A

A Beautiful Mind (Nasar), vi, 2, 54, 246

A Few Good Men (film), 144, 145

Abbott, Derek, 193

Aché (Paraguay), 116–117

Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, 34

Age of Reason, 9, 12

Agricultural policy, 16

Al Qaeda, v

Albert, Réka, 156, 157, 160

Alexander, Richard, 86

AltaVista, 158

Altruism, 3, 77, 85–86, 87–88, 90, 92, 107, 111, 117, 161, 162

Ancient Law (Maine), 19

Anger, 104

Animal House (film), 144

Animals

cooperation, 76–77, 85

neuroeconomic studies, 99–100

rationality, 241

Anthropology.

See also Cultural evolution

experimental economic, 165

game theory applications, 3, 8

Antimatter, 8

Arthur, Brian, 176

Asimov, Isaac, v–vi, vii, 1, 8, 9, 30, 42, 109, 113, 125, 126–127, 163, 164, 165, 176

Astronomy, 130

Astrophysics, 7

ATP, 160–162

Au (Papua New Guinea), 117

Aumann, Robert, 71

Axelrod, Robert, 88, 89

B

Bacon, Kevin, 144–145, 149, 154–155, 157

Ball, Philip, 128, 129, 130

Barabási, Albert-László, 156, 157, 158, 160

Bargaining problem, 55–56, 66

Battle of the sexes, 61

Bayes, Thomas, 203

Bayes’ theorem, 203

Baylor College of Medicine, 97, 104

Beausoleil, Raymond, 194

Bednar, Jenna, 178–179, 180

Behavioral Game Theory (Camerer), 69

Behavioral game theory.

See also Neuroeconomics

applications, general, 2–4, 6–7, 8, 71, 108

computational modeling of cognitive processes, 97–102

emotions and, 95, 96–97

fight or flight response, 94–95

genetics and, 102, 112, 122–123

Newtonian physics and, 12

prediction of human behavior, 111

and probability distributions, 141–142

relevance to social interactions, 96–97, 108, 142, 174–175

risk taking, 101–102

ultimatum game, 92, 103–106, 110

Behaviorists, 93–94

Bell, E. T., 197

Bell Labs, 204

Belushi, John, 144

Benatar, Pat, 221

Bentham, Jeremy, 30–31, 38, 237

Bernoulli, Daniel, 31, 40, 136, 237

Bernouilli, Jacob, 204

Bernoulli, Nicholas, 31

Berns, Gregory, 94–95, 100–101

Berra, Yogi, 176

Biology.

See also Evolutionary game theory

relevance of game theory, 75–77

Black, Ira, 122

Black, Karen, 155

Black holes, 8

The Blank Slate (Pinker), 112

Body Mass Index, 132

Boltzmann, Ludwig, 139, 142

Borel, Émile, 33

Borgs, Christian, 158, 159, 160

Bowles, Samuel, 3, 37, 59, 90, 91

Boyd, Robert, 90, 115, 118, 119

Brain

anterior cingulate cortex, 104

“cheating detection” module, 120–121

chemistry, 94–97, 100–101

computational modeling of cognitive processes, 97–102, 109

conflict monitoring region, 104

cooperation-related activity, 107

development, 6, 8

economics-related chemistry and processes, 94–95, 99–102, 105

imaging, 94, 98–99, 101, 105, 242

as impartial spectator, 23

insula, 103–104

lateral intraparietal cortex, 99

mirror neurons, 107

modularity in functions, 120–121

nucleus accumbens, 102

plasticity, 121–122

trust-related activity, 103–106

Bronowski, Jacob, 13–14

Brouwer, Luitzen, 58

Brush, Stephen, 136

Buccleuch, Duke of, 15

Buckle, Henry Thomas, 126, 137–138, 139

Buller, David, 120–121, 243

C

C. elegans, 153, 157, 245

Caltech, 11, 22, 117, 118

Cambridge University, 73, 77, 82

Camerer, Colin, 11–12, 22–23, 69, 92, 96–97, 104, 108, 117, 118, 119–120, 125, 141, 175

