The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems (1994)
Chapter: Index
Index
A
Accounting practice
control system components and, 196-197
engineering/manufacturing knowledge in, 191,193, 200
environmental costs in, 15, 191, 234
environmentally sensitive, 199-200
in international agreements, 113
organizational barriers to environmental sensitivity in, 193-196
public access to information, 194
role of, 193
sustainability accounts in, 234
traditional, 197-199
in waste reduction strategies, 191-193
Air Force Pollution Prevention Program
education/training in, 153-154
funding, 152
green weapon systems, 159-163
incentives for compliance, 154-155
information needs, 163
origins, 149-151
ozone-depleting chemicals in, 149, 152, 160
procedural obstacles, 159-160
purchasing procedures, 155-159, 160-163
Antitrust law, 5, 103, 131 n. 12
Automobile industry
catalytic converter technology, 36
current recycling practice, 4, 165-167
environmental regulation for, 169-170
in functionality economy, 16
life cycle analysis, 182t
life cycle analysis and recycling in, 169
mandatory recycling of used autos, 127
plastics recycling, 168
B
Barcelona Convention, 114
Bell Telephone System, 16
Bottle bills, 115
C
Cadmium, 73-74
economic modeling of future emissions, 66
in fossil fuel consumption, 40-41, 42-43, 55-56
non-energy production sources, 57 n.1
rate of increase, 123
world fossil fuel emissions, 54
Chemical engineering design paradigms, 218-220, 223-225
Chlorofluorocarbons, 33-34, 37 n.4, 114, 142, 210-211
Chromium
chromated coatings, 209-210
in industrial waste stream, 73-74
Citizen's Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes, 120 n.1
Clean Air Act, 43, 102, 104-105, 210
Closed-system material flow, 25-27
methane emissions, 42
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, 206
Commerce, Department of, 129
Concurrent engineering, 11, 12
Consumer protection laws, 5
Consumerism, environmental, 140, 165
in government purchasing, 163
in product design process, 173
Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources, 114
Copper, recoverability, 78
Cross-functional teams, 12, 204
D
Defense, Department of, 149, 150-151, 160
Deforestation, 57 n.1
Design for Environment, 14-15
AT&T telephone, case study, 171-177
benefits to industry, 140
in developing nations, 63
in electronics industry, 209, 212-213
implementation, 139-140, 141-146
in international environmental law, 114
in life cycle analysis, 141, 201
materials flows in, 138-139
matrix system, 141, 142-144, 147
pollution prevention in, 98
product destination and, 171-172
system testing, 146-147
as systems approach, 140-141
vs. pollution prevention, 140
Design for X, 11, 139, 171, 204-205
Developing nations
Design for Environment practices in, 63
in global energy system evolution, 57, 62-63
technology transfer agreements, 115
transition to energy sustainability, 8, 40
Dissipative loss, 31
Draft Ministerial Declaration for the Second World Climate Conference , 114
E
Earth, evolution as system, 27-28
Economic Summit of Industrialized Nations (1990), 114
Economic theory
case studies in modeling of, 64-65
intergenerational equity in, 91-92
motivation for pollution prevention, 100-107
role of, 61-62
safe minimum standard in, 93-97
sustainability accounts in, 234
utilization-oriented economy, 181-190
valuation in industrial vs. service economy, 178
Educational system
engineering curriculum, 225-226
in industrial ecosystem evolution, 16-17
role in industrial ecology, 230, 237-239
Electronics industry
chlorofluorocarbons in, 210-211
chromated coatings in, 209-210
Design for Environment in, 209, 212-213
structure, 208
technological development in, 208-209
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act, 117
Energy, Department of, 129
Energy flows
in assessing industrial evolution, 6
in closed cycle of materials flows, 26
consumption in industrialized nations, 44-45, 46
fossil fuel, 38
in global economics, 46-47
global system, rational evolution of, 56-57
in industrial metabolism model, 23-25
price shocks, 45-46
primary consumption vs. productivity of consumption, 44-45
productivity trends, 45-47
social opposition to energy consumption, 47-48
transition to sustainability, 6-8, 17-18
Energy technology trends, 48-50
Environmental Protection Agency, 5, 99, 100, 111, 149, 211
regulatory approach, 104, 105-106, 129, 194
Equilibrium models, economic, 61-62
F
Federal Facility Compliance Act, 155
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 105
Fossil fuels
benefit-pollution comparison, 39-40, 43
consumption in developing nations, 46
dissipative materials flows, 40-43
estimated current consumption, 54
estimated future consumption, 54-55
historical social benefits in use of, 43-44
