Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines (2025)

Chapter: APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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APPENDIX F—INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES

Table F-1. Industry members responding to the survey.

Member Name
Alabama Asphalt Pavement Association (Alabama APA)
American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA)
Arkansas Asphalt Pavement Association (Arkansas APA)
Bituminous Roadways, Inc. (BRI)
Kansas Asphalt Pavement Association (Kansas APA)
Kokosing Materials, Inc. (KMI)
MeadWestvaco Corporation (MWV Co)
New York Construction Materials Association (NYCMA)
PAragon Technical Services (PAragon)
South Carolina Asphalt Pavement Association (South Carolina APA)
Texas Asphalt Pavement Association (Texas APA)
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association (Wisconsin CPA)

Table F-2. Effectiveness of pavement and drainage features for mitigating damage to asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water.

FeatureEffectiveness1
12345
Aggregate permeable base02322
Curb and gutter00412
Ditches02412
Edge drains03212
Fin drains03112
Open-graded friction course20222
Permeable friction course20312
Asphalt permeable base00351
Geosynthetic separator layer12211
Underdrain02411
Daylighted base02510
Cement permeable base03210
Retrofit edge drain03301

1 Rated on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective). Values shown represent the number of responding agencies.

Table F-3. Drainage feature effectiveness in removing water from asphalt and composite pavements.

FeatureEffectiveness1
12345
Edge drain02402
Underdrain01512
Fin drain03220
Aggregate trench03510

1 Scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective). Values shown represent the number of responding agencies.

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-4. Effective methods for reducing the impact of weak soils.

IndustryReplace with Higher Quality MaterialIncrease Aggregate Base Layer ThicknessIncrease Concrete Layer ThicknessIncrease Asphalt Layer ThicknessStabilize Weak SoilPlace a Geosynthetic
ACPA✓✓✓―✓―
Alabama APA✓―――✓―
Arkansas APA✓―――✓✓
BRI✓✓―✓✓✓
Kansas APA✓―――✓✓
KMI✓✓――✓✓
MWV Co.✓✓✓✓✓✓
NYCMA✓✓――✓✓
PAragon✓✓――✓✓
South Carolina✓✓―✓✓✓
APA
Texas APA✓✓――✓―
Wisconsin CPA✓✓――✓―
No. of Responses12923128

―N/A

Table F-5. Effective methods for addressing high or perched water tables.

IndustryTypically Not a ConcernInstall CulvertsInstall Edge drainsIncrease Depth of DitchOther
ACPA――✓✓―
Alabama APA――✓✓―
Arkansas APA―✓✓✓Course aggregate drains as subbase
BRI―✓✓――
Kansas APA✓――――
KMI✓――――
MWV Co.―✓✓✓―
NYCMA―✓―✓―
PAragon―✓✓✓―
Texas APA✓――――
Wisconsin CPA――✓―Address during design
No. of Responses35762

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-6. Effective use of geosynthetics.

IndustrySubgrade SeparationSubgrade StabilizationBase ReinforcementStress Absorbing Layer & ReinforcementDrainage Systems
ACPA✓―――✓
Alabama APA✓✓――✓
Arkansas APA✓―――✓
BRI✓✓――✓
Kansas APA✓✓―――
KMI―✓✓―✓
MWV Co.―✓――✓
NYCMA✓―――✓
PAragon✓✓――✓
Texas APA―✓―――
Wisconsin CPA――✓✓―
No. of Responses77218

―N/A

Eight responding industry members indicated that the most appropriate time to install a drainage system is prior to pavement construction, placed at pavement/shoulder edge. In relation to inspecting/verifying the effectiveness of the installed drainage system, members indicted:

  • Verification is not required – two responses.
  • Conduct QC during construction – one response.
  • Flushing the drainage system with water – two responses.
  • Video survey – two responses.
  • Visual inspection or cores – one response.

Table F-7. Effective methods for monitoring subgrade compaction.

IndustryProof rollingIn-place densityNumber of passesMoisture content
ACPA✓✓―✓
Alabama APA✓✓――
Arkansas APA✓✓―✓
Kansas APA―✓―✓
MWV Co.―✓―✓
NYCMA✓✓――
PAragon✓✓――
South Carolina APA✓✓―✓
Texas APA✓✓――
Wisconsin CPA✓✓――
No. of Responses81005

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-8. Effective methods for monitoring placement of permeable aggregate base/aggregate separator layer placement.