Cancer, 162

Capitalism, 17, 23

Card, Orson Scott, 217

Carnegie Institute of Technology, 51, 54–55

Čech, Eduard, 35

Center for Neural Science, 99

Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, 105

Challet, Damien, 176

Chayes, Jennifer Tour, 158–160

Cheating detection, 120–121

Chemical reactions, 7, 57, 60

Chen, Kay-Yut, 194

Chess, 32–33, 68

Chicken, game of, 61, 182

Child abuse, stepchildren, 120

Claremont Graduate University, 105, 106

Clausius, Rudolf, 136, 139, 140

Cliffe Leslie, Thomas Edward, 18–19

Clock, mechanical, 128–129, 236–237

Coalitions, 54, 58.

See also Cooperation

Code breaking, 191–192, 195

Code of Nature

Asimov’s psychohistory, vii, 8–9, 109, 113–114, 164, 181, 199, 219

cultural diversity and, 109, 178

Darwinian evolution and, 24–26, 72, 77

defined, 14, 164

game theory and, 38, 49–50, 220, 223–224

genetic endowment and, 113, 223

law of the jungle, 19, 72, 75, 83

modern search for, 219–220

Morelly’s philosophy, 236

Nash equilibrium and, 52, 223

network math and, 145, 163

neuroeconomics and, 92, 102, 106–109

probability theory and, 199

quantum mechanics and, 195

Roman Jus Gentium, 19, 236

Smith’s invisible hand, 17–21

statistical mechanics and, 128, 163

Coin tossing games, 140–142, 182–183, 248

Cold War, 3

Collective machine learning systems, 200

Columbia University, 174

Communication

entropy in, 205–206

quantifying, 204–205

quantum, 189–192, 247

of strategy, 193–194

Competition, 6, 13, 24, 25, 160, 161, 166, 195

Complexity and complex systems, 6, 24, 149, 163, 236–237.

See also Networks

Computational modeling of cognitive processes, 97–102, 109

Computers

digital, 29, 185, 219

nanosized, 200

quantum, 183, 185–186, 187, 191–192

rudimentary, 197

Comte, Auguste, 244

Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen (film), 155

Conflict monitoring, brain region, 104

Conflict strategy, 70, 104

Cooperation

animals, 76–77, 85

bargaining problem, 55–56, 66

brain activity during, 107

evolution of, 76–77, 79–83, 85–92, 107, 161–162

gossip about reputation and, 87, 89

language and, 85–87

large-scale, 86

long-term, 71

many-player, 60, 66

nonkin, 85–87

Prisoner’s Dilemma, 63, 71, 88, 163

public goods game, 64, 90–92

punishment and, 90–92, 103

repeated-games approach, 71, 163

selfishness and, 106–107, 162

snowdrift game, 163

spatially structured, 162, 163

tit-for-tat strategies, 87–90

Coordinated solutions to social problems, 70–71, 190, 194, 200

Cornell University, 166, 174

Cosmology, 6

Creationism, 24

Crowd behavior, 169

Crowe, Russell, 2

Cruz, Penelope, 145

Cultural diversity

and Code of Nature, 109, 178

and economic game theory, 117

and rationality, 115

and sociophysics, 177–181

and strategy, 114–119, 178–180

Cultural evolution, 7

cross-cultural comparison, 113–115

nature vs. nurture controversy, 121–124

research funding, 165

and strategy, 111–112, 116–117, 124, 220

ultimatum game, 114–115

D

Darwin, Charles, 14, 24–26, 78, 86

Davis, Morton, 239

de Moivre, Abraham, 244

Decision theory, 198, 212, 249

Democracy, 173, 195

Descartes, René, 129

Descent of Man (Darwin), 24

Dictatorship, 172, 173

Digital cameras, 1

Disgust, 104

Dodds, Peter, 174

Dopamine, 97, 101

Dresher, Melvin, 240

Drug addiction, 102

Duffin, R. L., 51

Durocher, Leo, 86

E

Eastwood, Clint, 83

Economic game theory.

