Pancreas, 103

Papaioannou, Virginia, 41, 89, 92, 93, 94, 155, 160, 201

Parathyroid hormone, 218

Parchment, Ralph, 44

Paris Academy of Sciences, 17

Parkinson’s disease, 104, 120-121, 135, 181, 203, 210-212, 217

Parkland Hospital, 147

Parthenogenesis, 19

Parthenotes, human, 240, 280

Parton, Dolly, 171

Pasteur Institute, 84

Paton, John, 118

Patt, Harvey, 47, 254

Patton, George S., 31

Pedersen, Roger, 148, 175

Pellegrini, Graziella, 76

Pera, Martin, 175

Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, 77

Peters, Charles, 190-191, 196

Pharynx, 75, 81

Photoreceptors, 207-208, 209

Pierce, Gordon Barry, 31, 42, 43, 44, 46, 67, 84, 85-86, 102, 103, 253, 255, 258

Pigmentation abnormalities, 52

Placenta, 3

Planarians, 198, 235

Plants

cloning, 140, 158-159, 160, 171-172, 185, 266

genetic engineering, 235-236

stem cells, 9, 249, 160, 185, 235-236, 266

teratomas, 43

transgenic, 264

Plasticity of cells, 111, 113, 117, 280-281

Pope, Alexander, 164

Potten, Christopher, 199, 237, 246

Powers, Douglas, 127, 244

Praying mantis, 107

Prevent Blindness America, 206

Primates, nonhuman

embryonic stem cells, 137-138

knockout strains, 138

neurogenesis in, 118

Progenitor cells, 33, 49, 53, 61, 76, 183, 192-193, 195, 196, 197-198, 207, 208, 209, 212, 214, 220, 228, 230, 281

Prozac, 218, 225

Puck, Theodore, 56-57, 59

Purdue University, 105, 107

R

Rabbits, 262

Radiation. See Ionizing radiation

Rakic, Pasko, 104

Rats

neurogenesis in, 102, 105, 106, 116, 117, 120, 181

stem cells, 10

Reagan, Nancy, 238

Reagan, Ronald, 135, 149

Réaumur, René-Antoine Ferchault de, 17, 18-19, 20, 22, 36, 251

Regeneration, 250.

See also Organ transplants;

Skin grafts

dedifferentiation theory, 38-39, 198, 200, 215, 271

early theories, 36, 38-39

epimorphic, 36-37

epithelial cells, 69

hydra experiments, 13-19, 21, 22, 23, 37, 74, 196, 198

molting and, 37-38, 112

ordinary, 36

salamanders, 10, 17, 19-20, 26, 37, 38, 138, 196, 198, 205-206

transdifferentiation of stem cells and, 188-189, 192-193, 195, 198-199, 200-201, 214-215, 271

