Active Tectonics: Impact on Society (1986)
Chapter: Index
Index
A
Active faulting/Faults
detection methods, 50–51
geodetic indicators of, 53
geologic indicators of, 52
geomorphic indicators of, 52–53
in interplate regions, 49
in San Francisco Bay area, 157
in Transverse Ranges, 24
landform indicators of, 52
parameters for estimating earthquake magnitudes, 55
patterns of, 12
related to folding, 63–77
secondary ruptures along, 47–48
seismological indicators of, 53–54
societal implications of, 75–77
stratigraphic relations along, 10
surface rupture by, 47–48
sympathetic offsets on, 48
trenching across, 152
Active tectonics
alluvial river response to, 80–92
evaluation techniques, 3, 9–12, 42, 137–139
future concerns, 9
geodetic measurement of, 4, 10, 155–163
geomorphic evidence of, 81–85, 136–146
impact on effective use of rivers and canals, 85–92
impacts on society, 12–17
indicators of, 52–53, 81, 84–85, 137–140, 142
investigation via surficial earth processes, 136–146
process response models in, 141–146
rates of, 141–146
research priorities and actions, 17–19, 120, 148–152
seismological and paleoseismological research techniques in, 148–152
time period of analysis, 4, 9–10, 21
volcanism in context of, 232–233
see also Coastal tectonics;
Tectonic listings
Afterslip, 32, 165, 166, 171, 173–175
Alaska
crust deformation in, 45
seismic gaps near, 57
strandlines in, 115
uplift in, 37, 97, 115, 118–119
Alaska-Aleutian seismic zone, earthquakes along, 58
Alluvial rivers
drainage pattern disruptions, 81
response to active tectonics, 80–92
see also Channels
Amino acid racemization, 197, 199, 201, 206
Appalachian Mountains, uplift of, 37, 39
Arching, of Gulf Coastal Plain, 38
Ash, volcanic dating, 133, 134, 210
Asthenospheric bumps, 40
Australia, northeastern, character of coastline, 97
Avalanches, 235
B
Baja California, tectonic activity of, 21–22
Barbados, strandlines of, 100, 107
Basalt flows
dating by, 133–134
see also Lava flows
Basin and Range province, 127–129, 135, 190, 192, 211
Bay of Bothnia, character of, 98
Benioff-Wadati zone, 57–58
Big Colewa Creek
channel profile of, 89
effect of Monroe Uplift on, 89–90
Boeuf River, channel profile of, 89
Bogue Homo Creek, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 90–91
Boreholes, 51
Boso Peninsula, Japan, 200, 202
British Columbia Coast Mountains, uplift activity in, 26
C
Calderas, 36, 104–105, 234–235
California
active strike-slip faulting in, 141
active-tectonic realms of, 20–26
borderland, tectonic activity of, 23
Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 25
coastline displacement, 107
Gulf of, tectonic activity of, 21–22
seismic monitoring network in, 159
strandlines, 96, 101, 108, 113–114
vertical displacements in, 7
see also Baja California
Canals, impact of active tectonics on, 85, 92
Carbon-14, 56–57, 152, 197–202, 203, 213
Channels
classification of, 82
effect of uplift on, 90
modifications of, 81
pattern changes, 82–85
profile of, 134
source of morphologic changes in, 91
Chronology
Pleistocene to Holocene, 146
see also Varve chronology
Climate, effects of on geomorphic processes, 8–9, 37, 52, 84
Coastlines
active-tectonic, 98
morphology and tectonic setting, 96–98
see also Strandlines
Columbia River Basalt, radioactive waste disposal in, 248
Consequence assessment, 256–258
Cratons
earthquakes in, 31
North American, 26
vertical motions of, 30–32
Creep, 48, 140, 151, 152, 165–166, 169, 171, 173–174, 185–187
Crust
dynamics, studies of, 11
horizontal displacement of, 167–169
loadings, 36–37
lower, magma intrusion into, 40
movements in coastal areas, 104
vertical displacements of, 7, 103–107, 112, 169–171
see also Hot spots
Crust deformation
documentation of, 26–27
importance of studies on, 20–21
types, 5–6
Crustal blocks, see Plates
D
Dams, Auburn thin arch, 12–13, 14, 47, 215–216
Dating
annual, 197
by basalt flows and volcanic ash deposits, 133, 134, 210
by deformation rate, 199