See also Econophysics;

Neuroeconomics

applications, general, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 27, 34–36, 68, 71–72

assumptions, 111, 117

bargaining problem, 55–56

behavioral, 22

cultural diversity and, 117

division of labor, 25, 108

evolutionary analogies, 24–26, 165

Gilligan’s Island model, 37, 41, 54, 58

Manhattan Island model, 58

Nash equilibrium, 32, 60

Nobel laureates, 52, 70–71

quantum principles, 189

physics and, 165, 167, 180–181

representative agent model and, 108

Robinson Crusoe (neoclassical) model, 37–39, 41, 54, 58

Smith’s system, 9, 12–14, 17–21, 25

social preferences and, 111–112

utility and strategy, 31, 37–43, 95, 104–105

von Neumann–Morgenstern approach, 28, 30, 34, 35–40, 42, 47, 49–50, 51, 52–54, 60, 75, 95, 185, 217, 237

Economic growth, trust and, 106

Econophysics, 165, 167, 180–181

Einstein, Albert, 2, 75, 192, 219

Emory University, 115

Emotions.

See also specific emotions computational analysis of brain activity, 97–98

games and, 95, 96–97

negative, 104

and rationality, 95–96, 97, 115

Ender’s Game (Card), 217–218

Ensminger, Jean, 117–118

Environment

behavioral response to, 121–124

evolutionary landscape, 83–85

Equilibrium.

See also Nash equilibrium

mass-action interpretation, 57, 221, 240

principle and examples, 56–57

Erdös, Paul, 148, 149

Eton College, 77

Euler, Leonhard, 148

Evolutionary economics, 24–26, 165

Evolutionary game theory

altruism problem, 85–86, 87

applications, general, vii, 3, 6, 14, 72, 160–161

and Code of Nature, 24–26, 72, 77

combinatorial language, 85–86

cooperative behavior, 76–77, 79–83, 85–92, 107, 161–162

Darwinism and, 24–26, 72, 76, 77

duck experiment, 73–75

eavesdroppers, 81–83

hawk-dove game, 79–83

landscape, 83–85

matrix, 80

Nash equilibrium and, 74–75, 80, 83, 89, 124, 222, 241

natural selection, 78

and networks, 151, 157–158, 159–163, 222

Paley’s intelligent design, 24, 25–26, 236–237

Prisoner’s Dilemma, 87, 88, 107, 161–162

quantum mechanics and, 195

relevance of, 76–77

snowdrift game, 162–163

and social networks, 159–160, 162–163

strategies, 78, 79, 81–82, 86–90, 107, 124–125

utility (fitness), 78–79, 83–85, 88, 158, 161

Evolutionary psychology

criticisms of, 119–122, 223, 243

game theory and, 113

nature vs. nurture controversy, 121–122

principles, 112–113

F

Fads, 171, 173

Fairness, 63, 110, 111, 116, 119

Farner, Doyne, 180

Fermat, Pierre, 130, 197

Fight or flight response, 94–95

Fixed-point theorems, 58–59

Flitney, Adrian, 193

Flood, Merrill, 240

Foundation Trilogy (Asimov), v, vii, 1, 4–5, 9, 34, 113, 246

Fourier, John Baptiste Joseph, 132

Free-market economy, 17–18

Free will, 134–135, 138, 169

French Revolution, 129

Freud, Sigmund, 93–94, 97, 219

G

Galam, Serge, 166–167, 171

Galileo, 36, 129

Game Physics, 215

Game theory.

