Opportunities for the Employment of Simulation in U.S. Air Force Training Environments: A Workshop Report (2015)
Chapter: Front Matter
OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF SIMULATION
IN U.S. AIR FORCE TRAINING ENVIRONMENTS
A WORKSHOP REPORT
Committee on Opportunities for the Employment of Simulation
in U.S. Air Force Training Environments: A Workshop
Air Force Studies Board
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This is a report of work supported by Grant FA9550-12-1-0413 between the U.S. Air Force and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, or conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-36813-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-36813-8
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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COMMITTEE ON OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF SIMULATION IN U.S.
AIR FORCE TRAINING ENVIRONMENTS: A WORKSHOP
DONALD C. FRASER (NAE), Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (retired), Co-Chair
RAYMOND E. JOHNS, JR., FlightSafety International, Co-Chair
ROBERT R. ALLARDICE, Allardice Enterprises
JOHN-PAUL B. CLARKE, Georgia Institute of Technology
JOHN D.W. CORLEY, U.S. Air Force (retired)
STEPHEN D. DETRO, Lockheed Martin Mission Systems and Training
PAMELA A. DREW, Exelis, Inc.
RICHARD V. REYNOLDS, The VanFleet Group, LLC
HARRY M. ROBINSON, Veterans Health Administration
MICHAEL J. ZYDA, University of Southern California
Staff
JOAN FULLER, Director, Air Force Studies Board
CARTER W. FORD, Program Officer
MARGUERITE E. SCHNEIDER, Administrative Coordinator
DIONNA C. ALI, Research Assistant
NORMAN M. HALLER, Consultant
AIR FORCE STUDIES BOARD
GREGORY S. MARTIN, GS Martin Consulting, Chair
DONALD C. FRASER (NAE), Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (retired), Vice Chair
BRIAN A. ARNOLD, Peachtree City, Georgia
ALLISON ASTORINO-COURTOIS, National Security Innovations, Inc.
CLAUDE M. BOLTON, JR., Defense Acquisition University
STEVEN R.J. BRUECK, University of New Mexico
THOMAS J. BURNS, Great Falls, Virginia
FRANK J. CAPPUCCIO, Cappuccio and Associates, LLC
BLAISE J. DURANTE, U.S. Air Force (retired)
BRENDAN B. GODFREY, University of Maryland at College Park
MICHAEL A. HAMEL, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company
DANIEL E. HASTINGS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RAYMOND E. JOHNS, JR., FlightSafety International
PAUL G. KAMINSKI (NAE), Technovation, Inc.
ROBERT H. LATIFF, R. Latiff Associates
NANCY G. LEVESON (NAE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MARK J. LEWIS, Institute for Defense Analyses Science and Technology Policy Institute
ALEX MILLER, University of Tennessee
RICHARD V. REYNOLDS, The VanFleet Group, LLC
STARNES E. WALKER, University of Delaware
DEBORAH WESTPHAL, Toffler Associates
DAVID A. WHELAN (NAE), Boeing Defense, Space, and Security
REBECCA WINSTON, Winston Strategic Management Consulting
Staff
JOAN FULLER, Director
ALAN H. SHAW, Deputy Director
DIONNA C. ALI, Research Assistant
GREGORY EYRING, Senior Program Officer
CARTER W. FORD, Program Officer
CHRIS JONES, Financial Manager
MARGUERITE E. SCHNEIDER, Administrative Coordinator
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Bimal Aponso, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
R. Stephen Berry (NAS), Professor Emeritus, The University of Chicago,
Thomas E. Romesser (NAE), Independent Consultant, and
Jeffery A. Schroeder, Federal Aviation Administration.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the views presented at the workshop, nor did they see the final draft of the workshop report before its release. The review of this workshop report was overseen by Robert J. Hermann (NAE), Independent Consultant. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this workshop report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the committee and the institution.
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Contents
Speaker Comments Related to Air Force Needs for Live, Virtual, Constructive Training
Committee Comments Related to Air Force Needs for Live, Virtual, Constructive Training
Air Force Programs to Support User Needs
2 HOW SIMULATION IS CURRENTLY USED BY MILITARY, INDUSTRY, AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
Government Agencies and Other Users
3 COMMITTEE MEMBER OBSERVATIONS ON ADAPTING ADDITIONAL SIMULATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE AIR FORCE
Areas Where the Air Force Could Benefit from Alternative Uses and Technologies
How Live, Virtual, Constructive Techniques Could Improve Aircrew Training
Suggested Areas for Possible Follow-on Study
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Acronyms
| ACC | Air Combat Command |
| AETC | Air Education and Training Command |
| AFAMS | Air Force Agency for Modeling and Simulation |
| AFGSC | Air Force Global Strike Command |
| AFI | Air Force Instruction |
| AFPD | Air Force Policy Directive |
| AFRL | Air Force Research Laboratory |
| AFSB | Air Force Studies Board |
| AFSOC | Air Force Special Operations Command |
| AMC | Air Mobility Command |
| ATD | advanced technology demonstration |
| C2 | command and control |
| CAF | Combat Air Forces |
| CCDR | Contractor Critical Design Review |
| CFL | Core Function Lead |
| CLS | Contractor Lifecyle Support |
| COCOM | combatant command |
| CSAF | Chief of Staff of the Air Force |
| DMO | distributed mission operations |
| DoD | Department of Defense |
| FAA | Federal Aviation Administration |
| HAF | Headquarters Air Force |
| HPW | Human Performance Wing |
| I-LVC | integrated-live, virtual, constructive (LVC) |
| LPTA | lowest price, technically acceptable |
| LVC | live, virtual, constructive (training) |
| MAF | Mobility Air Forces |
| MAJCOM | major command |
| MWS | major weapon system |
| NAE | Naval Aviation Enterprise |
| NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| NRC | National Research Council |
| NSA | National Security Agency |
| OPLAN | operational plan |
| RGM | rapid global mobility |
| SECAF | Secretary of the Air Force |
| TOR | terms of reference |
| TSRA | Training System Requirement Analysis |
| TSSC | Technical Support Services Contract |
| UT-IISC | University of Toledo Interprofessional Immersive Simulation Center |
| VIR | virtual immersive reality |
