Page 123

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

APPENDIX F—INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES

Table F-1. Industry members responding to the survey.

Member Name
Alabama Asphalt Pavement Association (Alabama APA)
American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA)
Arkansas Asphalt Pavement Association (Arkansas APA)
Bituminous Roadways, Inc. (BRI)
Kansas Asphalt Pavement Association (Kansas APA)
Kokosing Materials, Inc. (KMI)
MeadWestvaco Corporation (MWV Co)
New York Construction Materials Association (NYCMA)
PAragon Technical Services (PAragon)
South Carolina Asphalt Pavement Association (South Carolina APA)
Texas Asphalt Pavement Association (Texas APA)
Wisconsin Concrete Pavement Association (Wisconsin CPA)

Table F-2. Effectiveness of pavement and drainage features for mitigating damage to asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water.

Feature	Effectiveness¹
Feature	1	2	3	4	5
Aggregate permeable base	0	2	3	2	2
Curb and gutter	0	0	4	1	2
Ditches	0	2	4	1	2
Edge drains	0	3	2	1	2
Fin drains	0	3	1	1	2
Open-graded friction course	2	0	2	2	2
Permeable friction course	2	0	3	1	2
Asphalt permeable base	0	0	3	5	1
Geosynthetic separator layer	1	2	2	1	1
Underdrain	0	2	4	1	1
Daylighted base	0	2	5	1	0
Cement permeable base	0	3	2	1	0
Retrofit edge drain	0	3	3	0	1

¹ Rated on a scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective). Values shown represent the number of responding agencies.

Table F-3. Drainage feature effectiveness in removing water from asphalt and composite pavements.

Feature	Effectiveness¹
Feature	1	2	3	4	5
Edge drain	0	2	4	0	2
Underdrain	0	1	5	1	2
Fin drain	0	3	2	2	0
Aggregate trench	0	3	5	1	0

¹ Scale of 1 (ineffective) to 5 (effective). Values shown represent the number of responding agencies.

Page 124

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-4. Effective methods for reducing the impact of weak soils.

Industry	Replace with Higher Quality Material	Increase Aggregate Base Layer Thickness	Increase Concrete Layer Thickness	Increase Asphalt Layer Thickness	Stabilize Weak Soil	Place a Geosynthetic
ACPA	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	―
Alabama APA	✓	―	―	―	✓	―
Arkansas APA	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
BRI	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
Kansas APA	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
KMI	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
MWV Co.	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
NYCMA	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
PAragon	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
South Carolina	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
APA
Texas APA	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―
Wisconsin CPA	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―
No. of Responses	12	9	2	3	12	8

―N/A

Table F-5. Effective methods for addressing high or perched water tables.

Industry	Typically Not a Concern	Install Culverts	Install Edge drains	Increase Depth of Ditch	Other
ACPA	―	―	✓	✓	―
Alabama APA	―	―	✓	✓	―
Arkansas APA	―	✓	✓	✓	Course aggregate drains as subbase
BRI	―	✓	✓	―	―
Kansas APA	✓	―	―	―	―
KMI	✓	―	―	―	―
MWV Co.	―	✓	✓	✓	―
NYCMA	―	✓	―	✓	―
PAragon	―	✓	✓	✓	―
Texas APA	✓	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	―	―	✓	―	Address during design
No. of Responses	3	5	7	6	2

―N/A

Page 125

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-6. Effective use of geosynthetics.

Industry	Subgrade Separation	Subgrade Stabilization	Base Reinforcement	Stress Absorbing Layer & Reinforcement	Drainage Systems
ACPA	✓	―	―	―	✓
Alabama APA	✓	✓	―	―	✓
Arkansas APA	✓	―	―	―	✓
BRI	✓	✓	―	―	✓
Kansas APA	✓	✓	―	―	―
KMI	―	✓	✓	―	✓
MWV Co.	―	✓	―	―	✓
NYCMA	✓	―	―	―	✓
PAragon	✓	✓	―	―	✓
Texas APA	―	✓	―	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	―	―	✓	✓	―
No. of Responses	7	7	2	1	8

―N/A

Eight responding industry members indicated that the most appropriate time to install a drainage system is prior to pavement construction, placed at pavement/shoulder edge. In relation to inspecting/verifying the effectiveness of the installed drainage system, members indicted:

Verification is not required – two responses.
Conduct QC during construction – one response.
Flushing the drainage system with water – two responses.
Video survey – two responses.
Visual inspection or cores – one response.

Table F-7. Effective methods for monitoring subgrade compaction.

Industry	Proof rolling	In-place density	Number of passes	Moisture content
ACPA	✓	✓	―	✓
Alabama APA	✓	✓	―	―
Arkansas APA	✓	✓	―	✓
Kansas APA	―	✓	―	✓
MWV Co.	―	✓	―	✓
NYCMA	✓	✓	―	―
PAragon	✓	✓	―	―
South Carolina APA	✓	✓	―	✓
Texas APA	✓	✓	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	✓	✓	―	―
No. of Responses	8	10	0	5

―N/A

Page 126

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-8. Effective methods for monitoring placement of permeable aggregate base/aggregate separator layer placement.