See also individual disciplines

acceptance of, 52–54

applications, generally, vi–viii, 2–9, 13, 21, 27, 49, 52, 53, 67, 70, 71–72, 220, 221–222;

see also individual disciplines

and Code of Nature, 38, 49–50, 220

defined, vi

and information theory, 200, 212

minimax theorem, 43–49, 58, 239

modeling human interactions, 68–69

and networks, 145, 159–163

origin, 2, 26, 27, 28, 30, 185

potential today, 66–72, 223–224

and prediction of outcomes, 66–67, 211–213

principles, 2–3, 138

probability theory and, 140–142, 198, 199–202, 208–214

and psychology, 215

random factors, 32, 34, 48

rational behavior, 21, 67, 69

relevance to real life, 67–68

statistical physics and, vi, 4–5, 6, 7, 39–43, 128, 199–202, 221

strategy, 30, 32–34, 42

utility, 22, 30–31, 37–38

Gases, kinetic theory of, 127–128, 135–140, 201

Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 131, 244

Gaussian distribution, 131, 139, 244, 249

Gell-Mann, Murray, 240

Genetics.

See also Evolutionary psychology

and behavioral predispositions, 102, 112, 122–123

and Code of Nature, 113

Gibbs, J. Willard, 142

Gintis, Herbert, 2–3, 4, 72, 90, 91

Glimcher, Paul, 99

Gnau (Papua New Guinea), 117

Google, 158

Gossip, 72, 75, 87, 89

Göttingen Mathematical Society, 33

Gould, Stephen Jay, 24–26

Graph theory, 143, 145, 148.

See also Networks

Graunt, John, 129

Gravity, law of, 60, 135

Greed, 90

Greene, Joshua, 224

Guare, John, 146

Gusev, Dmitri, v

H

Hadza (Tanzania), 117

Haldane, J. B. S., 77, 85

Hall, Monty, 40

Harambee, 118

Harper, David, 73–74

Harsanyi, John, 2

Harvard University, 112

Hawk-dove game, 79–83, 228–229, 241, 246

Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 71

Henrich, Joe, 114–115

Herbie:

Fully Loaded (film), 155

Herschel, John, 137

History of Civilization in England (Buckle), 137

Hobbes, Thomas, 20, 129

Hogg, Tad, 194

Holt, Charles, 63

Hopper, Dennis, 155, 157, 245

Houser, Daniel, 66

HP Labs, 194

Human nature.

