References

Allen, G. C. 2019. Understanding China’s AI strategy: Clues to Chinese strategic thinking on artificial intelligence and national security. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security.

Aloe, J., and E. Guo. 2022, February 23. The US government is ending the China Initiative—Now what? Technology Review.

Alves Dias P., S. Amaroso, A. Annoni, J. M. Asensio Bermejo, M. Bellia, D. Blagoeva, G. De Parto, M. Doss, P. Fako, A. Fiorini, et al. 2019. China—Challenges and prospects from an industrial and innovation powerhouse. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Azoulay, P., B. Jones, J. D. Kim, and J. Miranda. 2022. Immigration and entrepreneurship in the United States. American Economic Review: Insights 4(1):71–88.

Brown, M. and P. Singh. 2018. China’s technology transfer strategy: How Chinese investments in emerging technology enable a strategic competitor to access the crown jewels of U.S. innovation. Mountain View, CA: Defense Innovation Unit Experimental. https://nationalsecurity.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/DIUXChina-Tech-Transfer-Study-Selected-Readings.pdf.

Buchholz, K. 2020, September 16. Where most students choose STEM degrees. Statista. https://www.statista.com/chart/22927/share-and-total-number-of-stem-graduates-by-country (accessed May 26, 2022).

Bush, V. 1945. Science: The endless frontier. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. https://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm.

Capri, A. 2020. Semiconductors at the heart of the US-China tech war: How a new era of techno-nationalism is shaking up semiconductor value chains. Hong Kong: Hinrich Foundation.

Carlson, R. 2019, January 28. Presentation to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Safeguarding the Bioeconomy. Washington, DC.

CB Insights. 2022. State of venture: Global, Q1 2022. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB.

Channa, G. 2021. How higher education became an important US export. Issues in Science and Technology 38(1):30–33.

Chia-Hsuan, Y., R. Nugent, and E. R. H. Fuchs. 2016. Gains from other’s losses: Technology trajectories and the global division of firms. Research Policy 54(3):724–745.

Chik, H. 2021, July 16. China set to pass US on research and development spending by 2025. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3141263/china-set-pass-us-research-and-development-spending-2025.

China State Council. 2017. New generation artificial intelligence development plan. Translated by New America. https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/full-translation-chinas-newgeneration-artificial-intelligence-development-plan-2017.

CNCB-NGDC Members and Partners. 2020, November 11. Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2021. Nucleic Acids Research 49(D1):D18–D28.

Cockburn, I. M., R. Henderson, and S. Stern. 2018. The impact of artificial intelligence on innovation. Working Paper 24449. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Cohn, D., and N. Ruiz. 2017, July 6. More than half of new green cards go to people already living in the U.S. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.

Commission on Scientific Communication and National Security. 2005. Security controls on scientific information and the conduct of scientific research. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Committee on New Models for U.S. Science and Technology Policy. 2020. The perils of complacency: America at a tipping point in science and engineering. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts & Sciences.

CSET (Center for Security and Emerging Technology). 2021, May 12. Translation of Outline of the People’s Republic of China 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives for 2035, translated by Etcetera Language Group, Inc.; edited by B. Murphy.

Cumbers, J. 2019, August 26. Trade deal or not, China is investing big in synthetic biology. Forbes.

Cunningham, M. A., and J. P. Geis II. 2020. A national strategy for synthetic biology. Strategic Studies Quarterly 14(3):49–80.

DHS (U.S. Department of Homeland Security). 2019. LPR yearbook Tables 8 to 11 expanded. https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/readingroom/lpr/table_8_to_11_expanded (accessed May 4, 2022).

Dobbs, R., J. Manyika, and J. Woetzel. 2015. No ordinary disruption: The four global forces breaking all the trends. New York: Public Affairs.

DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2022, February. Securing defense-critical supply chains: An action plan developed in response to President Biden’s Executive Order 14017. https://media.defense.gov/2022/

Feb/24/2002944158/-1/-1/1/DOD-EO-14017-REPORT-SECURING-DEFENSE-CRITICAL-SUPPLY-CHAINS.PDF.

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2020. The state of the DOE National Laboratories, 2020 edition. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2021/01/f82/DOE%20National%20Labs%20Report%20FINAL.pdf.

