Physics in a New Era: An Overview (2001)
Chapter: Index
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12. Recommendations II: Strengthening Physics Research - Partnerships, Federal Science Agencies, and Physics Information
Biomechanics, 46, 48
Biomedical sciences, 107-115 diagnosis, 108-113 therapy, 107-108 understanding the body, 113-115
Biomedical technologies, 123
Biophysics, 10
Biotechnology, 13
Black holes, 13, 67-68 dynamics of, 64 evaporation of, 84 horizon of, 67
Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), 20 gaseous, 25-27
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 45
Department of Energy, 122-127 global nuclear dangers, 123-124 Office of Defense Programs, 123 preserving laboratory quality, 125-127 security and basic research, 125
Deuterium, primeval abundance of, 62
Diagnosis, impact of physics on, 108-113
Dielectric constants, new materials with high, 137
Differential interference contrast, 112
Discovery foundations of, 151-153 scientific priorities and opportunities, 153-156
Dispersion-shifted fiber, 141
DNA, 12 computers based on, 14
DOD. See Department of Defense
Down quark, 70
DRAMs (dynamic random access memory), 136
Ductile flows, 52
DWDM. See Dense WDM
Fractional quantum Hall effect, 31
Fractures, 39-40
Fullerenes, 12
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 111-112
Fundamental forces, 64
Fundamental interactions, 64
Fundamental laws and symmetries, 70-88 hidden symmetries and the standard model, 71-78 the length scales of nature, 86-88 new physics for a new era, 79-86
Fundamental particles, 55
Fusion inertial confinement, 65 nuclear, 152
Fusion reactors, 12
Future priorities and recommendations, 151-172 investment, education, and national security, 157-167 new era of discovery, 151-156 partnerships, federal science agencies, and physics information, 168-172
Manifest symmetry, 71
Manipulating atoms and electrons, 22-28 achieving and using the quantum regime, 24-25 atom cooling and trapping, 22-24 gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates, 25-27 laser control of electronic states, 27-28
Many-body challenges, 3 quantum, 154
Mass-energy of the universe, 4, 13
Mass spectroscopy, 159
Massive neutrinos, 81
Materials. See Giant magnetoresistance materials; Granular materials; New materials
Materials characterization, 74
Materials synthesis, 4
Matter. See also Condensed matter; Dark matter and antimatter, 78 nonequilibrium behavior of, 38-41
Matter-antimatter symmetry, 68
MBE. See Molecular-beam epitaxy
Measurement instruments, quantum-limited, 27
MEMS. See Microelectromechanical systems
MEMS for optical switching and high-density storage, 143
Mesons, 14
Metabolic energy, 49
Metal oxide semiconductor FETs, 135-136
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 143
Microelectronics, 9
Microprocessors, 136
Microscopy. See also Videomicroscopy atomic force, 143 electron, 19 infrared, 112 laser scanning, 112-113 scanning atomic probe, 19 scanning tunneling, 20-21 two-photon, 113
Mirror reflection of space, 76
Missile defense, 127
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), 31
Molecular electronics, 33 nanoscale structures and, 33
Molecular geometry, 4
Molecular motors, 14, 115
Molecular physicists, 12
Molecular physics, 129
Moore's law, 136
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
MSW effect, 82
New physics, 79-86 grand unification, 80 gravity, 83-86 neutrinos, 80-83 new symmetries, 79 the Planck scale, 83 string theory, 83, 86
New tools, for observation in the quantum regime, 20-22
New windows on the universe, 56-61 electromagnetic waves, 58 gravitational waves, 58-59, 61 neutrinos, 58-59, 61
NIF. See National Ignition Facility
Night vision, 127
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
Nonequilibrium behavior of matter, 38-41 colloids, 40-41 failure modes, 39-40 foams and emulsions, 40 fracture and crack propagation, 39-40 glasses, 39 granular materials, 39 nonequilibrium solids, 39
Nonequilibrium processes, 4
Nonlinear phenomena, 3
Nuclear astrophysics, 64-67
Nuclear fission and fusion, 152
Nuclear forces, 64 strong, 3, 156
Nuclear magnetic resonance, 12, 46
Nuclear physics, 11, 123, 127
Nuclear power, 9, 120
Nuclear stockpiles, aging, 122
Nuclear systems, many-body challenges in, 3
Nuclei, heavy, 14
Nucleosynthesis, 65
Physics in biology, 3-4, 38, 45-51 biomechanics, 46, 48 ion channels, 48-50 photobiology, 48 structural biology, 46 theoretical biology and bioinformatics, 50-51
Physics information, 8, 171-172
Physics research, 168-172 federal science agencies, 7, 170-171 partnerships, 7, 168-170 physics information, 8, 171-172
Physics Teaching Resource Agents (PTRA), 96
Pinatubo, Mount, and eruption prediction, 53
Pions, 76
Planck length-scale, 83
Plasma physics, 129
Plasmas nonlinear phenomena in, 3 turbulence in, 3, 41-43
Population dynamics, 53
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans, 74, 111
Potassium ions, 49
Program management, in federal science agencies, 170
Protection, environmental, 123
Protein folding, 4, 14, 46-47
Proteins, 113 crystallography using, 74
Protons, 14 decay of, 79 radiography using, 124
PTRA. See Physics Teaching Resource Agents
Pulsars, 13, 61
QCD. See Quantum chromodynamics
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 76 strong interaction of, 80
Quantum computation, 3, 10, 12, 27
Quantum-controlled chemistry, 3
Quantum cryptography, 3, 34-35
Quantum dots, 147
Quantum entanglement, 27
Quantum gravity, 64, 68
Quantum information, and the engineering of entangled states, 33-36
Quantum-limited measurement instruments, 27