Reh, Thomas, 214, 215

Remensnyder, John, 78

Retinal diseases, 11, 205-211, 213-215, 233

Retinitis pigmentosa, 206, 209

Retinoic acid, 89

Retroviruses, 98

Reubinoff, Ben, 175

Reyes, Morayma, 192

Rheinwald, James, 68, 69-70, 74-76, 80, 81

Rheumatoid arthritis, 219, 221

Right-to-life issues, 134-136, 148-149, 151-152, 176, 195, 265

Robarts Research Institute, 217

Robertson, Elizabeth, 97, 99

Robey, Pamela, 80, 81, 245-246

Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, 142

Rockefeller Institute (University), 43, 107, 112, 113

Roe v. Wade, 134, 136

Roslin Institute, 171

Rostral migratory stream, 116

Russell, Elizabeth (“Tibby”), 31, 51-54, 56, 160

S

Sachs, David, 228-229

Sagan, Carl, 179

Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 182

Salamanders, 10, 17, 19-20, 26, 37, 38, 138, 196-197, 198, 205-206

Salk Institute, 182

San Diego Zoo, 274

Santos, George, 64

Sato, Gordon, 85

Schepens, Charles, 205

Schepens Eye Research Institute, 205, 207, 209, 214, 233

Schleiden, Matthias, 21-22, 159, 201

Schwann, Theodor, 21-22, 159, 201

Scripps Research Institute, 274

Sea urchins, 34-35, 92, 93, 161

Sell, Stewart, 102

September 11, 2001, terrorist attack, 203

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), 6, 218

Shamblott, Michael, 165, 167, 168-169, 171, 172, 174, 175

Sharkis, Saul, 190

Shriners Burns Institute, 78, 79

Sikhs, 240

Silkworms, 37

Singapore, National University Hospital, 124, 125, 126, 131, 155

Singer, Susan, 9, 172

Skin grafts, 71-72

animal studies, 76, 79

conventional method, 80-81

Epicel supplier, 80-81

human studies, 76-82

keratinocyte cultures, 74-76, 81

protocol, 77

tissue replacement for large-area burns, 77-82

Slack, Jonathan, 262

Smith, Christopher, 249

Smith, Lois, 53

Smithies, Oliver, 98

Snails, 20

Snyder, Evan, 9, 182

Society for Neuroscience, 117

Solter, Davor, 41, 141, 142

Songbirds, vocal learning in, 107-108

Sound spectrograph, 108, 260

Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 19, 20, 205

Specter, Arlen, 238

Spinal cord injuries, 11, 231-232

Sponges, 38-39, 198-199

Staats, Joan, 30

Stanford University, 49, 63, 183, 190, 245

Starfish, 26

Starzl, Thomas, 258

Steenbock, Harry, 265

Stem cells. See also Adult stem cells;

Embryonic stem cells;

Hematopoietic stem cells

cloning and, 90-93

in cultures, 89, 266

dedifferentiation, 139, 159, 171, 179-180, 188, 264, 278

definition of, 61, 72, 256, 281

differentiation, 86, 93, 94, 114, 278

in hydra, 73-74

malignant, 42-43, 179-180, 199, 246;

see also Embryonic carcinoma cells;

Teratomas

medical potential of, 8-12, 88-89, 93-94, 120-121, 123, 147, 156, 176-177, 180, 181, 184, 187-188

multipotency, 5, 60, 280

organ-dwelling, 4

as origin of disease, 245-246

origin of term, 35

in plants, see Meristem cells

pluripotency, 3-4, 32, 35, 42-43, 67, 85, 89, 96, 123, 132, 253, 281;

see also Embryonal carcinoma cells;

Embryonic stem cells

self-renewing, 2-3

totipotency, 3, 35, 39, 92, 159, 189, 282

transdifferentiation of, 188-189, 282

types, 2

Stentors, 21

Steptoe, Patrick, 125, 156

Stevens, Jean, 32-33

Stevens, Leroy (“Roy”), 25-26, 28-34, 35, 39-42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 51, 67, 68, 84, 85-86, 87, 141, 147, 157, 162-163, 175, 176, 194, 252, 253

Steward, Frederick, 140, 158-159, 185, 266

Stewart, Colin, 172

Stingray, 107

Stratified squamous epithelium, 70

Sun Yat-Sen University, 155

Szentágothai, John, 189

T

T Breeders, 6-7

Tanzi, Rudolph, 213

Tarkowski, Andrzej, 93, 160

Teeth, 224

Telomerase, 146, 153, 264

Telomeres, 146, 147, 165, 168

Teratomas, 47, 82, 99, 252, 253

characteristics, 26-28

chemotherapy, 45-46

culturing, 67, 85-86

differentiation process, 68, 86, 88, 157

differentiation therapy, 43, 44-45, 139

EC cells, 27, 33, 43, 44, 51, 67, 88, 139, 147

ES cells and, 144

mouse strain 129, 25-26, 27, 29, 30-32, 39-42, 67, 68, 82, 84, 141, 252, 253

origin, 30-32, 40-42, 51, 84, 86, 160, 199, 217

in plants, 43-44

Testosterone, and birdsong, 110-111, 112, 114, 116, 260-261

Thalessemia, 155-156, 265

Thoft, Richard, 213

Thomas, E. Donnall, 64, 256

Thomson, James, 133-134, 136-137, 139-145, 148-150, 153, 155, 160, 166, 169-170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 201, 243, 264, 267