See also Code of Nature

fragmented view of, 118–119

nature of, 112–113

universality doctrine, 120–121

Hume, David, 14, 31, 106, 219

Hurwicz, Leonid, 53

Hutcheson, Francis, 237

I

Ignorance, 205–208, 211–214

Impartial spectator, 23

Incomplete information, 66

Indirect reciprocity, 86–88

Infinite series, summing, 29

Information revolution, 219

Information theory, 8, 200, 201, 202–208, 212

Institute for Advanced Study, 35, 55, 75–76

Intelligent design, 6, 24, 25–26

International relations, 70

Internet, 146, 149, 158, 160

Iqbal, Azhar, 195

Irrationality, 22, 66

quantification of, 212–214

Ising, Ernst, 170, 173

J

Jaynes, Edwin, 201, 204, 206, 207

Jealousy, 120

Johns Hopkins University, 11

Johnson, Neil F., 182

Johnstone, Rufus, 82

K

Kakutani, Shizuo, 58

Kenney, George, 45–46

Kevin Bacon game, 144–146, 149

Kinetic theory of gases, 127–128, 135–140, 168–169, 175, 210

Knockaround Guys (film), 155

Krueger, Alan, 18

Kuang, Le-Man, 192, 193

Kuhn, Harold, 60

Kurzban, Robert, 66

L

La Rochefoucauld, 110

Lamalera (Indonesia), 117

Landscape, evolutionary, 83–85

Language, 85–87

Lanzhou University, 246

Laplace, Pierre Simon, 130–131, 132, 139, 204, 248

Law of the jungle, 19, 72, 75, 83

Le Her, 32

Lee, Chiu Fan, 182

Lee, Christopher, 155

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 27

Let’s Make a Deal (TV), 40–41

Leviathan (Hobbes), 129

Liars, Lovers, and Heroes (Sejnowski and Quartz), 122

Life sciences, merger with physical sciences, 6, 8

Logic, 30, 68, 118

Lohan, Lindsay, 155

Louis XV, 16

M

MacArthur Foundation, 115

Machiguenga (Peru), 114–115, 116, 220

Magnetic resonance imaging, 98–99, 105, 192, 242

Magnetism, 169–173

Maine, Henry, 19, 236

The Maltese Falcon (film), 110

Marx, Karl, 20

Mass action, law of, 57

Mass extinctions, 171

Matching pennies game, 61, 141

Maximum entropy principle, 201–202, 205–206, 213–214

Maxwell, James Clerk, 127–128, 135–140, 142, 168–169, 175, 219

Maynard Smith, John, 77–78, 85, 241

Mazlish, Bruce, 13–14

McFee, Bruce, 155

McGill University, 123

Meyer, David, 185–188, 189, 190

Mice, tail-test reaction, 122–124

Microsoft, 158, 185, 187, 189

Milgram, Stanley, 146

Minimax theorem, 33, 34, 43–49, 58, 237, 239

Minority game, 175, 176–177

Mogil, Jeffrey, 123, 124

Montague, Read, 4, 94–95, 97–99, 100–101, 104, 105, 106

Moore, Demi, 144

Moral philosophy, 15

Morgenstern, Oskar, 26, 27, 34–36, 37–40, 42, 49–50, 51, 52–53, 55, 60, 95, 217, 220

Motions, laws of, 135

Multiple-person games, 53–54, 208

Myerson, Roger, 51, 52

N

NASA Ames Research Center, 4, 199, 209

Nasar, Sylvia, vi, 2, 29, 54, 246

Nash, John Forbes, vi, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 29, 50, 51–52, 54–56, 59–61, 66, 70, 140, 164, 220, 221

Nash equilibrium, 111, 142

acceptance of, 59, 125

assumptions and calculations, 125, 209, 225–229

bargaining problem, 55–56, 66

and Code of Nature, 52

and conflict strategy, 70, 104

dissertation, 59–61

economic game theory and, 32, 60, 220, 240

evolutionary game theory and, 74–75, 80, 83, 89, 124, 223, 241

fixed-point theorems and, 58–59

gas laws and, 140, 201

hawk-dove game, 228–229

Hobbes’s social preferences as, 129

limitations, 209

network, 163, 166

payoff matrix, 62

principle, 57–58

Prisoner’s Dilemma, 61–64

probability theory and, 199, 200, 208–209, 212

public goods game, 61, 64–66

quantum mechanics and, 187

in social interactions, 175

zero-sum game, 225–227

National Science Foundation, 115, 165

Natural law, 19, 128.

See also Code of Nature

Natural selection, 24–25, 78.

See also Evolutionary game theory

Nature vs. nurture controversy, 121–124

Networks.

See also Social networks actors, 144–145, 153, 154–155–156, 157, 245

airline, 155

applications, 147–148, 149, 151, 160–161, 166

biochemical, 151, 160–161

clusters/clustering coefficient, 149, 152, 153–154, 157

and Code of Nature, 145, 163

commonalities, 151

competitive interactions, 160, 161, 166

degree coefficient, 154

degrees of separation, 145–146, 149, 154, 155–156

evolution, 151, 157–158, 159–163

game theory and, 145, 159–163, 222, 235

growth, 151, 157, 163, 167–168

hubs, 154, 155, 157, 161

Internet, 146, 149, 158, 160

Kevin Bacon game, 144–146, 149

links, 148–149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 158–159

mathematical models, 153–154, 159

Nash equilibrium, 163

in nature, 151, 153, 158, 160–161

neural, 151, 153, 157

nodes, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155–156

origins, 148, 149–151

path length, 153, 154

power grids, 157

and power laws, 156–157

preferential attachment, 157, 158, 160, 163

and quantum physics, 235

random connections, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155–156

regular lattice, 151–152, 154, 155

scale-free, 156–157, 159, 163, 246

self-organization, 157

small-world (intermediate) model, 149–153, 154, 156, 157, 158

statistical mechanics and, 5, 143, 145, 163, 166, 180

strategy, 161–162

strongly connected components, 159

ubiquitousness, 146–147, 153, 159

World Wide Web, 147, 149–150, 157, 158–159, 160

Neurobiology.