Quantum manipulation, 3, 19-36 artificial nanoscale structures, 31-33 manipulating atoms and electrons, 22-28 new materials from, 4, 28-31 new tools for observation in the quantum regime, 20-22
Quantum many-body challenges, 154
Quantum mechanics, 11, 27, 152 Quantum physics, 129
Quantum regime, achieving and using, 24-25
Quantum soup, 55
Quantum systems, entangled, 34
Quantum technologies, 3 developing, 154
Quark dynamics, 9
Quarks, 11, 70, 86 families of, 79
Quasars, 13, 61 hugely luminous, 67
Qubit (quantum bit of information), 34
RHIC. See Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Rossi x-ray Timing Explorer, 58
Theoretical biology, 50-51
Therapy, impact of physics on, 107-108
Thermal stability, 146
Thin-film coatings, 120
Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 94-95
Tomography, computerized, 110
Tools, 73 new windows on the universe, 56-61 for observation in the quantum regime, 20-22
Top quark, 5, 70
Transistors, 152
Tunneling scanning, 20-21 spin-polarized, 146
Turbulence, 3, 38 in fluids, plasmas, and gases, 41-43 suppressing to improve fusion, 42 Turbulent fluid flows, 127
Tweezers, optical, 10, 14, 114
Two-photon microscopy, 113
X-ray crystallography, 46, 159
X-ray sources, 19, 61
X rays, 14, 109, 152
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 173
Index
A
Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI),
124
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), 119
Accelerator science, 152 societal benefits from, 74
“Active engagement,” in physics education, 98-100
Active Learning Physics System, 100
Advanced materials, 123. See also New materials
Advanced undergraduate physics programs, 101
AFM. See Atomic force microscopy
Agricultural revolution, 131
ALICE experiment, 76
All-weather vision, 127
American Association of Physics Teachers, 96
American Institute of Physics, 96
American Physical Society, 96
Amplifiers, 138-139 optical, 141
AMS. See Accelerator mass spectrometry
Anisotropy, 63
Antimatter, 68 and matter, 78
Areal density limit, 143
Artificial atoms, 147
Artificial nanoscale structures, 31-33 fabrication, 31-32 nanoscale and molecular electronics, 33 self-assembly, 32
ASCI. See Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
Astrophysics, 13, 45 neutrino, 81 nuclear, 64-67 radiation transport advances in, 3
Atmospheric research, 121 Atom cooling and trapping, 22-24
Atomic clocks, 25-26
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 143
Atomic physicists, 12
Atomic physics, 19, 129
Atomic systems, many-body challenges in, 3
Atoms, 11 manipulating, 22-28
Axions, 61, 78
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), 119
Accelerator science, 152 societal benefits from, 74
“Active engagement,” in physics education, 98-100
Active Learning Physics System, 100
Advanced materials, 123. See also New materials
Advanced undergraduate physics programs, 101
AFM. See Atomic force microscopy
Agricultural revolution, 131
ALICE experiment, 76
All-weather vision, 127
American Association of Physics Teachers, 96
American Institute of Physics, 96
American Physical Society, 96
Amplifiers, 138-139 optical, 141
AMS. See Accelerator mass spectrometry
Anisotropy, 63
Antimatter, 68 and matter, 78
Areal density limit, 143
Artificial atoms, 147
Artificial nanoscale structures, 31-33 fabrication, 31-32 nanoscale and molecular electronics, 33 self-assembly, 32
ASCI. See Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative
Astrophysics, 13, 45 neutrino, 81 nuclear, 64-67 radiation transport advances in, 3
Atmospheric research, 121 Atom cooling and trapping, 22-24
Atomic clocks, 25-26
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 143
Atomic physicists, 12
Atomic physics, 19, 129
Atomic systems, many-body challenges in, 3
Atoms, 11 manipulating, 22-28
Axions, 61, 78
B
B mesons,
77-78
b-quark,
77
Ballistic missile defense, 122
Baryon-number conservation, 68
Basic research Department of Defense support of, 129-130 federal government role in support of, 157-161 security and, 125
BEC. See Bose-Einstein condensates
Big Bang, 4, 55, 63
Biochemical networks, 4
Bioinformatics, 4, 50-51
Biological elastics, 14
Biological systems, many-body challenges in, 3
Biological weapons of mass destruction, 123
Ballistic missile defense, 122
Baryon-number conservation, 68
Basic research Department of Defense support of, 129-130 federal government role in support of, 157-161 security and, 125
BEC. See Bose-Einstein condensates
Big Bang, 4, 55, 63
Biochemical networks, 4
Bioinformatics, 4, 50-51
Biological elastics, 14
Biological systems, many-body challenges in, 3
Biological weapons of mass destruction, 123
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 174
Biology, physics in, 3-4, 38, 45-51Biomechanics, 46, 48
Biomedical sciences, 107-115 diagnosis, 108-113 therapy, 107-108 understanding the body, 113-115
Biomedical technologies, 123
Biophysics, 10
Biotechnology, 13
Black holes, 13, 67-68 dynamics of, 64 evaporation of, 84 horizon of, 67
Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), 20 gaseous, 25-27
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 45
C
Calcium ions,
49
Cancer therapy, radiation transport advances in, 3
CAT scans, 13, 74
CERN, 132
Channel biophysics, 50
Charge carriers, 137
Charges, 76
Chemical dynamics, 74
Chemical weapons of mass destruction, 123
Chemistry. See also Biochemical networks quantum-controlled, 3
Chromophors, 48
Climate and weather modeling, 124
Climate systems, 117 global, 123
Clusters of galaxies, 61
CMR. See Colossal magnetoresistance
Coastal upwellings, 51-52, 54
COBE detector, 60
Collaboration, international, 164-165