El Karoui, M., M. Hoyos-Flight, and L. Fletcher. 2019. Future trends in synthetic biology—A report. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 7:175.

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). 2019. Executive summary: China: The risk to corporate America. https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/china-execsummary-risk-to-corporate-america-2019.pdf/view.

Feldgoise, J., and R. Zwetsloot. 2020. Estimating the number of Chinese STEM students in the United States. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology.

Felin, T., and T. R. Zenger. 2014. Closed or open innovation? Problem solving and governance choice. Research Policy 43(5):914–925.

Fergusson, I. F., P. K. Kerr, and C. A. Casey. 2021. The U.S. export control system and the Export Control Reform Act of 2018. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Fialka, J. 2016, December 19. Why China is dominating the solar industry. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-china-is-dominating-the-solar-industry (accessed May 26, 2022).

Finn, M. G., and L. A. Pennington. 2018. Stay rates of foreign doctorate recipients from U.S. universities, 2013. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.

Fuchs, E. H. R. 2014. Global manufacturing and the future of technology. Science 345(6196):519–520.

GAO (Government Accountability Office). 2022, April 19. How artificial intelligence is transforming national security. https://www.gao.gov/blog/how-artificial-intelligence-transforming-national-security (accessed May 27, 2022).

GenomeWeb. 2018, November 28. BGI research, China National GeneBank form synthetic biology alliance with Macquarie U. https://www.genomeweb.com/genetic-research/bgi-research-china-national-genebank-form-synthetic-biology-alliance-macquarie-u#.YsXZp-zMKi5.

Gil, Y., B. Selman, T. Dietterich, K. Forbus, M. desJardins, F. F. Li, K. McKeown, D. Weld, E. Bradley, A. Schwartz Drobnis, M. D. Hill, D. Lopresti, M. Matarić, and D. Parkes. 2019. A 20-year community roadmap for artificial intelligence research in the US. Washington, DC: Computing Community Consortium.

Gompert, D. C., and R. L. Kugler. 1996. Rebuilding the team: How to get allies to do more in defense of common interests. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP154.html.

Goodrich, B. 2020a. Research security revisited: COVID-19 & immigration. Washington, DC: Consortium of Social Science Associations.

Goodrich, B. 2020b. Foreign interference in the U.S. research enterprise and policy responses. Washington, DC: Consortium of Social Science Associations.

Graham, A., K. Klyman, K. Barbesino, and H. Yen. 2021. The great tech rivalry: China vs. the U.S. Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.

Hass, R. 2020. Stronger: Adapting America’s China strategy in an age of competitive interdependence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Hoadley, D. S., and K. M. Sayler. 2020. Artificial intelligence and national security. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Horowitz, M., P. Sharre, G. C. Allen, K. Frederick, A. Cho, and E. Saravalle. 2018. Artificial intelligence and international security. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security.

Huggett, B. 2019. “Innovation” nation. Nature Biotechnology 37(11):1264–1276.

Huw, R., J. Cowls, J. Morley, M. Taddeo, V. Wang, and L. Floridi. 2021. The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: An analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation. AI & Society 36:59–77.

Institute of International Education. 2021. International students by academic level and place of origin, 2000/01-2020/21. Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange. http://www.opendoorsdata.org.

IOM, NAS, and NAE (Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and National Academy of Engineering). 1982. Scientific communication and national security. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/253.

Israel, E., and J. Batalova. 2021, January 14. International students in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/international-students-united-states-2020 (accessed June 12, 2022).

Jackson, J. K. 2020. The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Kahn, S., G. La Mattina, and M. J. MacGarvie. 2017. “Misfits,” “stars,” and immigrant entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics 49(3):533–557.

Kania, E. B., and J. K. Costello. 2018. Quantum hegemony? China’s ambitions and the challenge to U.S. innovation leadership. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security.

Kania, E. B., and L. Laskai, 2021. Myths and realities of China’s military-civil fusion strategy. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security.

Khan, S. M. 2019. Maintaining the AI chip competitive advantage of the United States and its allies. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology.

Kim, D., and J. VerWey. 2019. The potential impacts of the Made in China 2025 Roadmap on the integrated circuit industries in the U.S., EU and Japan. Working Paper ID-061. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission.