See also Brain game theory applications, 3, 6, 8

Neuroeconomics, 174

animal studies, 99–100

brain chemistry and processes, 94–95, 99–102, 105

and Code of Nature, 92, 102, 106–109

hormone changes, 105–106

landmark research, 99, 106

principles, 3–4

risk takers (matchers) vs. conservatives (optimizers), 101–102

trust-related brain activity, 103–106

utility, 99–100

New York University, 99

Newton, Isaac, 2, 21, 26, 35, 69, 135

Newtonian determinism, 130

Newtonian physics, 12, 21, 128, 129, 130

Noncooperative games

math for, 200

Nash’s theory, 51, 52, 59–61

and statistical physics, 201

Northern Illinois University, 120

Northwestern University, 11

Notre Dame University, 156

Nowak, Martin, 75–76, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90

O

Opinion formation and transmission, 167–168, 169, 171–173, 174

Origin of Species (Darwin), 24, 26

Orma (Kenya), 116, 117–118, 220

Osama bin Laden, vi

Oxytocin, 105–106

P

Pacheco, Jorge, 163

Pack behavior, 169, 171

Page, Scott, 178–179, 180

Paley, William, 24, 25–26

Paradoxes

perfect future knowledge, 34–35

Pascal, Blaise, 130, 197–198, 248

Pelorat, Janov, 5

Penny flipping game, 61, 141, 182–183, 186–189, 208

Perfect future knowledge, 34–35

Perfect information, 33

Petty, William, 129

Pfeiffer, Thomas, 160, 161

Phase transitions, 169, 170, 171

Physics.

See also Newtonian physics;

Sociophysics;

Statistical mechanics

and economic game thoery, 165, 167, 180–181

game theory applications, 4, 7, 8, 36

Physiocrats, 15, 16

Pinker, Steven, 112–113

Platt, Michael, 99

Pocket calculators, 1

Poe, Edgar Allan, 61

Poisson, Siméon-Denis, 132

Poker, 30, 68, 75, 239

bluffing, 43, 48

Political economy, 12, 17, 20–21, 25

Political science, 3

Power laws, 156–157

Prediction of human behavior, 111

Preference. See Social preferences;

Utility

Preferential attachment, 157, 158, 160, 163

Price, George, 77–78, 241

Princeton University, 2, 18, 35, 51, 55, 100, 106, 224

Principia (Newton), 35, 69, 129, 219

Prisoner’s Dilemma, 61–64, 71, 87, 88, 107, 161–162, 163, 189, 192, 193, 240

Probability distributions

adjustment, 214–215

in game theory, 140–142, 209–210

of gas molecules, 140–142

measuring uncertainty in, 205–207

of mixed strategies, 140, 200, 208, 210–211, 215, 238

quantum mechanics and, 196

Probability theory, 130–131, 132.

See also Statistics

applications, 208

early pioneers, 204, 248

and game theory, 140–142, 198, 199–202, 208–214

ignorance and, 205–208, 211

and information theory, 202–208

inventor, 197–198

and Nash equilibrium, 199, 200, 208–209

objective view, 203–204

Pascal’s wager, 198, 211, 248

and psychohistory, 199, 214–215, 221

role in science, 197, 198–199, 202–203

and statistical physics, 142, 199, 220–221, 247

subjective view, 202–204

voting games, 214

Profit maximization. See Utility

Psychohistory, vi.

See also Sociophysics

Code of Nature model, vii, 8–9, 109, 113–114, 164, 181, 199, 219

hybrid research disciplines, 164–165

and manipulation of society, 174

probability theory and, 199, 214–215, 215, 221

and statistical mechanics, 4–5, 42, 125, 126–128, 178, 219

Psychology, 3, 69, 215.