Thorpe, William, 108, 260

3T3 feeder cells, 69, 71, 74-75

Thrombopoietin, 218

Thymidine radio-labeling, 105-106, 114, 118

Till, James, 50, 56-63, 72, 101, 236, 256

Tissue cultures

epithelial cells, 70-71, 74-82, 86

feeder cells, 69, 71, 74-75, 86

growth factors, 75, 81

Toronto General Hospital, 55

Tran, Simon, 223

Transdifferentiation of stem cells, 188-189, 192-193, 195, 198-199, 200-201, 214-215, 242, 271, 282

Transgenic animals, 45, 164

Transplants. See also Bone marrow transplants;

Cord blood;

Organ transplants;

Skin grafts;

Stem cells

allogenic vs. autologous, 63-64, 256, 277

potential of human stem cells, 175, 177, 184

Traynor, Ann, 220

Trembley, Abraham, 13-23, 25, 36, 38, 72-74, 92, 114, 120, 196, 197, 198, 247, 250, 251

TriStem, 242, 274

Trophoblasts, 3

Trounson, Alan, 175

Tseng, Scheffer, 213

U

United Nations, 239

University College London, 85

University of

Alberta, 42, 221

Bath, 262

California, Berkeley, 87, 107, 108

California, Davis, 12

California, Irvine, 17, 73

California, San Diego, 102

California, San Francisco, 88, 95, 97, 148, 175

Chicago, 175

Cincinnati, 2, 222

Colorado, 103, 203, 258

Illinois, 10, 70, 139, 264

Iowa, 161

Kentucky, 37, 210

Maryland, 164

Massachusetts, 220, 230

Michigan, 42, 264

Minnesota, 168, 190, 195

New Hampshire, 158

North Carolina, 98

Pennsylvania, 45, 113, 139, 140, 141, 224, 225

Pittsburgh, 43

Rochester, 28, 113, 183

Sydney, 138

Texas, 146, 224

Toronto, 207

Utah, 98, 198

Washington, Seattle, 214

Wisconsin, Madison, 70, 133, 134, 137, 145, 148, 150, 153, 169, 170, 174, 243, 267

Zagreb, 141

U.S. National Arboretum, 266

V

Vacanti, Charles, 230-231, 273

Vaginal tissue, 75, 81

van Praag, Henriette, 225-226

Vanderbilt University, 165

Varmus, Harold, 150, 176, 243

Varnum, Don, 41, 44

Verfaillie, Catherine, 190-192, 195-196, 197-198, 270

Vescovi, Angelo, 188, 270

Viacord, 1, 2, 7, 8, 179, 181, 183-184, 185-186, 187

Virchow, Rudolf, 34

Voltaire, 18

Vulliet, Richard, 12

W

Wadsworth, Gladys, 164

Wake Forest University, 231

Warnock, Mary, 202

Warnock Committee (United Kingdom), 151, 202

Warsaw University, 160

Watson, James, 84

Wayne State University, 44

Weissman, Irving, 49, 50, 63, 183, 245

Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, 97

Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, 97

West, Michael, 145-147, 148, 167-168, 177-178

Wheeler, Anne, 30, 33

Whitehead Institute, 1, 4-5, 179, 201, 237

WiCell Research Institute, 267

Wicker, Roger, 150

Wilmut, Ian, 171

Wilson, Henry, 38-39, 199

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), 148, 264-265

Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, 137, 138-139, 201

Wistar Institute, 141

Wolpert, Lewis, 130-131, 262

Wood’s Hole, 37

World Health Organization, Reproductive Health Research Program, 145

Y

Yale University, 190, 225

Young, Michael, 205, 207-209, 214, 215, 217, 233

Z

Zoophytes, 14

Zuber, Michael, 273

Zygotes, 3, 4, 29, 55, 173, 243, 282

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