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Front Matter i-xviii
Executive Summary 1-2
REQUIREMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS 3-4
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATIVE DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 5-5
Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Detoxification 6-9
Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Oxidation 10-10
Moderate-Temperature, High-Pressure Oxidation 11-11
High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Oxidation 12-12
Gas Effluents 13-13
Treated Metal Parts and Containers 14-14
STRATEGIES AND SYSTEM IMPLICATIONS FOR DEMILITARIZATION 15-18
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 19-21
THE U.S. CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM 22-26
RISK AND COMMUNITY CONCERNS 27-28
ALTERNATIVE DEMILITARIZATION SYSTEMS 29-30
PRIMARY GOALS AND STRATEGIES FOR DEMILITARIZATION 31-33
SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 34-36
DESCRIPTION OF THE AGENTS 37-40
Toxicity of the Agents 41-41
DESCRIPTION OF THE MUNITIONS 42-48
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE STOCKPILE 49-52
SUMMARY 53-53
U.S. CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION EXPERIENCE 54-61
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENT DESTRUCTION IN OTHER COUNTRIES 62-73
SUMMARY 74-74
4 Requirements and Considerations for Chemical Demilitarization Technologies 75-75
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AGENTS AND THEIR BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS 76-76
WASTE STREAMS IN CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION 77-77
PROCESSING RATES 78-80
Liquid Wastes 81-81
Solid Wastes 82-82
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ASSESSING UNTESTED ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 83-83
Decontamination Standards 84-84
Chlorinated Dioxins 85-85
MONITORING 86-87
EFFLUENT RETENTION TIME REQUIREMENTS 88-88
TIME REQUIRED FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION 89-90
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION COSTS 91-91
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 92-93
5 Thermal Treatment and Preprocessing and Postprocessing Operations 94-94
Cryoprocessing 95-95
Mechanical Disassembly of Explosives, Propellants, and Solidified Agent 96-96
THERMAL TREATMENT 97-97
Solid Wastes 98-100
Water Recycle 101-101
Reduction of Waste Gas Volume 102-102
Waste Gas Storage Requirement 103-104
Storage and Retention Technologies 105-105
Activated-Carbon (Charcoal) Adsorption Systems 106-108
6 Low-Temperature, Liquid-Phase Processes 109-109
CHEMICAL DETOXIFICATION PROCESSES 110-111
GB (Sarin) 112-115
VX 116-117
H (Mustard) 118-120
Reduction Methods Conceivably Applicable to GB, VX, and H 121-121
DETOXIFICATION WITH IONIZING RADIATION 122-122
Chemical Oxidation 123-123
Electrochemical Oxidation 124-124
Oxidizing Agents Plus UV Light 125-125
Introduction and Overview 126-127
Direct Destruction of GB and VX 128-130
BIODEGRADATION OF REACTION PRODUCTS FROM THE CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF GB AND VX 131-131
Engineering Prospects 132-135
Summary of the Potential Application of Biological Processes 136-136
7 Processes at Medium and High Temperatures 137-137
Wet Air Oxidation 138-145
Supercritical Water Oxidation 146-151
Molten Metal Pyrolysis 152-155
Plasma Arc Processes 156-159
Gasification Processes 160-162
Synthetica Detoxifier 163-168
Catalytic Fluidized-Bed Oxidation 169-170
Molten Salt Oxidation 171-173
Catalytic Oxidation 174-175
Hydrogenation Processes 176-179
The Adams Process-Reaction with Sulfur 180-184
DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 185-185
Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure, Liquid-Phase Detoxification 186-189
Moderate-Temperature, High-Pressure Oxidation 190-190
High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Pyrolysis 191-191
High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Oxidation 192-192
Solid Waste 193-193
Gas Waste Streams 194-195
Program Goals 196-196
Strategies for Disposal 197-199
System Considerations 200-204
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 205-208
A Statement of Task 209-209
B Letter from James R. Ambrose, Dated October 21, 1987 210-212
C Letter from Charles Baronian, Dated August 7, 1992 213-214
2. Discussion 215-215
3. Assumptions 216-216
4. Schedule 217-218
5. Cost Discussion 219-221
5. Program Costs 222-222
5. Summary 223-224
CASE 1 IMPLEMENT AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY 225-228
CASE 2 PROCEED WITH BASELINE TECHNOLOGY AFTER DELAY FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 229-236
D Biographical Sketches 237-243
E Technology Developers That Supplied Information 244-249
F Committee Meetings and Activities 250-252
GUEST SPEAKERS 253-254
OBSERVERS 255-255
INVITED OBSERVERS WHO WERE UNABLE TO ATTEND 256-258
G Technology Status Worksheet 259-261
H Excerpt from the U.S. Army's 5X Decontamination Review 262-267
ENCLOSURE 1: REFERENCE LIST 268-270
APPLICATIONS TO CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION 271-271
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 272-272
DEVELOPMENT NEEDS 273-273
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION 274-274
STATUS AND DATABASE 275-275
APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL WEAPONS DESTRUCTION 276-276
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 277-277
DEVELOPMENT NEEDS 278-278
WET AIR OXIDATION 279-280
Process Material Balance 281-286
Heat and Material Balances 287-291
References and Bibliography 292-310
Index 311-323

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Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions (1993)

Chapter: Cryoprocessing

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Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions (1993)

Chapter: Cryoprocessing