Kraemer, S. 2006. Science and technology policy in the United States: Open systems in action. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Kreps, S. 2021, November. Democratizing harm: Artificial intelligence in the hands of nonstate actors. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/research/democratizing-harm-artificial-intelligence-in-the-hands-of-non-state-actors (accessed May 27, 2022).

Kung, Y. T., Y. C. Du, W. T. Huang, C. C. Chen, and L. T. Ke. 1965. Total synthesis of crystalline bovine insulin. Scientia Sinica 14:1710–1716.

Kuo, S. 2020, March 5. Progress in importation of US equipment dispels doubts on SMIC’s capacity expansion for mature nodes for now, says trend force. March 5, 2021 TrendForce. https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20210305-10693.html (accessed May 24, 2022).

Kwon, K. 2020, June 25. China reaches new milestone in space-based quantum communications. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-reaches-new-milestone-in-space-based-quantumcommunications (accessed August 30, 2022).

Langguth, J., K. Pogorelov, S. Brenner, P. Filkuková, and D. Thilo Schroeder. 2021, May 24. Don’t trust your eyes: Image manipulation in the age of deepfakes. Frontiers in Communication. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.632317.

Lewis, J. A. 2021. National security implications of leadership in autonomous vehicles. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Li, J., H. Zhao, L. Zheng, and W. An. 2021. Advances in synthetic biology and biosafety governance. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9:598087.

Liff, A., and G. J. Ikenberry. 2014. Racing toward tragedy? China’s rise, military competition in the Asia Pacific, and the security dilemma. International Security 39(2):52–91.

Manyika, J., W. H. McRaven, A. Segal, A. Ackerson, D. Beck, N. F. Beim, J. Breyer, S. A. Denning, R. E. Dugan, R. Hoffman, A. Husain, N. Y. Lamb-Hale, E. S. Lander, M. Patel, D. J. Patil, L. R. Reif, E. Schmidt, R. M. Shah, L. D’Andrea Tyson, and J. Yang. 2019. Innovation and national security: Keeping our edge. Independent Task Force Report No. 77. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.

Mavroidis, P., and A. Sapir. 2021, April. China and the WTO: An uneasy relationship. VOX EU. https://voxeu.org/article/china-and-wto-uneasyrelationship.

McCarthy, N. 2017, February 6. The countries with the most STEM graduates. Industry Week. https://www.industryweek.com/talent/article/21998889/the-countries-with-the-most-stem-graduates (accessed May 26, 2022).

Mervis, J. 2022, February 28. Controversial U.S. China Initiative gets new name, tighter focus on industrial espionage. Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/controversial-u-s-china-initiative-gets-new-name-tighter-focus-industrial-espionage.

Moshasha, S. 2016. The rapid growth of synthetic biology in China. SynBioBeta. https://www.synbiobeta.com/read/the-rapid-growth-of-syntheticbiology-in-china.

Mowery, D. C., and N. Rosenberg. 1998. Paths of innovation: Technological change in 20th-century America. New York: Cambridge University Press.

NAE and NRC (National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council). 2013. Positioning synthetic biology to meet the challenges of the 21st century: Summary report of a Six Academies Symposium Series. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13316.

NAS, NAE, and IOM (National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine). 2007. Rising above the gathering storm: Energizing and employing America for a brighter economic future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11463.

NAS, NAE, and IOM. 2009. Ensuring the integrity, accessibility, and stewardship of research data in the digital age. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12615.

NASEM. 2015. Immigration policy and the search for skilled workers: Summary of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/20145.

NASEM. 2016. Optimizing the nation’s investment in academic research: A new regulatory framework for the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/21824.

NASEM. 2017. Preparing for future products of biotechnology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24605.

NASEM. 2018a. Open science by design: Realizing a vision for 21st century research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25116.

NASEM. 2018b. Biodefense in the age of synthetic biology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24890.

NASEM. 2019a. Adapting to the 21st century innovation environment: Proceedings of a workshop—In brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25384.

NASEM. 2019b. Quantum computing: Progress and prospects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25196.

NASEM. 2020a. Review of the SBIR and STTR programs at the Department of Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25674.