by deposition rate, 199
by fossils and artifacts, 200, 210
by geomorphic position and incision rate, 199
by historical records, 197, 198
by progressive landform modification, 199, 208
by rock and mineral weathering, 199, 206–207
by soil development, 197, 199, 207–208
by tektites, 200
carbon-14, 56–57, 152, 197–202, 203, 213
coastal area deformation, 203, 206
control of, 209
correlation methods, 209–210
desert environments, 207
episodes of faulting, 200
fault scarps, 189–193
glaciations, 207
landforms, 126
methods, 195–213
morphologic, of fault scarps, 181–193
paleoseismological techniques, 151
Pleistocene strandlines, 100–102
potassium-argon, 197, 198, 204
prehistoric faults, 156, 197, 200
problems, 200–202, 203, 212–213
radiometric, 75, 102, 103, 118, 197–205
research priorities on, 17
sedimentary materials, 205
spanning different time intervals, 210–212
stable isotope, 200
uranium series, 197, 198, 202–204
Death Valley, alluvial fans in, 139
Deformation
ground, measurement of, 239
interseismic, 34
postseismic, 32
societal impact, 158–160
tectonic, 48
see also Crust deformation;
Earthquakes;
Faulting/Faults
Deformation rates
dating by, 199
irregularities in, 158–160
monitoring, 155–156
present-day, 156–158
Dendrochronology, 142, 197, 198, 202
Desert environments, dating, 207
Disaster preparedness, advances in, 16–17
Displacements
glacio-isostatic, 104–106
ground, during Fort Tejon earthquake, 25
horizontal, 167–169
per event, 217
tectonic, 106–107
vertical, 7, 48, 103–107, 112–115, 151, 169–171
see also Fault displacements
Distributed shear, 41
E
Earthquakes
Alaskan (1964), 7, 48, 49, 64, 111–112, 118–119, 171
along San Andreas Fault, 140–141
belts, 30–31
Borah Peak, Idaho (1983), 7, 13, 15, 33, 204, 222–224
Borrego Mountain (1968), 48, 144
caused by quarrying, 67
Charleston, South Carolina (1886), 31, 34, 35, 50, 57, 97, 150
Coalinga (1983), 25, 48, 72–73, 76, 160, 166
countermeasures, 15–17
deformation cycle, 156
deformations resulting from, 32–35, 149, 155–158
differences in, 149
Dixie Valley, Nevada (1954), 32, 33, 49, 51, 57, 191
El Asnam, Algeria (1980), 48, 67, 69, 72, 152, 218–219
elapsed time of, 217
Fort Tejon (1857), 25
Ganges flood plain, 64
generation process diagram, 196
ground displacement during, 25
Guatemalan (1976), 48–49
hazards, 14, 24, 45–60, 226–228
Hebgen Lake, Montana (1959), 33
Himalayan, 64
historical records of, 10, 45–46
Homestead Valley (1979), 166
identification of, 150
Imperial Valley (1979), 171
in cratons, 31
in Upper Indus Basin, 92
Inangahua, New Zealand (1968), 67, 171
Kanto (1703, 1923), 116–117
Lompoc (1981), 75–76
magnitude, 33, 35, 49, 54, 55, 216
maximum credible and maximum probable, 215–216
mechanics of minor movements, 165
Murchison (1929), 171
Nankaido (1707), 117
Napier (1931), 171
New Madrid (1811–1812), 14, 16, 31, 35, 50, 59, 85, 87, 150
Niigata, Japan (1964), 49
Oroville, California (1975), 33
Parkfield (1966), 25
Pleasant Valley (1915), 191
recurrence, 9, 15, 56–57, 73, 85, 95, 114, 115–120, 136–137, 142, 144–145, 161, 200, 217, 224–226
San Fernando (1971), 24, 48, 138, 167, 171
San Francisco (1906), 12, 156, 157
secondary effects of, 48–49
size of intraplate, 50
size relation to fault rupture parameters, 45–46, 54–55
subduction zone, 58
Tabas-e-Golshan, Iran (1978), 48
Valentine, Texas (1931), 33, 34
West Yellowstone (1959), 184, 188, 191
Yellowstone Park, Wyoming (1975), 33
see also Microearthquakes;
Paleoseismology;
Predictions
Elastic rebound theory, 156
Electron spin resonance, 197, 198, 204–205
Embayments, geometry of, 130–131
En echelon anticlines, 72
Engineering projects, cancellations, 12–14, 47, 215–216
Erosion
cycle of, 126
of fault scarps, 152
stream valley, 128
Escarpments
drainage divide, 130
profiles of, 131
see also Fault scarps;
Scarps
F
Fault displacements
frequency of occurrence, 5
lateral, 7
measurement, 10
relationship between earthquake magnitude and, 55
vertical component of, 113–114