Colliders. See Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Colloids, 40-41
Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), 146
Communications, 127 electronics for, 122 fiber-optic, 138-144, 152
Complex systems, 3-4, 37-54 Earth and its surroundings, 51-54 high-energy-density systems, 43-45 nonequilibrium behavior of matter, 38-41 physics in biology, 3-4, 45-51 turbulence in fluids, plasmas, and gases, 41-43 understanding, 154
Compound semiconductor structures, 142
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 123
Computation, quantum, 3, 10, 12, 27
Computational physics, 137
Computational sciences, 123, 127
Computerized tomography, 110
Condensed-matter physicists, 12
Condensed-matter physics, 9, 19 many-body challenges in, 3
Continental crust flows, 52
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, 12
Cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs), 169
Cosmic jets, 13
Cosmic microwave background, 152
Cosmic rays, ultrahigh-energy, 63
Cosmogenic nuclei, 119
Cosmological constant, 62
Cosmology, 45, 57, 61-64, 155
Council for Undergraduate Research, 101
CP symmetry, 76-78
Crack propagation, 39-40
CRADAs. See Cooperative research and development agreements
Cryptography, 122 quantum, 3, 34-35
Crystallography, x-ray, 46, 159
Cuprates, 29
Cyclotrons, 13, 73
Cancer therapy, radiation transport advances in, 3
CAT scans, 13, 74
CERN, 132
Channel biophysics, 50
Charge carriers, 137
Charges, 76
Chemical dynamics, 74
Chemical weapons of mass destruction, 123
Chemistry. See also Biochemical networks quantum-controlled, 3
Chromophors, 48
Climate and weather modeling, 124
Climate systems, 117 global, 123
Clusters of galaxies, 61
CMR. See Colossal magnetoresistance
Coastal upwellings, 51-52, 54
COBE detector, 60
Collaboration, international, 164-165
Colliders. See Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Colloids, 40-41
Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), 146
Communications, 127 electronics for, 122 fiber-optic, 138-144, 152
Complex systems, 3-4, 37-54 Earth and its surroundings, 51-54 high-energy-density systems, 43-45 nonequilibrium behavior of matter, 38-41 physics in biology, 3-4, 45-51 turbulence in fluids, plasmas, and gases, 41-43 understanding, 154
Compound semiconductor structures, 142
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, 123
Computation, quantum, 3, 10, 12, 27
Computational physics, 137
Computational sciences, 123, 127
Computerized tomography, 110
Condensed-matter physicists, 12
Condensed-matter physics, 9, 19 many-body challenges in, 3
Continental crust flows, 52
Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, 12
Cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs), 169
Cosmic jets, 13
Cosmic microwave background, 152
Cosmic rays, ultrahigh-energy, 63
Cosmogenic nuclei, 119
Cosmological constant, 62
Cosmology, 45, 57, 61-64, 155
Council for Undergraduate Research, 101
CP symmetry, 76-78
Crack propagation, 39-40
CRADAs. See Cooperative research and development agreements
Cryptography, 122 quantum, 3, 34-35
Crystallography, x-ray, 46, 159
Cuprates, 29
Cyclotrons, 13, 73
D
Dark energy,
4,
155
Dark mass-energy, 62
Dark matter, 4, 59-60, 155
DARPA. See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Databases, experimental and bibliographic, 171-172
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 129-130
Dense WDM (DWDM), 139
Density limit, areal, 143
Department of Defense (DOD), 122, 127-130
Dark mass-energy, 62
Dark matter, 4, 59-60, 155
DARPA. See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Databases, experimental and bibliographic, 171-172
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 129-130
Dense WDM (DWDM), 139
Density limit, areal, 143
Department of Defense (DOD), 122, 127-130
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 175
physics and, 127-129 support of basic research, 129-130Department of Energy, 122-127 global nuclear dangers, 123-124 Office of Defense Programs, 123 preserving laboratory quality, 125-127 security and basic research, 125
Deuterium, primeval abundance of, 62
Diagnosis, impact of physics on, 108-113
Dielectric constants, new materials with high, 137
Differential interference contrast, 112
Discovery foundations of, 151-153 scientific priorities and opportunities, 153-156
Dispersion-shifted fiber, 141
DNA, 12 computers based on, 14
DOD. See Department of Defense
Down quark, 70
DRAMs (dynamic random access memory), 136
Ductile flows, 52
DWDM. See Dense WDM
E
Earth
as a dynamo,
44
and its surroundings,
51-54
Earthquake dynamics, 37, 51-52
Economy, 131-148 information storage, 144-148 integrated circuits, 135-138 optical-fiber communication, 138-144
Education in physics, 91-106, 161-162 graduate, 103-106 K-12, 94-96 undergraduate, 96-102
Einstein's relativity, general theory of, 64, 67
Elastics, biological, 14
Electricity, Maxwell's theory of, 9
Electrocardiograms, 115
Electroencephalograms, 115
Electromagnetic force, 64
Electromagnetic interactions, 152
Electromagnetic waves, 58
Electron energy levels, 33
Electron microscopy, 19, 159
Electronic states, laser control of, 27-28
Electronics for communications, 122 molecular, 33
Electrons, 11, 14 manipulating, 22-28
Electroweak forces, 5, 72-75, 156
Electroweak interactions, 72, 80
Elementary particles, 5
Emulsions, 40
Enabling technologies, key, 148
Energy levels, electron, 33
Energy production, and the environment, 120-121
Entangled states, 34 engineering of, 33-36
Environment, 116-121 energy production and, 120-121 improving, 117-119 monitoring, 117-119 the ocean-atmosphere system, 116-117