NASEM. 2020b. Safeguarding the bioeconomy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25525.

NASEM. 2021. Advancing commercialization of digital products from federal laboratories. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26006.

NASEM. 2022. Assessment of the SBIR and STTR programs at the National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26376.

National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. 2021. Final report. Washington, DC: National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence.

NCSES (National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics). n.d. Technical appendix: Publication output data and methodology. Publications output: U.S. trends and international comparisons. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206/technical-appendix (accessed August 25, 2022).

NCSES. 2022a, February 22. National patterns of R&D resources: 2019–20 data update. Data tables. National Science Foundation. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf22320.

NCSES. 2022b. Survey of graduate students and postdoctorates in science and engineering. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf22319.

New American Economy. (2012, June 26). Press release: New study reveals immigrants are behind more than three-quarters of patents from top ten patent-producing American universities. https://www.newamericaneconomy.org/news/press-release-new-study-reveals-immigrantsbehind-three-quarters-patents-top-ten-patent-producing-american-universities.

NFAP (National Foundation for American Policy). 2019. Immigrants and Nobel Prizes: 1901-2019. Arlington, VA: NFAP. https://nfap.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/10/Immigrants-and-Nobel-Prizes.NFAP-Policy-Brief.October-2019.pdf.

NRC (National Research Council). 2007. Science and security in a post 9/11 world: A report based on regional discussions between the science and security communities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12013.

NRC. 2009. Beyond “Fortress America”: National security controls on science and technology in a globalized world. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12567.

NRC. 2012. Rising to the challenge: U.S. innovation policy for the global economy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13386.

NSB (National Science Board). 2019. Publications output: U.S. trends and international comparisons. Science and Engineering Indicators. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20214.

NSB. 2020a. Research and development: U.S. trends and international comparisons. Science and Engineering Indicators 2020. NSB-2020-3. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation.

NSB. 2020b. The state of U.S. science and engineering 2020. Science and Engineering Indicators. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201/globalscience-and-technology-capabilities.

NSB. 2021. Publications output: U.S. trends and international comparisons. Science and Engineering Indicators. NSB-2020-6. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206.

NSB. 2022a. The state of U.S. science and engineering 2022. Science and Engineering Indicators. NSB-2022-1. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20221.

NSB. 2022b. Higher education in science and engineering. Science and Engineering Indicators 2022. NSB-2022-3. Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20223.

NSTC (National Science and Technology Council). 2016. Advancing quantum information science: National challenges and opportunities. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President.

NSTC. 2022. Guidance for implementing National Security Presidential Memorandum 33 (NSPM-33) on national security strategy for United States government-supported research and development. Subcommittee on Research Security and Joint Committee on the Research Environment. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President.

NVCA (National Venture Capital Association). 2022. NVCA 2022 yearbook data pack: Public version. https://nvca.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NVCA-2022-Yearbook-PUBLIC-DATA-PACK.pdf.

OECD (Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development). 2022. Main science and technology indicators. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=MSTI_PUB (accessed May 31, 2022).

OMB (Office of Management and Budget). 1998, February 19. Federal participation in the development and use of voluntary census standards and in conformity assessment activities. Circular No. A-119. Washington, DC: OMB.

Open Doors. n.d. International students: Enrollment trends. https://opendoorsdata.org/data/international-students/enrollment-trends.

Parker, E., D. Gonzales, A. K. Kochhar, S. Litterer, K. O’Connor, J. Schmid, K. Scholl, R. Silberglitt, J. Chang, C, A. Eusebi, and S, W. Harold, 2022. An assessment of the U.S. and Chinese industrial bases in quantum technology. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA869-1.html.

Pei, L., M. Schmidt, and W. Wei. 2011. Synthetic biology: An emerging research field in China. Biotechnology Advances 29(6):804–814.

People’s Daily. 2017, May 2. China’s biotech sector to exceed 4% of GDP by 2020: Authority.

Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. 2019. Threats to the U.S. research enterprise: China’s talent recruitment plans. Staff Report. Washington, DC: Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, U.S. Senate.