Fault scarps
erosion of, 152
flexural-slip, 68
generation of, 129–131
gravitational effects on, 9
hypothetical uplift history of, 126
identification of, 150
in alluvium, 127
Late Quaternary, 48
mapping, 55
morphologic dating and modeling degradation of, 181–193
Reelfoot Lake, 46
simple, 189–193
Faulting/Faults and Fault systems and zones
activity rates of, 54
classification of, 67
discontinuities in, 55–56
earthquake epicentral and hypocentral distributions of, 53
evaluation difficulties, 46
geometry of, 217
hazards related to, 47–49
identification of, 150
lateral movement of, 115
low-shake, 76
Meers, 15, 45, 46, 50, 55, 58–59
mountain fronts generated by, 127–129
North Anatolian, 56, 63, 151, 169, 173
Oued Fodda, 217–218
patterns of offset vs. time, 212
recorded in strandlines, 112–115
recurrence, 49, 52, 56–57, 211
rupture parameters, 45–46, 54–55
San Andreas, 6, 7, 12, 13, 21, 23, 25, 27, 30, 39, 48, 51, 136, 138, 140, 144, 149, 150, 151, 157, 158, 165, 168–170, 173, 175, 200, 220–222
San Jacinto, 144, 170, 174, 211
slip, 165–167
Stillwater, 57
Superstition Hills, 48
thrust, 6, 8, 63, 69, 72, 106, 173
vertical movement of, 112–115
Wasatch, 34, 51, 136, 151, 183, 185, 188, 211, 218, 221
see also Active faulting/Faults;
Flexural-slip faults;
Strike-slip faults
Fennoscandia, postglacial rebound of, 36, 105
Flexural-slip faults
characteristics, 64–65
examples of coseismic, 67–68
Grey-Inangahua Basin, New Zealand, 65, 72, 76
related to folding, 48
seismicity of, 75–76
slip rates of, 146
Ventura Basin, California, 65–66
Fold-and-thrust belts
active tectonics of on-land, 73–75, 76
mechanics of, 64
Folding/Folds
active faults related to, 63–77
expressed by strandlines, 109–112
flexural-slip fault relationship to, 48
importance in tectonic studies, 11
near-surface, 69–70
related to faulting, 69–73
societal implications of, 75–77
Fossils, value in dating, 210
G
Geodesy
near-field tectonic, 164–177
recommended research priorities on, 17
satellite, 53
Geodetic monitoring
Geologic history, tectonic activity forecasts from, 4, 9
Geology
data base, 216–217
real-time, recommended research priorities on, 18
volcanic, of Nevada Test site, 251–253
Geomorphic indices
mountain-front sinuosity, 138–139
stream gradient, 137–138
valley width-to-height ratio, 139
Geomorphic processes
surficial, 136–146
Geomorphology
focus of, 11
investigatory techniques of, 136–146
recommended research priorities on, 17
soil, 146
studies in, 27
tectonic, of escarpments and mountain fronts, 125–135, 139–141
Glaciations, dating of, 206–207
Global Positioning System, 53, 162–163
Grand Wash Cliffs, 130, 132, 133
Gravitational field, changes preceding volcanic eruption, 240
Gravity
effects of on geomorphic process rates, 9
methods for studying fault zones, 51
Grey-Inangahua Basin, flexural-slip faults of, 65, 72, 76
Ground motion, strong, characteristics and intensity, 47
Gulf Coastal Plain, arching of, 38
H
Hawaii
dry-tilt measurement in, 172
Hazardous waste, tectonic stability of disposal sites, 92, 247–259
Hazards
earthquake, 14, 24, 45–60, 226–228
evaluation, 3, 4, 14, 24, 41, 45–60, 151, 215–228, 247–259
related to faults, 47–49
seismic, trends in geologic analysis, 215–228
Henry Mountains, 183–184
Hillslopes
character of, 126
degradation patterns of, 181–183
loosening-limited, 183–185, 188–189, 191
profile of, 187
weathering-limited, 184
see also Slopes
Himalaya
greatest earthquakes of, 64
map of southern margin of, 74
thrust front, profile of, 74
Historical records
geodetic monitoring through, 10
Holocene
deposits, as indicators of fault activity, 52
deposits, in faults, 144
motions, 39
strandlines, 96–99, 102–108, 110–113, 115–120
see also Chronology;
Paleoseismology
Hudson Bay, character of, 98
Hydration
I
India
active foreland thrust belt of, 73
alluvial plain of, 73
as a rigid indentor, 41
underthrusting beneath Himalaya, 75
Indus Valley, impact of active tectonics on river use, 85