Environmental protection and remediation, 123
Erbium fiber amplifiers, 138
Eruption prediction, Pinatubo and, 53
Evolution of the universe, 4-5, 55-69 new links, 61-68 new windows on, 56-61 questions and opportunities, 68-69
Exploration of the universe, next steps in, 56
Earthquake dynamics, 37, 51-52
Economy, 131-148 information storage, 144-148 integrated circuits, 135-138 optical-fiber communication, 138-144
Education in physics, 91-106, 161-162 graduate, 103-106 K-12, 94-96 undergraduate, 96-102
Einstein's relativity, general theory of, 64, 67
Elastics, biological, 14
Electricity, Maxwell's theory of, 9
Electrocardiograms, 115
Electroencephalograms, 115
Electromagnetic force, 64
Electromagnetic interactions, 152
Electromagnetic waves, 58
Electron energy levels, 33
Electron microscopy, 19, 159
Electronic states, laser control of, 27-28
Electronics for communications, 122 molecular, 33
Electrons, 11, 14 manipulating, 22-28
Electroweak forces, 5, 72-75, 156
Electroweak interactions, 72, 80
Elementary particles, 5
Emulsions, 40
Enabling technologies, key, 148
Energy levels, electron, 33
Energy production, and the environment, 120-121
Entangled states, 34 engineering of, 33-36
Environment, 116-121 energy production and, 120-121 improving, 117-119 monitoring, 117-119 the ocean-atmosphere system, 116-117
Environmental protection and remediation, 123
Erbium fiber amplifiers, 138
Eruption prediction, Pinatubo and, 53
Evolution of the universe, 4-5, 55-69 new links, 61-68 new windows on, 56-61 questions and opportunities, 68-69
Exploration of the universe, next steps in, 56
F
Facilities, large,
164-165
Failure modes, 39-40
Federal science agencies, 7, 170-171 peer review, 7, 170-171 program management, 7, 170
Fiber amplifiers, 138-139 dispersion-shifted, 141 optics, 108, 159
Fiber-optic communication, 152
Field-effect transistor (FET), 135
Fission, 9 nuclear, 152
Fluid dynamics, 118
Fluids nonlinear phenomena in, 3 turbulence in, 3, 41-43
Failure modes, 39-40
Federal science agencies, 7, 170-171 peer review, 7, 170-171 program management, 7, 170
Fiber amplifiers, 138-139 dispersion-shifted, 141 optics, 108, 159
Fiber-optic communication, 152
Field-effect transistor (FET), 135
Fission, 9 nuclear, 152
Fluid dynamics, 118
Fluids nonlinear phenomena in, 3 turbulence in, 3, 41-43
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 176
fMRI. See Functional magnetic resonance imagingFractional quantum Hall effect, 31
Fractures, 39-40
Fullerenes, 12
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 111-112
Fundamental forces, 64
Fundamental interactions, 64
Fundamental laws and symmetries, 70-88 hidden symmetries and the standard model, 71-78 the length scales of nature, 86-88 new physics for a new era, 79-86
Fundamental particles, 55
Fusion inertial confinement, 65 nuclear, 152
Fusion reactors, 12
Future priorities and recommendations, 151-172 investment, education, and national security, 157-167 new era of discovery, 151-156 partnerships, federal science agencies, and physics information, 168-172
G
Galaxies,
61
clusters of,
61
GALLEX detector, 59
Gamma-ray bursts, 13, 61 high-energy, 64 relativistic jets in, 69
Gas disks, 13
Gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates, 25-27
Gases, turbulence in, 41-43
Gating, of ion channels, 49
Gauge invariance, 72
General theory of relativity, 64, 67, 152
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) materials, 31, 144
Global climate dynamics, 123
Global nuclear dangers, 123-124
Global Positioning System (GPS), 15 NAVSTAR, 52
Gluons, 86
GMR. See Giant magnetoresistance materials
GPS. See Global Positioning System
Graduate education, 103-105 employment of Ph.D.'s, 104-105 implications of changing opportunities, 105 supply, 103-104
Grand unification, 80
Grand unified scale, 80, 83
Grand unified theory, 80
Granular materials, 39
Gravitational physics, 13
Gravitational waves, 4, 58-59, 61
Gravity, 5, 55, 83-86, 156 quantum, 64, 68
Groups, supporting small, 163-164
GALLEX detector, 59
Gamma-ray bursts, 13, 61 high-energy, 64 relativistic jets in, 69
Gas disks, 13
Gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates, 25-27
Gases, turbulence in, 41-43
Gating, of ion channels, 49
Gauge invariance, 72
General theory of relativity, 64, 67, 152
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) materials, 31, 144
Global climate dynamics, 123
Global nuclear dangers, 123-124
Global Positioning System (GPS), 15 NAVSTAR, 52
Gluons, 86
GMR. See Giant magnetoresistance materials
GPS. See Global Positioning System
Graduate education, 103-105 employment of Ph.D.'s, 104-105 implications of changing opportunities, 105 supply, 103-104
Grand unification, 80
Grand unified scale, 80, 83
Grand unified theory, 80
Granular materials, 39
Gravitational physics, 13
Gravitational waves, 4, 58-59, 61
Gravity, 5, 55, 83-86, 156 quantum, 64, 68
Groups, supporting small, 163-164
H
Hall effect, fractional quantum,
31
Health and biomedical sciences, 107-115 diagnosis, 108-113 therapy, 107-108 understanding the body, 113-115
Heavy nuclei, 14
Heterostructures, magnetic, 146
Hidden symmetries CP symmetry, 76-78 electroweak force, 72-75 matter and antimatter, 78 and the standard model, 71-78 strong force, 75-76
Higgs boson, 73
High-density magnetic storage media, 74
High-energy colliders, 5
High-energy-density physics, 123 systems, 38, 43-45
High-energy gamma-ray bursts, 64
High redshift, 64
High-temperature superconductors, 4, 12, 28-29
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 132
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 132
Hubble expansion, 152