policy questions, 38-39
social opposition to use of, 47-48
terminology, 38
in transition to sustainability, 6-8, 8-39, 55-57
use in developing nations, 40
Franklin, Benjamin, 220
G
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 118-119
General Services Administration, 156
Germany, 109, 115, 127, 168, 183, 206, 207
Global warming, 48, 49, 56, 57 n.2
international agreements, 114
Greenhouse gases, 8, 37 n.4, 40-42, 43, 47, 49, 55-56, 57 n.2
H
Hazardous waste
data collection, 70-72
military, 150-151, 151-152, 154-155
Hydrogen, as energy source, 48, 56
I
Industrial ecology
analytical needs, 233-235
in automobile industry, 170
biological metaphor, 36-37 n.1, 130-131 n.2
economic case studies, 64-65
economic growth requirements and, 90, 91
economic theory for, 61-62, 63-64
government structure and implementation of, 129-130
implementation, 125-126, 138, 230
implications for private sector, 201-207
information needs, 233
international environmental law and, 109-110
metasystem model, 231-233
principles of, 137-138
research topics, 235-237
role of university in, 16-17, 230, 237-239
social barriers to, 124-125
social context of, 9-11
sustainable development and, 5-6
as systems approach, 3-6, 17-18, 108, 124
technological development in, 229
theoretical framework, 229-230
Industrial ecosystem
assessing materials flows in, 9
barriers to evolution of, 4-5, 18, 124-125, 205-206
biological metaphor, 2, 3, 23, 25
current assessment, 8, 205-206
engineering profession in, 226
incentives for corporate participation in improving, 206-207
primary energy consumption vs. productivity in assessing, 44
system boundaries, 1-2
Industrial metabolism, 229
concept, 23-25
energy flows in, 26
materials flows in, 25-28
measures of, 31-35
policy implications of, as holistic perspective, 35-36
research needs, 236
role of, 218
system boundaries, 25
Information needs
Air Force Pollution Prevention Program, 163
for assessment of system sustainability, 34-35
chemical reaction engineering, 224-225
defining environmental preferability, 14
in Design for Environment process, 142-143
environmental accounting, 192, 193, 200
environmental monitoring, 235, 237
environmental policymaking, 130
industrial ecology, 233, 235-237
management information and control systems, 196-197
in materials/processes comparisons, 171
materials recovery in industrial waste flows, 4-5, 18
resource substitutability, 96, 97
technological decision-making, 231-233
university-level research, 17, 233-237
waste streams, 80
Input-output analysis
role of, 61, 63-64, 65, 233-234
Intergenerational equity, 91-92, 146-147
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 41, 57 n.1 n.2
International environmental law
building consensus for, 111-112
command and control approach in, 110-111
eco-labeling in, 116-117
ecosystems approach in, 116
enforcement mechanisms, 119
environmental assessments in, 117-118
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 118-119
impediments to systems approach in, 118-120
incentives in, 115
industrial ecology and, 109-110
internalizing environmental costs in, 112-113
market-based approaches in, 110-111
on pollution prevention, 114
precautionary principle in, 113-114
recycling and reuse in, 114-115
technology transfer in, 115-116
International implications, 8, 10, 39, 40
energy consumption, 46
resource substitutability, 92-93
U.S. environmental management, 226
J
Japan, 207
energy consumption, 44, 45, 46, 54
environmental governance in, 129-130
L
Landfill operations, 35, 37 n.5
automobile recycling residue in, 166-167
trends, 158-159
Lead
in gasoline, 34
in industrial waste stream, 73-78
in materials flow model, 9
solder alternatives in circuit boards, 146
Legal issues.
See also International environmental law;
Regulatory action
antitrust law, 5, 103, 131 n.12
consumer protection laws, 5
role of law in pollution prevention, 108-109, 120
Life cycle analysis, 13-15
in AT&T telephone design, 171-172
automobile recycling and, 169
implementation, 201-202
materials flows in industrial metabolism, 25-28
research needs, 236
London Declaration of Second North Sea Conference, 114
London Dumping Convention, 116
M
Market forces
in environmental regulation, 9, 10, 36, 47
global energy economies, 46-47
in industrial ecology models, 235
in industrial metabolism model, 23-25
in international environmental law, 110-111
intra-industry cooperation, 4-5, 12, 102-103, 127
materials recovery and, 4-5, 18
paper recycling, 4
reuse vs. recycling, 181-186
selling clean technologies, 226
in social cost vs. resource substitutability model, 94-95, 96
in utilization-oriented economy, 15-16, 128-129, 181-190
in voluntary pollution prevention, 100-104, 108
MARPOL Convention, 116
Materials flows.