IndustryLayer ThicknessIn-Place DensityNo. of PassesAggregate GradationPermeability/Drainability
ACPA✓✓―✓✓
Alabama APA✓――✓―
Arkansas APA✓―✓✓✓
Kansas APA―✓―✓―
MWV Co.✓✓――✓
NYCMA✓――✓✓
PAragon✓――✓✓
South Carolina APA✓――✓―
Texas APA✓✓―✓―
Wisconsin CPA1―――✓✓
No. of Responses84196

1 Falling head permeameter, ensuring placement of pavement layers.

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-9. Effective methods for monitoring placement of asphalt-treated bases.

IndustryPlacement TemperatureCompaction TemperatureLayer ThicknessIn-Place DensityNo. of PassesAggregate GradationBinder ContentPermeability/Drainability
ACPA―✓✓――✓✓✓
Alabama APA――✓――✓――
Arkansas APA✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Kansas APA――✓✓―✓――
MWV Co.――✓✓―✓✓✓
NYCMA✓✓―――✓✓✓
PAragon―✓✓――✓✓✓
South Carolina APA―✓――――✓―
Texas APA――✓✓―✓✓―
Wisconsin CPA1――✓――✓―✓
No. of Responses25841976

1 Falling head permeameter.

―N/A

Table F-10. Effective methods for monitoring placement of cement-treated permeable bases.

IndustryLayer ThicknessIn-Place DensityNo. of PassesAggregate GradationCement ContentCuring MethodPermeability/Drainability
ACPA✓――✓✓✓✓
Arkansas APA✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Kansas APA✓――✓―――
MWV Co.✓✓―✓✓✓✓
PAragon✓――✓✓―✓
Wisconsin CPA1―――✓150-200 lb/yd3✓✓
No. of Responses5216545

1 Falling head permeameter.

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-11. Effective methods for curing cement-treated permeable bases.

IndustryNonePolyethylene sheetingFine mist curingCuring compound
ACPA―――✓
Arkansas APA✓―――
MWV Co.―――✓
Wisconsin CPA―✓―✓
No. of Responses1103

―N/A

Table F-12. Effective methods for measuring asphalt mixture in-place density.

IndustryCoresNuclear density gaugeNon-nuclear density gauge
ACPA―✓―
Alabama APA✓✓✓
Arkansas APA✓✓✓
Kansas APA―✓―
MWV Co.✓✓―
NYCMA✓✓✓
PAragon✓✓―
South Carolina APA✓✓✓
Texas APA✓――
Wisconsin CPA―✓―
No. of Responses794

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-13. Asphalt pavement distresses that indicate damage due to the presence of water.

IndustryCrackingHeavingIncreased RoughnessPatchingPotholesPumpingRavelingRuttingSegregationStripping
AlligLongTran
ACPA―――✓✓―✓――✓―✓
Alabama APA✓――――✓✓✓――――
Arkansas APA✓✓―✓―✓✓✓✓✓―✓
Kansas APA✓✓――――✓✓――✓✓
MWV Co.✓✓✓―――✓✓✓✓✓✓
NYCMA✓✓✓✓――✓✓―――✓
PAragon✓――✓―✓✓✓―――✓
South Carolina✓―――――✓✓―――✓
APA
Texas APA✓―――――✓✓――――
Wisconsin CPA✓✓―✓✓――――✓――
No. of Responses952523982427

―N/A

Table F-14. Composite pavement distresses that indicate damage due to the presence of water.

IndustryCrackingIncreased RoughnessPatchingPotholesPumpingRavelingSegregationStripping
AlligLongRefl
ACPA―――✓――✓✓――
Arkansas APA―✓✓✓✓✓✓✓―✓
Kansas APA✓✓✓――✓――✓✓
MWV Co.✓✓✓――✓✓✓―✓
NYCMA―✓✓✓✓✓――――
PAragon✓―――✓✓✓――✓
Texas APA✓―――――――――
Wisconsin CPA―✓✓✓――✓―――
No. of Responses4554355314

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-15. Effective drainage system inspection techniques and preventive maintenance activities.