Hubble Space Telescope, 58
Human genome, 154
Hydrodynamics, 123
Health and biomedical sciences, 107-115 diagnosis, 108-113 therapy, 107-108 understanding the body, 113-115
Heavy nuclei, 14
Heterostructures, magnetic, 146
Hidden symmetries CP symmetry, 76-78 electroweak force, 72-75 matter and antimatter, 78 and the standard model, 71-78 strong force, 75-76
Higgs boson, 73
High-density magnetic storage media, 74
High-energy colliders, 5
High-energy-density physics, 123 systems, 38, 43-45
High-energy gamma-ray bursts, 64
High redshift, 64
High-temperature superconductors, 4, 12, 28-29
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 132
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 132
Hubble expansion, 152
Hubble Space Telescope, 58
Human genome, 154
Hydrodynamics, 123
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 177
I
Imaging
magnetic resonance,
112
ultrasound,
13
IMB. See Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven experiment
Industrial revolution, 131
Inertial confinement fusion, 65
Inferometry, 25
Inflation, 2, 63
Information age, 131-148. See also Bioinformatics; Physics information; Quantum information; Qubit (quantum bit of information) information storage, 144-148 integrated circuits, 135-138 optical-fiber communication, 138-144
Information revolution, 131
Information technology, use of, 8, 171-172
Infrared microscopy, 112
Integrated circuits, 135-138
Intelligence gathering, 127
Interactions electromagnetic, 152 electroweak, 72, 80 fundamental, 64 weak, 152
Internal combustion engines, efficiency of, 124
International collaboration, 6-7, 164-165
Internet, 132
Internet networks, 138
Introductory University Physics Project (IUPP), 99
Investigators, supporting single, 163-164
Investing in physics, 6, 157-161
Ion channels, 48-50
Ionizing radiation, 107
Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (IMB) experiment, 59
IUPP. See Introductory University Physics Project
IMB. See Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven experiment
Industrial revolution, 131
Inertial confinement fusion, 65
Inferometry, 25
Inflation, 2, 63
Information age, 131-148. See also Bioinformatics; Physics information; Quantum information; Qubit (quantum bit of information) information storage, 144-148 integrated circuits, 135-138 optical-fiber communication, 138-144
Information revolution, 131
Information technology, use of, 8, 171-172
Infrared microscopy, 112
Integrated circuits, 135-138
Intelligence gathering, 127
Interactions electromagnetic, 152 electroweak, 72, 80 fundamental, 64 weak, 152
Internal combustion engines, efficiency of, 124
International collaboration, 6-7, 164-165
Internet, 132
Internet networks, 138
Introductory University Physics Project (IUPP), 99
Investigators, supporting single, 163-164
Investing in physics, 6, 157-161
Ion channels, 48-50
Ionizing radiation, 107
Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (IMB) experiment, 59
IUPP. See Introductory University Physics Project
K
K-12 physics education,
94-96
K mesons, 76
Key enabling technologies, 148
Kinesin, 114
K mesons, 76
Key enabling technologies, 148
Kinesin, 114
L
Laboratories
preserving quality in,
125-127
recreating the early universe in,
77
simulation of stars in,
66
Large facilities, 164-165
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 73, 75-76
Large-scale structure, 3, 154
Lasers, 152 control of electronic states, 27-28 cooling, 22 guidance, 122 keratotomy, 108 scanning microscopy, 112-113
Lattice gauge theory, 76
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 45, 123
Laws and symmetries, 70-88 hidden symmetries and the standard model, 71-78 the length scales of nature, 86-88 new physics for a new era, 79-86
Length scales of nature, 86-88
LEP facility, 75
Leptons, families of, 79
LHC. See Large Hadron Collider
LIGO detector, 57
Long-range force, 64
Long-range observation, 127
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 4, 123, 172
Low-temperature superconductors, 31
Large facilities, 164-165
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 73, 75-76
Large-scale structure, 3, 154
Lasers, 152 control of electronic states, 27-28 cooling, 22 guidance, 122 keratotomy, 108 scanning microscopy, 112-113
Lattice gauge theory, 76
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 45, 123
Laws and symmetries, 70-88 hidden symmetries and the standard model, 71-78 the length scales of nature, 86-88 new physics for a new era, 79-86
Length scales of nature, 86-88
LEP facility, 75
Leptons, families of, 79
LHC. See Large Hadron Collider
LIGO detector, 57
Long-range force, 64
Long-range observation, 127
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 4, 123, 172
Low-temperature superconductors, 31
M
Magnetic heterostructures and nanostructures,
146
Magnetic materials, 12
Magnetic resonance, 159
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 12, 74, 152 functional, 111-112
Magnetic storage media, 10 high-density, 74
Magnetic substorms, 51, 54
Magnetism, 146
Maxwell's theory of, 9
Magnetoresistance colossal, 146 giant, 31, 144
Magnetoresistive materials, 146
Magnetic materials, 12
Magnetic resonance, 159
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 12, 74, 152 functional, 111-112
Magnetic storage media, 10 high-density, 74
Magnetic substorms, 51, 54
Magnetism, 146
Maxwell's theory of, 9
Magnetoresistance colossal, 146 giant, 31, 144
Magnetoresistive materials, 146
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 178
Management, in federal science agencies, 170Manifest symmetry, 71