See also Recycling;
Waste flows
anthropogenic nutrient fluxes, 28, 29t
in assessing industrial evolution, 6, 8
in assessing sustainability, 31-35
assessment in systems, 9
in automobile manufacturing/recycling, 165-169
in chemical engineering design paradigms, 218-220, 223-225
closed vs. open systems, 25-27
differentiating products in, 138-139
in fossil fuel use, 40-43
four-box model, 26-27
in industrial metabolism, 23-28, 31-35
natural vs. anthropogenic, 123
in sustainable development, 31
in transition to sustainable development, 15-16, 17-18
types of materials in industrial systems, 31-32
zero discharge, 8
Maximum achievable control technology, 105
Mercury, 130
Metal(s)
anthropogenic production, 123
in assessing materials flows, 9
in assessing system sustainability, 31, 34
atmospheric emissions of trace metals, 28, 30t
automobile recyclability, 165-167
emissions in fossil fuel consumption, 42, 54, 55
waste stream concentrations in recyclability, 78-80
Methane, 123
fossil fuel emissions, 37 n.4, 42
Military hardware
design specifications, 13, 140
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, 114, 115, 149, 159, 210
Municipal solid waste
annual U.S. production. 69
automobile recycling residue as percentage of, 166-167
metals in, 74
N
National Hazardous Waste Survey, 70, 71, 72, 80
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, 106
Natural ecosystem
evolution of Earth as system, 27-28
industrial ecology and, 2, 3, 123
industrial organization as biological organism, 25
economic modeling of future emissions, 67t
Nuclear energy technologies, 48-49, 54, 56
O
Old growth forests, 95
OPEC, 45
Open-system material flow, 25-27
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
environmental accounting, 113
Our Common Future. 65, 90, 228
Ozone-depleting chemicals, military use of, 149, 152, 160
P
Paper/paper products
economic viability of recycling, 4
regulatory control, 105-106
vs. reusable products, 1
Pesticides, 128
Plastics, in automobile recycling, 168
Pollution prevention.
See also Air Force Pollution Prevention Program
atmospheric emissions of trace metals, 28, 30t
chemical engineering design paradigm, 223-225
conceptual development, 98, 137, 201, 222-225
economics of voluntary compliance, 100-104, 108
education/training courses, 153-154, 225-226
engineering design in, 223, 225-226
future needs, 63
industry benefits, 98-99
international law mechanisms, 110-118
intra-industry cooperation, 102-103, 127
as market value, 10
nitrogen oxides in, 43
regulatory solutions, 107
risk assessment and, 99
sulfur oxides in, 43
in systems approach, 17-18, 35-36, 137
taxation incentives for, 10-11
via enforcement, 106-107
via permitting, 106-107
vs. historical benefits of fossil fuels, 39-40, 43-44
Pollution Prevention Act, 105, 109
Private sector.
See also Accounting practice
benefits of Design for Environment, 140
benefits of pollution prevention for, 98-99
economic motivation for pollution prevention, 100-104
environmental leadership by management, 203
in evolution of industrial ecosystems, 11-13
industrial organization as biological organism, 25
industrial technology and, 201-207
in international environmental law development, 111-112
intra-industry cooperation, 4-5, 12, 102-103, 127
life cycle assessments in economic decisions, 13-15, 141
motivation of, research needs on, 236- 237
organizational structure of firms, 37 n.8
total environmental cost accounting, 15
in utilization-oriented economy, 15-16, 128-129, 181-183
voluntary initiatives vs. government regulation, 47, 100
Product design/development.