Industry	Layer Thickness	In-Place Density	No. of Passes	Aggregate Gradation	Permeability/Drainability
ACPA	✓	✓	―	✓	✓
Alabama APA	✓	―	―	✓	―
Arkansas APA	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
Kansas APA	―	✓	―	✓	―
MWV Co.	✓	✓	―	―	✓
NYCMA	✓	―	―	✓	✓
PAragon	✓	―	―	✓	✓
South Carolina APA	✓	―	―	✓	―
Texas APA	✓	✓	―	✓	―
Wisconsin CPA¹	―	―	―	✓	✓
No. of Responses	8	4	1	9	6

¹ Falling head permeameter, ensuring placement of pavement layers.

―N/A

Page 127

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-9. Effective methods for monitoring placement of asphalt-treated bases.

Industry	Placement Temperature	Compaction Temperature	Layer Thickness	In-Place Density	No. of Passes	Aggregate Gradation	Binder Content	Permeability/Drainability
ACPA	―	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓	✓
Alabama APA	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	―	―
Arkansas APA	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Kansas APA	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―	―
MWV Co.	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
NYCMA	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓	✓
PAragon	―	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓	✓
South Carolina APA	―	✓	―	―	―	―	✓	―
Texas APA	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	―
Wisconsin CPA¹	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	―	✓
No. of Responses	2	5	8	4	1	9	7	6

¹ Falling head permeameter.

―N/A

Table F-10. Effective methods for monitoring placement of cement-treated permeable bases.

Industry	Layer Thickness	In-Place Density	No. of Passes	Aggregate Gradation	Cement Content	Curing Method	Permeability/Drainability
ACPA	✓	―	―	✓	✓	✓	✓
Arkansas APA	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Kansas APA	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―
MWV Co.	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	✓
PAragon	✓	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓
Wisconsin CPA¹	―	―	―	✓	150-200 lb/yd³	✓	✓
No. of Responses	5	2	1	6	5	4	5

¹ Falling head permeameter.

―N/A

Page 128

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-11. Effective methods for curing cement-treated permeable bases.

Industry	None	Polyethylene sheeting	Fine mist curing	Curing compound
ACPA	―	―	―	✓
Arkansas APA	✓	―	―	―
MWV Co.	―	―	―	✓
Wisconsin CPA	―	✓	―	✓
No. of Responses	1	1	0	3

―N/A

Table F-12. Effective methods for measuring asphalt mixture in-place density.

Industry	Cores	Nuclear density gauge	Non-nuclear density gauge
ACPA	―	✓	―
Alabama APA	✓	✓	✓
Arkansas APA	✓	✓	✓
Kansas APA	―	✓	―
MWV Co.	✓	✓	―
NYCMA	✓	✓	✓
PAragon	✓	✓	―
South Carolina APA	✓	✓	✓
Texas APA	✓	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	―	✓	―
No. of Responses	7	9	4

―N/A

Page 129

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-13. Asphalt pavement distresses that indicate damage due to the presence of water.

Industry	Cracking			Heaving	Increased Roughness	Patching	Potholes	Pumping	Raveling	Rutting	Segregation	Stripping
Industry	Allig	Long	Tran	Heaving	Increased Roughness	Patching	Potholes	Pumping	Raveling	Rutting	Segregation	Stripping
ACPA	―	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―	―	✓	―	✓
Alabama APA	✓	―	―	―	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
Arkansas APA	✓	✓	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓
Kansas APA	✓	✓	―	―	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
MWV Co.	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
NYCMA	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓
PAragon	✓	―	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓
South Carolina	✓	―	―	―	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓
APA
Texas APA	✓	―	―	―	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―	✓	―	―
No. of Responses	9	5	2	5	2	3	9	8	2	4	2	7

―N/A

Table F-14. Composite pavement distresses that indicate damage due to the presence of water.

Industry	Cracking			Increased Roughness	Patching	Potholes	Pumping	Raveling	Segregation	Stripping
Industry	Allig	Long	Refl	Increased Roughness	Patching	Potholes	Pumping	Raveling	Segregation	Stripping
ACPA	―	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	✓	―	―
Arkansas APA	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓
Kansas APA	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	✓	✓
MWV Co.	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓	✓	―	✓
NYCMA	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
PAragon	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓
Texas APA	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―
No. of Responses	4	5	5	4	3	5	5	3	1	4

―N/A

Page 130

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-15. Effective drainage system inspection techniques and preventive maintenance activities.