Manipulating atoms and electrons, 22-28 achieving and using the quantum regime, 24-25 atom cooling and trapping, 22-24 gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates, 25-27 laser control of electronic states, 27-28
Many-body challenges, 3 quantum, 154
Mass-energy of the universe, 4, 13
Mass spectroscopy, 159
Massive neutrinos, 81
Materials. See Giant magnetoresistance materials; Granular materials; New materials
Materials characterization, 74
Materials synthesis, 4
Matter. See also Condensed matter; Dark matter and antimatter, 78 nonequilibrium behavior of, 38-41
Matter-antimatter symmetry, 68
MBE. See Molecular-beam epitaxy
Measurement instruments, quantum-limited, 27
MEMS. See Microelectromechanical systems
MEMS for optical switching and high-density storage, 143
Mesons, 14
Metabolic energy, 49
Metal oxide semiconductor FETs, 135-136
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 143
Microelectronics, 9
Microprocessors, 136
Microscopy. See also Videomicroscopy atomic force, 143 electron, 19 infrared, 112 laser scanning, 112-113 scanning atomic probe, 19 scanning tunneling, 20-21 two-photon, 113
Mirror reflection of space, 76
Missile defense, 127
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), 31
Molecular electronics, 33 nanoscale structures and, 33
Molecular geometry, 4
Molecular motors, 14, 115
Molecular physicists, 12
Molecular physics, 129
Moore's law, 136
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging
MSW effect, 82
N
Nanocrystals,
147
superlattices of,
147
Nanoparticles, 147
Nanoscale physics, 31
Nanoscale structures and molecular electronics, 33 artificial, 31-33 building blocks for, 147 fabrication of, 31-32 magnetic, 146 self-assembly of, 32
Nanotechnology, 10, 127
Nanotubes, 33
National Ignition Facility (NIF), 45, 124
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 14, 115
National laboratories, 7, 10, 122 See also Partnerships
National security, 7, 122-130, 166-167 Department of Defense, 127-130 Department of Energy, 122-127
Nature fundamental forces of, 5 length scales of, 86-88 unifying the forces of, 156
NAVSTAR, 52
Neutrino masses, 79
Neutrinos, 11, 58-59, 61, 70, 80-83 astrophysics of, 81 massive, 81 oscillations in, 5
Neutron sources, 19
Neutrons, 14 as probes, 23
New energy sources, 123
New links, 61-68 black holes, 67-68 cosmology, 61-64 nuclear astrophysics, 64-67
New materials, 4, 28-31 creating, 155
Nanoparticles, 147
Nanoscale physics, 31
Nanoscale structures and molecular electronics, 33 artificial, 31-33 building blocks for, 147 fabrication of, 31-32 magnetic, 146 self-assembly of, 32
Nanotechnology, 10, 127
Nanotubes, 33
National Ignition Facility (NIF), 45, 124
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 14, 115
National laboratories, 7, 10, 122 See also Partnerships
National security, 7, 122-130, 166-167 Department of Defense, 127-130 Department of Energy, 122-127
Nature fundamental forces of, 5 length scales of, 86-88 unifying the forces of, 156
NAVSTAR, 52
Neutrino masses, 79
Neutrinos, 11, 58-59, 61, 70, 80-83 astrophysics of, 81 massive, 81 oscillations in, 5
Neutron sources, 19
Neutrons, 14 as probes, 23
New energy sources, 123
New links, 61-68 black holes, 67-68 cosmology, 61-64 nuclear astrophysics, 64-67
New materials, 4, 28-31 creating, 155
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 179
ferroelectric, 137 fullerenes, 12 with high dielectric constants, 137 high-temperature superconductors, 12 magnetic, 12 magnetoresistive, 146New physics, 79-86 grand unification, 80 gravity, 83-86 neutrinos, 80-83 new symmetries, 79 the Planck scale, 83 string theory, 83, 86
New tools, for observation in the quantum regime, 20-22
New windows on the universe, 56-61 electromagnetic waves, 58 gravitational waves, 58-59, 61 neutrinos, 58-59, 61
NIF. See National Ignition Facility
Night vision, 127
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
Nonequilibrium behavior of matter, 38-41 colloids, 40-41 failure modes, 39-40 foams and emulsions, 40 fracture and crack propagation, 39-40 glasses, 39 granular materials, 39 nonequilibrium solids, 39
Nonequilibrium processes, 4
Nonlinear phenomena, 3
Nuclear astrophysics, 64-67
Nuclear fission and fusion, 152
Nuclear forces, 64 strong, 3, 156
Nuclear magnetic resonance, 12, 46
Nuclear physics, 11, 123, 127
Nuclear power, 9, 120
Nuclear stockpiles, aging, 122
Nuclear systems, many-body challenges in, 3
Nuclei, heavy, 14
Nucleosynthesis, 65
O
Ocean-atmosphere system,
116-117
Office of Defense Programs, 7, 123, 167
Omega laser, 66, 124
Optical amplifiers, 141 Optical-fiber communication, 138-144
Optical physicists, 12
Optical tweezers, 10, 14, 114
Office of Defense Programs, 7, 123, 167
Omega laser, 66, 124
Optical amplifiers, 141 Optical-fiber communication, 138-144
Optical physicists, 12
Optical tweezers, 10, 14, 114
P
Particle colliders,
9
Partnerships, 7, 168-170
Pattern recognition, 53, 127
Peer review, in federal science agencies, 7, 170-171
Permeation, of ion channels, 49
Phase transitions, 50
Photobiology, 48
Photovoltaic cells, 120
Physics. See also Biophysics and the Department of Defense, 127-129 applying to biology, 154-155 atomic, 19, 129 big, small, 162-165 computational, 137 condensed-matter, 3, 9, 19 elementary-particle, 62 gravitational, 13 high-energy-density, 123 information, 8, 12-122 molecular, 129 nanoscale, 31 new, 79-86 nuclear, 11, 123, 127 plasma, 129 quantum, 129 women in, 93
Physics and society, 89-148, 157-167 economy and the information age, 131-148 environment, 116-121 health and biomedical sciences, 107-115 investing in physics, 157-161 national security, 122-130, 166-167