See also Design for Environment
automobile recyclability, 167-170
consumer interest in green products, 140
customer specifications in, 13, 140
engineering education and, 16-17, 225-226
engineering profession in, 217-218
environmental assessment methodology, 172-176
environmental factors in, 11, 12-13
geographic impacts, 146
government intervention, 125
in industrial ecology concept, 126
intergenerational considerations, 146-147
life cycle assessment in, 13-15, 141
participants in, 205
product complexity/materials and, 138-139
supplier management systems in, 12-13, 142, 155-156
telephone, case study, 171-177
total environmental cost in, 15, 125-126
in utilization-oriented economy, 188
Product labeling, 116-117
Productivity of materials, 9, 34
R
Reaction products, 222
Recycling
in Air Force Pollution Prevention Program, 159
in assessing industrial evolution, 6, 8
in assessing system sustainability, 31, 34
assessment of environmental cost in, 172-173
in automobile industry, 165-167
closed loop model, 179-183
complexity of product design and, 138-139
concentration in waste stream and, 78-80, 88
as conclusion of materials flow, 31
international agreements, 114-115
of lead waste, 73, 74-78, 211-212
liability concept in, 181-186
market force barriers to, 4-5, 18
optimizing use of goods vs., 183-186, 189-190
parts labeling in manufacturing process, 167, 174
plastics, 168
remanufacturing, 129, 132 n.16, 166
take-back regulations, 127-128, 129, 139, 168, 183, 206, 207
telephone, 176
waste flows in systems approach, 3-4, 17-18
Regulatory action
automobile industry and, 169-170
chlorofluorocarbons in electronics industry, 210-211
command-and-control approach, 104, 109, 110-111, 126, 138, 212, 213
in corporate accounting, 194
economics of voluntary pollution prevention and, 101-104, 108
encouraging use vs. production of goods, 128-129
federal approaches, 104-107, 129
government purchasing procedure as, 155-158
hazardous classification of lead dross, 5, 211-212
in holistic perspective, 35-36
indications for, 10, 47, 103-104
in industrial ecology models, 235
in industrial metabolism perspective, 35-36
market orientation of, 9, 10, 125-126
as obstacle to industrial ecosystem evolution, 5, 10, 18, 47, 209, 212-213
on packaging, 206
product complexity and, 139
product design process, 125
in promoting intra-industry cooperation, 127
prospects, 107
in social cost vs. resource substitutability model, 94-95
state level, 104
structure of government and, 129-130
systems approach in, 126-128, 129-130
take-back regulations for industry, 127-128, 129, 139, 168, 206, 207
technical knowledge in, 212-213
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 5, 71, 106, 131 n.11, 211
Rio Declaration, 113
S
Safe minimum standard, 93-97
Sherwood diagram, 69-70, 78, 88
Service economy, valuation in, 178
Social values
barriers to ecological systems perspective, 124-125
ecological-economic linkages needed in, 124
in industrial ecology, 9-11
opposition to energy consumption, 47-48
pollution vs., in fossil fuel use, 39-40, 43-44
resource substitutability and, in limiting scenarios, 10, 93-97
technological development and, 220-222
Steady-state systems, 26.
See also Sustainable systems
Structural economics, 61, 62, 64
Substitutability of resources, 37 n.7, 91, 92-93
social costs and, in limiting scenarios, 10, 93-97
Sulfur
anthropogenic emissions, 41-42
waste flow of, 32-33
economic modeling of future emissions, 66
Summit of the Arch, 114
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, 71
Sustainability
economic modeling, 234
industrial ecology and, 5-6
intergenerational equity calculations, 91-92, 146-147
materials flows in assessment of, 31-35
research needs, 236
resource substitution for, 90-91, 92-93
technological change for, 228-229
transition to, 6-8, 15-16, 17-18, 38-39, 55-57, 237-239
T
Take-back regulations, 127-128, 129, 139, 168, 183, 206, 207
Taxation
to encourage evolution of industrial ecosystems, 10-11, 126
Taylor, Frederick, 37 n.8
Technological development
attitudes toward, 220-222
research needs, 237
role of, 228-229
Telephone design, case study of, 171-177
Thoreau, Henry David, 220-221
Total quality management, 11, 12, 205, 211
Toxic Release Inventory, 70, 71
Toxic Substances Control Act, 105
Treaty on European Union, 114
U
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 62, 64, 99, 113-114, 228
Utilization-oriented economy, 181-190
V
Volatile organic compounds, 41, 42, 132 n.18
W
Waste flows.
See also Materials flows
of chlorofluorocarbons, 33
concentration in, and recyclability of metals, 78-80, 88
current estimates, 69
estimating resource values in, 72
fast food industry, 131 n. 10
lead in, 9
metals in, 73-78
in military settings, 152, 154-155
recoverable materials in, 69
recycle/reuse loops, 179-183
of sulfur, 32
in systems approach, 3-4
waste reduction strategies, 178-179
Waste sinks, 2
Wetlands, 95
World Charter for Nature, 114
World Commission on Environment and Development, 90, 228
World Energy Council, 41
Z
