Dropdown items
My Academies

Personal Library

Account settings

HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings (2010)

Chapter: Appendix C: HIV Background Tables

Visit NAP.edu/10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free PDF.

Previous chapter Next chapter
Page of 200
Search this publication

Previous Chapter: Appendix B: Committee Charge

Page 157 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: HIV Background Tables." Institute of Medicine. 2010. HIV and Disability: Updating the Social Security Listings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12941.

Appendix C
HIV Background Tables

This appendix includes information about HIV/AIDS to support discussion in Chapter 2. Table C-1 lists the AIDS-defining illnesses as determined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as a noninclusive list of contemporary, serious non-AIDS-defining illnesses. Table C-2 provides a nonexhaustive list of HIV/AIDS antiretroviral drugs and their potential side effects.

Page 158 Cite Bookmark

TABLE C-1 HIV/AIDS-Related Illnesses and Malignancies

AIDS-Defining Illnesses^a

Serious Non-AIDS-Defining Illnesses^b

Cancers
- Cervical (invasive)
- Kaposi’s sarcoma
- Lymphoma (Burkitt’s or equivalent, immunoblastic, or primary central nervous system)
Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, lungs, oresophagus
Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary
Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal > 1 month
Cytomegalovirus disease (other than liver, spleen, or nodes)
Encephalopathy, HIV-related
Herpes simplex (chronic ulcers > 1 month, bronchitis, pneumonia, or esophagitis)
Histoplasmosis, extrapulmonary
Isosporiasis > 1 month
Mycobacterium avium complex or Mycobacterium kansasii, disseminated or extrapulmonary
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, any site (pulmonary or extrapulmonary)
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Pneumonia (recurrent)
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Salmonella septicemia (recurrent)
Toxoplasmosis of the brain
Wasting syndrome

Avascular necrosis
Cardiovascular disease
Cholangiopathy
Diabetes
Gingivitis/periodontitis
Hepatic cirrhosis
HIV-associated nephropathy
Mental disorders
- Anxiety
- Bipolar disorder
- Depression
Neutropenia
Non-AIDS malignancies
- Cancer of the anus
- Cancer of the larynx
- Cancer of the mouth or pharynx
- Cancer of the penis
- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Liver cancer
- Lung cancer
- Sinonasal malignancies
Osteoporosis
Peripheral neuropathy
Sinusitis
Thromboembolic disease

^aCDC AIDS-defining illnesses (CDC, 1994).

^bSee http://www.hopkins-hivguide.org/r.html?RequestingPage=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopkins-hivguide.org%2Fdiagnosis%2Findex.html&navigationId=8231&siteId=7151#8231.

Page 159 Cite Bookmark

TABLE C-2 Current HIV/AIDS Antiretroviral Drugs

Generic Name	Brand Name	Approval Date	Potential Side Effects
Multiclass Combination Products
Efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate	Atripla	July 12, 2006	Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities) Hepatotoxicity Hyperlipidemia Hyperpigmentation/skin discoloration Lactic acidosis/Lipodystrophy Nephrotoxicity Osteopenia Pancreatitis Peripheral neuropathy
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Abacavir and lamivudine	Epzicom	August 2, 2004	Hypersensitivity reaction
Abacavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine	Trizivir	November 14, 2000	Cardiovascular effects Hyperlipidemia Hypersensitivity reaction Lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities) Lipodystrophy Stevens-Johnson syndrome Toxic epidermal necrosis
Abacavir sulfate, ABC	Ziagen	December 17, 1998	Hypersensitivity reaction Lipoatrophy Myocardial infarctions
Didanosine, dideoxyinosine, ddI	Videx	October 9, 1991	Lactic acidosis Pancreatitis Peripheral neuropathy
Emtricitabine, FTC	Emtriva	July 2, 2003	Lactic acidosis Lipoatrophy
Enteric-coated didanosine, ddI EC	Videx EC	October 31, 2000	Cardiovascular disease Gastrointestinal intolerance Hepatotoxicity Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities) Pancreatitis Peripheral neuropathy Stevens-Johnson syndrome Toxic epidermal necrosis

Page 160 Cite Bookmark

Generic Name	Brand Name	Approval Date	Potential Side Effects
Lamivudine and zidovudine	Combivir	September 27, 1997	Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities) Hepatotoxicity Lactic acidosis Lipodystrophy
Lamivudine, 3TC	Epivir	November 17, 1995	Lipoatrophy
Stavudine, d4T	Zerit	June 24, 1994	Insulin resistance Lactic acidosis Lipoatrophy Lipohypertrophy Neuromuscular weakness syndrome Osteopenia Peripheral neuropathy
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine	Truvada	August 2, 2004	Hepatotoxicity Hyperlipidemia Hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities) Lipodystrophy Nephrotoxicity Osteopenia Pancreatitis Peripheral neuropathy
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF	Viread	October 26, 2001	Lipoatrophy Nephrotoxicity Osteopenia Pancreatitis
Zalcitabine, dideoxycytidine, ddC (no longer marketed)	Hivid	June 19, 1992	Unknown
Zidovudine, azidothymidine, AZT, ZDV	Retrovir	March 19, 1987	Bone marrow suppression Gastrointestinal intolerance Hepatotoxicity Hyperlipidemia Insulin resistance/diabetes mellitus Lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis +/–pancreatitis (severe mitochondrial toxicities), lipodystrophy Stevens-Johnson syndrome Toxic epidermal necrosis

Page 161 Cite Bookmark

Generic Name	Brand Name	Approval Date	Potential Side Effects
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Delavirdine, DLV	Rescriptor	April 4, 1997	Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Toxic epidermal necrosis
Efavirenz, EFV	Sustiva	September 17, 1998	Birth defects (avoid in pregnant women) Neuropsychiatric side effects Short-term central nervous system toxicity
Etravirine	Intelence	January 18, 2008	High blood pressure
Nevirapine, NVP	Viramune	June 27, 1996	Hypersensitivity with hepatic failure
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
Amprenavir, APV	Agenerase	April 15, 1999	Stevens-Johnson syndrome Toxic epidermal necrosis
Atazanavir sulfate, ATV	Reyataz	June 20, 2003	Jaundice Kidney stones
Darunavir	Prezista	June 23, 2006	Hepatotoxicity
Fosamprenavir calcium, FOS-APV	Lexiva	October 20, 2003	Cholesteremia
Indinavir, IDV	Crixivan	March 13, 1996	Kidney stones Nephrotoxicity
Lopinavir and ritonavir, LPV/RTV	Kaletra	September 15, 2000	Cardiovascular risk
Nelfinavir mesylate, NFV	Viracept	March 14, 1997	Diarrhea
Ritonavir, RTV	Norvir	March 1, 1996	Pancreatitis
Saquinavir (no longer marketed)	Fortovase	November 7, 1997	N/A
Saquinavir mesylate, SQV	Invirase	December 6, 1995	Many drug interactions
Tipranavir, TPV	Aptivus	June 22, 2005	Cardiovascular risk

Page 162 Cite Bookmark

Generic Name	Brand Name	Approval Date	Potential Side Effects
Fusion Inhibitors
Enfuvirtide, T-20	Fuzeon	March 13, 2003	Poorly tolerated (painful local subcutaneous reactions when injected)
Entry Inhibitors—CCR5 Coreceptor Antagonist
Maraviroc	Selzentry	August 6, 2007	Unknown
HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors
Raltegravir	Isentress	October 12, 2007	Unknown

REFERENCE

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1994. Revised classification system for HIV-infection in children less than 13 years of age. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 43:1–10.