Physics education, 6, 91-106, 161-162 graduate, 103-106 K-12 physics, 94-96 undergraduate, 96-102
Physics frontiers, 17-87 complex systems, 3-4, 37-54 fundamental laws and symmetries, 70-88 quantum manipulation and new materials, 3, 19-36
Partnerships, 7, 168-170
Pattern recognition, 53, 127
Peer review, in federal science agencies, 7, 170-171
Permeation, of ion channels, 49
Phase transitions, 50
Photobiology, 48
Photovoltaic cells, 120
Physics. See also Biophysics and the Department of Defense, 127-129 applying to biology, 154-155 atomic, 19, 129 big, small, 162-165 computational, 137 condensed-matter, 3, 9, 19 elementary-particle, 62 gravitational, 13 high-energy-density, 123 information, 8, 12-122 molecular, 129 nanoscale, 31 new, 79-86 nuclear, 11, 123, 127 plasma, 129 quantum, 129 women in, 93
Physics and society, 89-148, 157-167 economy and the information age, 131-148 environment, 116-121 health and biomedical sciences, 107-115 investing in physics, 157-161 national security, 122-130, 166-167
Physics education, 6, 91-106, 161-162 graduate, 103-106 K-12 physics, 94-96 undergraduate, 96-102
Physics frontiers, 17-87 complex systems, 3-4, 37-54 fundamental laws and symmetries, 70-88 quantum manipulation and new materials, 3, 19-36
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 180
structure and evolution of the universe, 4-5, 55-69Physics in biology, 3-4, 38, 45-51 biomechanics, 46, 48 ion channels, 48-50 photobiology, 48 structural biology, 46 theoretical biology and bioinformatics, 50-51
Physics information, 8, 171-172
Physics research, 168-172 federal science agencies, 7, 170-171 partnerships, 7, 168-170 physics information, 8, 171-172
Physics Teaching Resource Agents (PTRA), 96
Pinatubo, Mount, and eruption prediction, 53
Pions, 76
Planck length-scale, 83
Plasma physics, 129
Plasmas nonlinear phenomena in, 3 turbulence in, 3, 41-43
Population dynamics, 53
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans, 74, 111
Potassium ions, 49
Program management, in federal science agencies, 170
Protection, environmental, 123
Protein folding, 4, 14, 46-47
Proteins, 113 crystallography using, 74
Protons, 14 decay of, 79 radiography using, 124
PTRA. See Physics Teaching Resource Agents
Pulsars, 13, 61
Q
QCD. See Quantum chromodynamics
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 76 strong interaction of, 80
Quantum computation, 3, 10, 12, 27
Quantum-controlled chemistry, 3
Quantum cryptography, 3, 34-35
Quantum dots, 147
Quantum entanglement, 27
Quantum gravity, 64, 68
Quantum information, and the engineering of entangled states, 33-36
Quantum-limited measurement instruments, 27
Quantum manipulation, 3, 19-36 artificial nanoscale structures, 31-33 manipulating atoms and electrons, 22-28 new materials from, 4, 28-31 new tools for observation in the quantum regime, 20-22
Quantum many-body challenges, 154
Quantum mechanics, 11, 27, 152 Quantum physics, 129
Quantum regime, achieving and using, 24-25
Quantum soup, 55
Quantum systems, entangled, 34
Quantum technologies, 3 developing, 154
Quark dynamics, 9
Quarks, 11, 70, 86 families of, 79
Quasars, 13, 61 hugely luminous, 67
Qubit (quantum bit of information), 34
R
Radiation, ionizing,
107
Radiation transport, 3, 107
Radioactive labels, 109
Radioactive tracers, 159
Radioimmune assay, 109
Radioisotopes, 74
Radiotherapy, 107
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 12, 45
Relativistic jets, in gamma-ray bursts, 69
Relativity general theory of, 64, 67, 152 special theory of, 152 Remediation, environmental, 123
Renewable energy, 120
Research. See Basic research, single-investigator research, small-group research
Research Experiences for Teachers program, 96
Radiation transport, 3, 107
Radioactive labels, 109
Radioactive tracers, 159
Radioimmune assay, 109
Radioisotopes, 74
Radiotherapy, 107
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), 12, 45
Relativistic jets, in gamma-ray bursts, 69
Relativity general theory of, 64, 67, 152 special theory of, 152 Remediation, environmental, 123
Renewable energy, 120
Research. See Basic research, single-investigator research, small-group research
Research Experiences for Teachers program, 96
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 181
Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU), 102RHIC. See Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Rossi x-ray Timing Explorer, 58
S
s-quark,
77
SAGE detector, 59
Sandia National Laboratories, 123
SAR. See Synthetic aperture radar
SAR interferograms, 52
Satellites, reconnaissance, 122
Scanning atomic probe microscope, 19
Scanning tunneling microscope, 20-21
Science agencies, federal, 170-171
Scientific priorities and opportunities, 153-156 applying physics to biology, 154-155 creating new materials, 155 developing quantum technologies, 154 exploring the universe, 155-156 understanding complex systems, 154 unifying the forces of nature, 156
Security, and basic research, 125
Self-organized criticality, 52
Semiconductors, 9 compound structures of, 142
Silicon semiconductor industry, 135
Single-investigator research, 6, 163-164
SLC. See Stanford Linear Accelerator Center facility
Small-group research, 6, 163-164
SNO. See Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
SNS. See Spallation Neutron Source
Sodium ions, 49
Solar thermal energy, 120
Solar wind, 54
Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), 23
Special theory of relativity, 152
SPECT (single-photon-emission computerized tomography), 110
Spectroscopy, mass, 159
Spin-polarized tunneling, 146
SPIRES. See Stanford Public Information Retrieval System
Stability, thermal, 146