Industry	Repair / Replace Components	Video Inspection	Inspect Pipe System	Flush Edge drains	Unplug Outlets, Filters, & Drains	Mow Around Outlet Pipes	Clean Ditch	Deepen Ditch	Mow & Clean Ditches	Remove Debris from Culverts
ACPA	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	―
Alabama APA	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	✓
Arkansas APA	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Kansas APA	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―
MWV Co.	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	✓
NYCMA	✓	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
PAragon	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓	✓
South Carolina APA	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓
Wisconsin CPA	✓	―	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	―	✓
No. of Responses	7	3	7	4	8	7	5	3	6	7

―N/A

Page 131

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-16. Effective preservation activities for minimizing damage in asphalt pavements.

Industry	Crack Sealing	Surface Seal	Chip Seal	Microsurfacing	Thin Asphalt Overlay
ACPA¹	✓	―	―	―	✓
Alabama APA	✓	―	―	―	✓
Arkansas APA	Annual	―	5 to 10 yrs	―	✓
Kansas APA	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
MWV Co.	―	―	✓	✓	✓
NYCMA	Annual	―	As needed	As needed	As needed
PAragon	Annual	Every 2 yrs	3 yrs	7 yrs	5 yrs
South Carolina	―	―	―	―	✓
APA
Texas APA	✓	―	✓	―	✓
Wisconsin CPA	✓	―	―	―	―
No. of Responses	8	2	6	4	9

¹ Concrete overlay.

―N/A

Table F-17. Effective preservation activities for minimizing damage in composite pavements.

Industry	Crack Sealing	Surface Seal	Chip Seal	Microsurfacing	Thin Asphalt Overlay
ACPA¹	✓	―	―	―	✓
Arkansas APA	✓	―	✓	―	✓
Kansas APA	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
MWV Co.	―	―	✓	✓	✓
NYCMA	✓	―	✓	✓	✓
PAragon	annual	2 yrs	3 yrs	7 yrs	5 yrs
South Carolina	―	―	―	―	✓
APA
Texas APA	―	―	✓	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	✓	―	―	―	―
No. of Responses	6	2	6	4	7

¹ Concrete overlay.

―N/A

Page 132

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-18. Effective rehabilitation treatments for minimizing damage in asphalt pavements.

Industry	Asphalt Overlay	Unbonded Concrete Overlay	Asphalt Overlay & Saw & Seal	Mill & Asphalt Overlay	Mill, Asphalt Overlay, & Saw & Seal	Cold In-Place Recycling	Hot In-Place Recycling	Reconstruct	Retrofit Edge drains
ACPA¹	―	✓	✓	―	✓	―	―	✓	✓
Alabama APA	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
Arkansas APA	―	―	―	✓	―	―	―	✓	✓
Kansas APA	✓	―	―	✓	✓	―	―	―	―
MWV Co.	✓	―	―	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	✓
NYCMA²	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―
PAragon	―	―	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓
South Carolina APA	✓	―	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―	✓
Texas APA	✓	―	―	✓	―	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	✓	✓	―	✓	✓	―	―	✓	―
No. of Responses	7	2	4	9	6	2	2	6	6

¹ Mill and bonded concrete overlay (e.g., 6x6x6).

² Drainage rehabilitation.

―N/A

Table F-19. Effective rehabilitation treatments for minimizing damage in composite pavements.

Industry	Asphalt Overlay	Asphalt Overlay & Saw & Seal	Mill & Asphalt Overlay	Mill, Asphalt Overlay, & Saw & Seal	Hot In-Place Recycling	Reconstruct	Retrofit Edge drains
ACPA	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓
Alabama APA	✓	―	✓	―	―	―	―
Arkansas APA	―	―	✓	✓	―	✓	✓
Kansas APA	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	―	―
MWV Co.	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
NYCMA¹	✓	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	―
PAragon	―	―	✓	✓	✓	―	✓
Texas APA	✓	―	―	―	―	―	―
Wisconsin CPA	―	✓	✓	✓	―	✓	―
No. of Responses	5	4	8	7	2	5	4

¹ Drainage rehabilitation.

―N/A

Page 133

Suggested Citation: "APPENDIX F: INDUSTRY SURVEY RESPONSES." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Limiting Damage to Flexible and Composite Pavements due to the Presence of Water: Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29201.

Table F-20. Feature effectiveness/impact on damage to asphalt and composite pavements due to the presence of water.

Feature	Effectiveness¹
Feature	1	2	3	4	5
Pavement drainage design	0	2	1	1	4
Asphalt mixture air voids (in-place density)	0	0	3	1	3
Asphalt mixture type	0	0	4	0	3
Asphalt mixture binder content	0	0	1	4	2
Environmental conditions	0	2	0	3	2
Asphalt mixture additives	0	1	3	2	1
Base type	0	1	5	1	1
Pavement age	1	3	3	0	1
Asphalt mixture aggregate quality	0	1	3	3	0
Traffic level	0	2	5	0	0