Platzer, M. D., J. F. Sargent Jr., and K. M. Sutter. 2020, October 26. Semiconductors: U.S. industry, global competition, and federal policy. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

President of the United States. 2020, June 4. Suspension of entry as nonimmigrants of certain students and researchers from the People’s Republic of China. Proclamation 10043 as of May 29, 2020. Federal Register 85(108):34353–34355.

Ratnam, G. 2021, August 31. China’s amassing of genomic data highlights global biotech race. Roll Call.

Research and Markets. 2021, March 17. Semiconductor lithography equipment market—Growth, trends, COVID-19 impact, and forecasts (2021–2026). https://www.reportlinker.com/p06036769/?utm_source=GNW (accessed May 26, 2022).

Riordan, M., and L. Hoddeson. 1997. Crystal fire: The birth of the information age. New York: Norton.

Roach, M., and J. Skrentny. 2019. Why foreign STEM PhDs are unlikely to work for US technology startups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(34):16805–16810. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820079116.

Roach, M., H. Suermann, and J. Skrentny. 2019, November 24. Foreign-born entrepreneurial human capital in the US: The preference outcome gap. VOX EU. https://voxeu.org/article/foreign-born-entrepreneurial-humancapital-us.

Sargent, J. F., Jr. 2021. Global research and development expenditures: Fact sheet. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Saxenian, A. 2006. The new argonauts: Regional advantage in a global economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sayler, K. M. 2022a. Emerging military technologies: Background and issues for Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Sayler, K. M. 2022b. Defense primer: Quantum technology. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Scharre, P., and R. Ainikki. 2020. Defense technology strategy. Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security.

Segal, S., and D. Gerstel. 2019. Research collaboration in an era of strategic competition. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Sganga, N. 2022, May 4. Chinese hackers took trillions in intellectual property from about 30 multinational companies. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chinese-hackers-took-trillions-inintellectual-property-from-about-30-multinational-companies.

Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology. 2020, June 1. Advanced Biofoundry Shenzhen. http://english.siat.cas.cn/facility/202001/t20200106_229000.html.

Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology. n.d. Introduction. Shenzhen Biofoundry. http://www.isynbio.org/institution_en.aspx.

Simcoe, T. 2012. Standard setting committees: Consensus governance for shared technology platforms. American Economic Review 102(1):305–336.

SIA (Semiconductor Industry Association). 2021, July. Taking stock of China’s semiconductor industry. SIA Whitepaper. https://www.semiconductors.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Taking-Stock-of-China%E2%80%99s-Semiconductor-Industry_final.pdf.

Snyder, T. D., ed. 1993. 120 years of American education: A statistical portrait. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

Sun, R., S. Gregor, and B. Keating. 2015. Information technology platforms: Definition and research directions. In Proceedings of the 26th Australasian Conference on Information Systems, edited by G. Deegan, F. Burstein, and H. Scheepers. Adelaide, University of South Australia. Pp. 1–17.

Tsang, A., and C. H. Poon. 2021, July 15. China’s 14th five-year plan: Research priorities and industrial policies. HKTDC Research. https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/Nzk3NTY5NzUx.

USTR (Office of the U.S. Trade Representative). 2018, March 22. Findings of the investigation into China’s acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President.

Wetterstrand, K. A. 2021. DNA sequencing costs: Data from the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP). www.genome.gov/sequencingcostsdata (accessed May 31, 2022).

White House. 1985. National policy on the transfer of scientific, technical and engineering information. National Security Decision Directive 189. https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-189.htm.

White House. 2021. Building resilient supply chains, revitalizing American manufacturing, and fostering broad-based growth. Washington, DC: The White House.

Wilson, J. R. 2016, October 1. How military harvests technology from commercial industry. Military & Aerospace Electronics. https://www.militaryaerospace.com/communications/article/16709009/how-military-harvests-technology-from-commercial-industry.

Zwetsloot, R., J. Feldgoise, and J. Dunham. 2020. Trends in U.S. intention-to-stay rates of international Ph.D. graduates across nationality and STEM fields. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology.

Zwetsloot, R., J. Corrigan, E. Weinstein, D. Peterson, D. Gehlhaus, and R. Fedasiuk. 2021. China is fast outpacing U.S. STEM PhD growth. Washington, DC: Center for Security and Emerging Technology.