Instruments, geodetic monitoring, 10
Interferometry, very-long-baseline, 10, 163
Interplate regions, characteristics of, 49
Intraplate deformations
mechanisms for, 40
social impact of, 41
Intraplate movements, 9, 30–42, 45–46, 49–50, 55, 59
Intraplate regions
seismic hazard evaluation of, 49–50
Iran
impact of active tectonics on canal use, 85
strandlines in, 115
uplift rate in, 10
Iwo Jima, volcanic uplift of, 104–105
J
Japan
active folding in, 66–67
coseismic uplift in, 115–118
investigation of faulted terraces in, 145
strandlines, 97, 101, 108–110, 113, 115
stratigraphic record of, 10
vertical displacement rates in, 7
L
Lahars, 235
Land use planning, 137
Landforms
as indicators of fault activity, 52
dating, 126
evaluation of faulted, 144
study of active tectonics through, 4, 11
types, 125–126
Laser ranging
strain measurement by, 10
two-color, 10
Lava flows, 234
Leveling, geodetic, 42, 53, 159–161, 166, 169–171, 175
Lithospheric plates, see Plates
Loess deposits, thermoluminescence dating of, 205
Los Gatos Creek, deformation of stream bed of, 72–73, 160–161
Lost River Range, faults along, 13–14
Low-Sun angle photography, 50, 53, 56
M
Magma
associated with monogenetic volcanic centers, 249
feeder systems, 249
inflation, intraplate, 35–36
intrusion into lower crust, 40
movements, subsurface, 35
separation, 40
volume vs. time plots, 253, 255
Magnetic field, changes preceding volcanic eruption, 240–241
Magnitude
maximum moment, of subduction zone rupture, 58
scales, 54
surface wave, 52
see also Earthquake magnitudes
Mammoth Lakes, intracrustal magmatism in, 36
Mantle, densification, 40
Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron, 210
Mendocino triple junction
Microearthquakes, 149
Microplates
boundaries, 49
collision with major plates, 6
domains, fault characteristics of, 49
Microseismicity, determining distributions of, 11–12
Microtopography, 140
Middle America, population dwelling near volcanoes in, 237
Mississippi River
effects of uplifts on, 91
history of, 87
longitudinal profiles of, 86
profile through Monroe Uplift, 88
Mississippi Valley
earthquake potential, 14
impact of active tectonics on river use, 85–91
Modeling/Models
characteristic earthquake, 222–224
crustal structure and behavior, 24
earthquake hazard, 226–228
earthquake recurrence, 56, 224–226
Hillslope degradation, 185–193
of fault scarps, 181–193
of fault segments, 55
of fold-and-thrust belt mechanics, 64, 76–77
Poisson-Exponential, 227
process response, 141–146
renewal, 228
schematic, of fault structure, 57
seismic deformation cycle, 156
seismogenic, 47
snowplow, 64
time-predictable, 227
Mojave Desert
nontectonic fault slip in, 169
pediment surface in, 133
Molasse sediments, 74
Monitoring
crustal tilt, 171–173
deformation rates, 155–156
dry-tilt method, 172–173
Long Valley, 36
recurrence of slip-stick faulting, 76
San Andreas Fault system, 25
seismic, of volcanoes, 239
stratigraphic, 10–11
volcanoes, 238–241
see also Instruments
Monroe Uplift
active tectonics of, 87–90
uplift rates of, 7
Montague Island, vertical displacement of, 7, 48
Montalvo Mounds, 72
Morphology, stream-valley, 128–129
Mountain blocks, 127–128
Mountain fronts
fault-generated, 127–129
hypothetical uplift history of, 126
tectonic geomorphology of, 125–135
Mountains, see specific mountains
Murray River, 81
N
Nankai Trough, seismic activity of, 161–162
Nevada Test Site
radioactive waste disposal in, 248
volcanic geology of, 251–253
New Guinea
coastline tilt of, 109
strandlines, 96, 99–100, 107–109
New Mexico, uplift in, 35
New York, seismicity in, 34–35, 39
New Zealand
block diagram of Giles Creek faulting, 66
coseismic uplift in, 119–120
investigation of faulted terraces in, 145
strandlines, 97, 101, 111–113, 120
see also Grey-Inangahua Basin
North America
seismicity of eastern coast, 97
southeastern, character of coastline, 97, 101
western, historical earthquake records of, 10