IndustryRepair / Replace ComponentsVideo InspectionInspect Pipe SystemFlush Edge drainsUnplug Outlets, Filters, & DrainsMow Around Outlet PipesClean DitchDeepen DitchMow & Clean DitchesRemove Debris from Culverts
ACPA✓✓✓―✓✓―✓✓―
Alabama APA✓―――✓✓✓―✓✓
Arkansas APA✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Kansas APA―――✓――――――
MWV Co.✓―✓✓✓✓✓―✓✓
NYCMA✓―✓―✓✓✓✓✓✓
PAragon✓―✓✓✓✓――✓✓
South Carolina APA―✓✓―✓✓✓――✓
Wisconsin CPA✓―✓―✓――――✓
No. of Responses7374875367

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-16. Effective preservation activities for minimizing damage in asphalt pavements.

IndustryCrack SealingSurface SealChip SealMicrosurfacingThin Asphalt Overlay
ACPA1✓―――✓
Alabama APA✓―――✓
Arkansas APAAnnual―5 to 10 yrs―✓
Kansas APA✓✓✓✓✓
MWV Co.――✓✓✓
NYCMAAnnual―As neededAs neededAs needed
PAragonAnnualEvery 2 yrs3 yrs7 yrs5 yrs
South Carolina――――✓
APA
Texas APA✓―✓―✓
Wisconsin CPA✓――――
No. of Responses82649

1 Concrete overlay.

―N/A

Table F-17. Effective preservation activities for minimizing damage in composite pavements.

IndustryCrack SealingSurface SealChip SealMicrosurfacingThin Asphalt Overlay
ACPA1✓―――✓
Arkansas APA✓―✓―✓
Kansas APA✓✓✓✓✓
MWV Co.――✓✓✓
NYCMA✓―✓✓✓
PAragonannual2 yrs3 yrs7 yrs5 yrs
South Carolina――――✓
APA
Texas APA――✓――
Wisconsin CPA✓――――
No. of Responses62647

1 Concrete overlay.

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-18. Effective rehabilitation treatments for minimizing damage in asphalt pavements.

IndustryAsphalt OverlayUnbonded Concrete OverlayAsphalt Overlay & Saw & SealMill & Asphalt OverlayMill, Asphalt Overlay, & Saw & SealCold In-Place RecyclingHot In-Place RecyclingReconstructRetrofit Edge drains
ACPA1―✓✓―✓――✓✓
Alabama APA✓――✓―――✓✓
Arkansas APA―――✓―――✓✓
Kansas APA✓――✓✓――――
MWV Co.✓――✓―✓✓✓✓
NYCMA2✓―✓✓✓――✓―
PAragon――✓✓✓✓✓―✓
South Carolina APA✓―✓✓✓―――✓
Texas APA✓――✓―――――
Wisconsin CPA✓✓―✓✓――✓―
No. of Responses724962266

1 Mill and bonded concrete overlay (e.g., 6x6x6).

2 Drainage rehabilitation.

―N/A

Table F-19. Effective rehabilitation treatments for minimizing damage in composite pavements.

IndustryAsphalt OverlayAsphalt Overlay & Saw & SealMill & Asphalt OverlayMill, Asphalt Overlay, & Saw & SealHot In-Place RecyclingReconstructRetrofit Edge drains
ACPA――✓✓―✓✓
Alabama APA✓―✓――――
Arkansas APA――✓✓―✓✓
Kansas APA✓✓✓✓―――
MWV Co.✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
NYCMA1✓✓✓✓―✓―
PAragon――✓✓✓―✓
Texas APA✓――――――
Wisconsin CPA―✓✓✓―✓―
No. of Responses5487254

1 Drainage rehabilitation.

―N/A

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Table F-20. Feature effectiveness/impact on damage to asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water.

FeatureEffectiveness1
12345
Pavement drainage design02114
Asphalt mixture air voids (in-place density)00313
Asphalt mixture type00403
Asphalt mixture binder content00142
Environmental conditions02032
Asphalt mixture additives01321
Base type01511
Pavement age13301
Asphalt mixture aggregate quality01330
Traffic level02500

1 Rated on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective). Values shown represent the number of responding agencies.

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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.
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Next Chapter: APPENDIX G: AGENCY AND INDUSTRY SURVEYS
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