“Standard candle” calibration, 62
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLC) facility, 75
Stanford Public Information Retrieval System (SPIRES), 133
States electronic, 27-28 engineering of, 33-36 entangled, 34
String theory, 83, 86, 156
Strong nuclear force, 3, 5, 71, 75-76, 156
Structural biology, 46
Structure of the universe, 4-5, 55-69 large-scale, 3 new links, 61-68 new windows on the universe, 56-61 questions and opportunities, 68-69
Substorms, magnetic, 51, 54
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), 81
Super-Kamiokande detector, 59, 81
Superclusters, 61
Superconductors, 9, 75, 152 high-temperature, 4, 28-29 low-temperature, 31
Superfluids, 152
Superlattices, nanocrystalline, 147
Supernovas, 58, 62
Superpartners, 79
Superposition, 34
Supersymmetry, 79
Surface characterization, 74
Surface electron density, 20
Symmetries. See also Laws and symmetries; Supersymmetry hidden, and the standard model, 71-78 manifest, 71 new, 79
Synchrotron radiation, 113
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 52
SAGE detector, 59
Sandia National Laboratories, 123
SAR. See Synthetic aperture radar
SAR interferograms, 52
Satellites, reconnaissance, 122
Scanning atomic probe microscope, 19
Scanning tunneling microscope, 20-21
Science agencies, federal, 170-171
Scientific priorities and opportunities, 153-156 applying physics to biology, 154-155 creating new materials, 155 developing quantum technologies, 154 exploring the universe, 155-156 understanding complex systems, 154 unifying the forces of nature, 156
Security, and basic research, 125
Self-organized criticality, 52
Semiconductors, 9 compound structures of, 142
Silicon semiconductor industry, 135
Single-investigator research, 6, 163-164
SLC. See Stanford Linear Accelerator Center facility
Small-group research, 6, 163-164
SNO. See Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
SNS. See Spallation Neutron Source
Sodium ions, 49
Solar thermal energy, 120
Solar wind, 54
Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), 23
Special theory of relativity, 152
SPECT (single-photon-emission computerized tomography), 110
Spectroscopy, mass, 159
Spin-polarized tunneling, 146
SPIRES. See Stanford Public Information Retrieval System
Stability, thermal, 146
“Standard candle” calibration, 62
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLC) facility, 75
Stanford Public Information Retrieval System (SPIRES), 133
States electronic, 27-28 engineering of, 33-36 entangled, 34
String theory, 83, 86, 156
Strong nuclear force, 3, 5, 71, 75-76, 156
Structural biology, 46
Structure of the universe, 4-5, 55-69 large-scale, 3 new links, 61-68 new windows on the universe, 56-61 questions and opportunities, 68-69
Substorms, magnetic, 51, 54
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), 81
Super-Kamiokande detector, 59, 81
Superclusters, 61
Superconductors, 9, 75, 152 high-temperature, 4, 28-29 low-temperature, 31
Superfluids, 152
Superlattices, nanocrystalline, 147
Supernovas, 58, 62
Superpartners, 79
Superposition, 34
Supersymmetry, 79
Surface characterization, 74
Surface electron density, 20
Symmetries. See also Laws and symmetries; Supersymmetry hidden, and the standard model, 71-78 manifest, 71 new, 79
Synchrotron radiation, 113
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR), 52
T
Theoretical biology, 50-51
Therapy, impact of physics on, 107-108
Thermal stability, 146
Thin-film coatings, 120
Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 94-95
Tomography, computerized, 110
Tools, 73 new windows on the universe, 56-61 for observation in the quantum regime, 20-22
Top quark, 5, 70
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10118.
Page 182
Tracers, 118 radioactive, 159Transistors, 152
Tunneling scanning, 20-21 spin-polarized, 146
Turbulence, 3, 38 in fluids, plasmas, and gases, 41-43 suppressing to improve fusion, 42 Turbulent fluid flows, 127
Tweezers, optical, 10, 14, 114
Two-photon microscopy, 113
U
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays,
63
Ultrasound imaging, 13
Undergraduate physics, 96-102 advanced programs, 101 introductory curricula, 98-100 research experiences for, 102
Unified theory, 63, 152, 156
Unifying the forces of nature, 156
Universal force, 64
Universe as a laboratory, 4 as spatially flat, 68 exploration of, 56, 155-156 understanding the nature of, 157
Universities. See Partnerships
Up quark, 70
Upwellings, coastal, 51
Ultrasound imaging, 13
Undergraduate physics, 96-102 advanced programs, 101 introductory curricula, 98-100 research experiences for, 102
Unified theory, 63, 152, 156
Unifying the forces of nature, 156
Universal force, 64
Universe as a laboratory, 4 as spatially flat, 68 exploration of, 56, 155-156 understanding the nature of, 157
Universities. See Partnerships
Up quark, 70
Upwellings, coastal, 51
V
Videomicroscopy,
112
Viruses, 113
Viruses, 113
W
W bosons,
86
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 139
WDM. See Wavelength division multiplexing
Weak charges, 71
Weak currents, 71
Weak force, 71
Weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological, 123
Wind energy, 120
World Wide Web, 9, 132
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 139
WDM. See Wavelength division multiplexing
Weak charges, 71
Weak currents, 71
Weak force, 71
Weapons of mass destruction, chemical and biological, 123
Wind energy, 120
World Wide Web, 9, 132
X
X-ray crystallography, 46, 159
X-ray sources, 19, 61
X rays, 14, 109, 152
Z
Z bosons,
86
Z-pinch device, 124
Z-pinch device, 124
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