see also United States
Nuclear fuel, spent, disposal of, 248
Nuclear reactors
Bodega Bay, 12–13
GE Vallecitos test, 210
seismic hazards to, 215
O
Oakwood Salt Dome, 92
Obduction, description, 6
Oil exploration, in active fold-and-thrust belts, 76
Oklahoma, fault displacements in, 15
Oregon
active-tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26
Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26
coastline displacement, 107
plate activity beneath, 6
Orogeny
deformational processes of, 5–6
examples, 6
P
Pakistan
active foreland thrust belt of, 73
Paleoseismicity
Holocene, 144
Paleoseismology
Central Nevada Seismic Belt, 57
earthquake magnitude approximation in, 55
earthquake risk assessment through, 125
of San Andreas Fault zone, 56
progress in, 149
recommended research priorities on, 17–18
research techniques in, 148–152
Palos Verdes Peninsula, marine strandlines of, 95
Pearl River, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 91
Peninsular Ranges, tectonic activity of, 23
Plate tectonics theory, 30, 49, 233
Plates
activity along margins of, 5–6
Asiatic, 6
Australia-India, 119
boundary forces of, 39
convergence, 21, 57–58, 63, 73, 232–233
Juan de Fuca-Gorda, 5–6, 20, 21, 26, 57–58, 158
location of volcanoes relative to, 232–233
North American, 5–7, 20–21, 25, 26, 39, 50, 57, 75, 158, 211
Pacific, 5–7, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30–31, 75, 119, 211
Philippine Sea, 161
rotation, 23
sliding past each other, 30
see also Interplate and Intraplate listings;
Microplates
Pleistocene
strandlines, 96, 98–102, 104, 106–109, 111, 113, 115
see also Chronology;
Dating;
Paleoseismology
Postglacial rebound, 30, 32, 36–37, 39, 41, 105
Predictions
implications of preseismic deformations for, 34
seismic event, 4, 7–8, 16–17, 34, 41, 49, 57, 118, 136, 142, 144, 169, 249–251
Probabilistic risk assessment, 253–256
Probability studies, recommended research priorities on, 18
Pyroclastic falls and flows, 234
Pyroclastic surge, 235
R
Radar imagery, 50
Radioactive waste disposal, volcanic hazard assessment for, 247–259
Radioactive waste repository, effect of volcanic eruption on, 249–251
Range fronts, characterization, 8
Ranges, see specific ranges
Reactivation concept, 39
Red Mountain, strandline across, 113
Research needs
coastal tectonics, 120–121
in coastal tectonics, 120–121
in tectonic geomorphology, 135
morphologic dating of fault scarps, 193
on dating, 17
on probability studies, 18
seismological and paleoseismological, 17–18, 151–152
Rivers
major, in areas of structural instability, 80
see also Aluvial rivers;
specific rivers
Rockfalls, 48
S
Salton Trough, 21–22, 166, 169
San Francisco Bay area, active faults of, 157
San Gabriel Mountains, application of stream-gradient index to, 137–138
Sand blows, liquefaction-related, 57, 150
Santa Clara syncline, diagrammatic cross-section, 66
Satellite, geodesy, 53
Scarps
tectonic geomorphology of, 125–135
with simple initial morphology, profile of, 183
see also Escarpments;
Fault scarps
Sea level
Sedimentary deposits, use to appraise earthquake hazards, 24
Seiches, 48–49
Seismic gaps, description, 57
Seismic reflection techniques, 51
Seismicity
global map of, 31
of eastern United States, 50
of intraplate regions, 49–50
patterns of, 53–54
resulting from magma inflation, 35
see also Paleoseismicity
Seismology
improved techniques of, 149
research techniques in, 148–152
Shivwitz Plateau, 132
Sierra Nevada foothills, earthquake and fault displacement potential of, 13
Sinuosity
mountain front, 8, 128, 137–139
river channel, 82–84, 87, 88–92
Slip
aseismic, 165
coseismic, 114
dynamically triggered, 166–167, 169, 174, 176
preseismic, 174
rates, 51–52, 56, 146, 149, 158, 216, 225–226
Slopes
characterization of, 126–127
elements of, 143
equilibrium in, 126–127
evolution of, 127
patterns of change of, 127
retreat, 130
scarp, 142
transport-limited, 127
weathering-limited, 127
see also Hillslopes
Soils
disturbances be faulting and earthquakes, 152
geomorphology, 146
Profile Development Index, 207
Source directivity, 47
Strain
gauges, 27
meters, 10
rates, 34
tectonic, 10
Strandlines
displacement and deformation of, 103–120
fault movement recorded in, 112–115
Holocene, 96–99, 102–108, 110–113, 115–120
marine, 95–120
Pleistocene, 96, 98–102, 104, 106–109, 111, 113, 115
Stratigraphy, monitoring tectonic activity through, 10–11, 200, 209–210, 213
Stream valleys, morphology, 128–129
Strike-slip faults
disruptions by, 6
landform assemblage characteristic of, 140–141
relationship between earthquake magnitude and displacement for, 55
simple shear associated with, 142
vertical displacements of, 151
Subduction
along offshore Peru-Chile trench, 98
character of in northwestern United States, 45, 57–58
description, 6
oblique, 26
of Juan de Fuca plate, 26, 57–58
of Pacific Ocean plates, 30
volcanic association with, 35, 36
zones, earthquake magnitude in, 49
Subsidence, 48
Subsurface radar profiling, 50
Surveys
aeromagnetic methods, 51
alignment, 53
space-based, 163
surface magnetic method, 51
T
Taiwan, fold-and-thrust belt of, 64
Tallahala Creek, channel profile of, 90–91
Tectonic activity, see Active tectonics
Tectonic processes
rates, 5–9
types, 5–6
see also Epeirogeny;
Folding/Folds;
Orogeny
Tectonic realms
analysis of, 11
definition, 21
western conterminous United States, 21–26
Tectonics, intraplate, see Intraplate listings
Tephrochronology, 73, 75, 200, 210
Thermoluminescence, 197, 198, 204–205
Thrusting
dip-slip, 69
oblique-slip, 69
Tide-gauge records, 95–97, 102, 104–105
Tigrus and Euphrates Valley, impact of active tectonics on canal use, 85
Tilt
along a straight coastline, 109
leveling to detect, 171–173
of bedrock and river terraces over Ventura Avenue Anticline, 146
of marine strandlines, 107–109
rate calculation, 108
Tomography, 149
Toppenish Ridge, Washington, bending moment faults at, 69, 72
Transverse Ranges
tectonic activity of, 23, 63–64, 65–66, 75
Tremor, volcanic or harmonic, 239
Trenching/Trenches
across active faults, 152, 222–224
log of, 222–223
Trilateration, 10, 53, 156, 158–159, 166, 168–169
Tsunamis, 48–49
U
United States
central and eastern, earthquake characteristics in, 46
eastern, seismicity in, 50
eastern, vertical motion of, 39
intraplate stress patterns for, 39
investigation of faulted terraces in, 145
northwestern, subduction character of, 57–58
western, active fault evaluation in, 46
western, vertical displacement rates in, 7
see also North America
Uplift
following glacial unloading, 37
hypothetical history of, 126
of Appalachian Mountains, 37
of bedrock and river terraces over
Ventura Avenue Anticline, 146
rates, 7, 10–11, 23, 35, 36, 40, 100, 104, 106, 115–120, 125–126
strandline production by, 115–120
theoretical patterns of, 116
V
Valleys
warping of alluvial terraces in, 81
width-to-height ratio, 139
see also Stream valleys
Ventura Avenue anticline, 7, 23, 75–76, 146
Vermillion Cliffs, 131
Viscoelastic relaxation, 32
Volcanoes
active, 26
Cascade Range, 26
characteristics of, 233–235
deformations associated with, 26
eruptions of, 7–8, 233–235, 238, 241–245
Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain, 31
hazards to radioactive waste disposal, 247–259
historical record of, 10
impact of people, 236–238
location relative to plates, 232–233
monitoring, 238–241
Mount St. Helens, 7–8, 235, 239, 244
public response to, 241–245
sociological impacts of, 231–245
tectonic setting of, 231–245
vertical displacements by, 104–105
world distribution of, 232
W
Washington (state)
active tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26
Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26
coastline displacement, 107
plate activity beneath, 6
volcanic activity in, 8
Wiggins Uplift, active tectonics of, 90–91
Wrench faulting, 26
Y
Yellowstone National Park, intracrustal magmatism in, 36
Z
Zagros Mountains, 64