See also Evolutionary psychology

Public goods game, 61, 64–66, 90–92, 117–118, 194

Punishment, 90–92, 103, 107, 116, 242

Purdue University, 214

Q

Quantum communications, 189–192

Quantum game theory, vii, 7, 181

applications, 185, 189–190, 193–194

and Code of Nature, 195

communication systems, 189–192, 247

and evolutionary game theory, 195

Nash equilibrium, 187

origins, 185–189

penny flipping game, 182–183, 186–189, 247

Prisoner’s Dilemma, 189, 192, 193

public goods game, 194

quantum computing and, 183, 185–186, 187

strategies, 185, 187, 188–189, 193, 195

voting application, 185, 190, 194–196

Quantum information physics, 187–188

Quantum mechanics

entanglement, 192–194, 195, 247

mathematical formulation, 29

multiple realities, 183, 184–185, 196

observation effects (decoherence), 184–185, 193

probability distributions, 196

pure and mixed states, 186

qubits, 187, 190–192

von Neumann and, 29, 185–186

Quartz, Steven, 122

Queen of Blood (film), 155

Quesnay, François, 15–16, 17, 125

Quetelet, Adolphe, 131, 132–134, 136–137, 138, 139, 199, 219

R

Rand Corporation, 2, 29, 246

Random

factors, 32, 34, 48

network connections, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155–156

number generator, 48

Rapoport, Anatol, 88, 245

Rathbone, Basil, 155

Rationality, 12

animals, 241

culture and, 115

defined, 67

emotions and, 95–96, 97, 115

game theory and, 21, 67, 69, 209

limited or bounded, 201, 209

natural selection as, 78

Reciprocal altruism, 86

Rényi, Alfréd, 148, 149

Repeated-games approach, 71, 163

Reputation, 87, 89

Reward, brain processes, 99–100, 107

Ricardo, David, 31

Risk taking, 101–102

Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 122

Roth, Alvin, 63

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 70

Rubenstein, Ariel, 68

Russell, Bertrand, 197

Rustichini, Aldo, 106

S

Samuelson, Paul, 52–53

Sanfey, Alan, 103–104

Santa Fe Institute, 165, 176, 180, 200

Santos, Francisco, 163

Savage, Leonard, 211–212, 249

Schelling, Thomas, 70–71

Schuster, Stefan, 160, 161

Schweber, Silvan, 24

“Science of man,” 14

Sejnowski, Terrence, 122

Seldon, Hari, v–vi, 1, 4–5, 30, 34, 42, 113–114, 125, 137, 163, 174, 219

Self-interest/selfishness, 12, 21–23, 25, 31, 63, 69, 76, 104, 106–107, 110, 111–112, 116, 161, 162, 178

Self-organization, 157

Selten, Reinhard, 2

Set theory, 30, 33

Shannon, Claude, 204–205

Shor, Peter, 191

Shubik, Martin, 180–181

Sigmund, Karl, 87, 88

Simon, Herbert, 53

Skinner, B. F., 98

Small-world model, 149–153, 154, 156, 157, 158

Smith, Adam, 9, 12–26, 31, 35, 78, 106–107, 128, 219

Smith, Eric, 180–181

Smith, Roger, 11, 20–21

Snowdrift game, 162–163

“So long sucker” game, 61

Social cognitive neuroscience, 165

Social interactions.

See also Social networks

behavioral game theory and, 96–97, 108, 142, 174–175

magnetism analogy, 169–173

minority game, 175, 176–177

modeling, 68–69

molecular collision analogy, 153, 166, 168, 173, 201, 210

Nash equilibrium, 175

opinion formation and transmission, 167–168, 169, 171–173, 174

pack/crowd behavior, 170, 171

Social networks

acceptance of research on, 167

clustering property, 154, 157

contagion model, 173–175

degrees of separation, 145–146

evolutionary game theory and, 159–160, 162–163

growth of, 167–168, 224

links between nodes, 148–149

mathematical modeling, 159

Nash equilibrium and, 166

power laws and, 157

small-world property, 151

and statistical mechanics, 166

terrorist, 167

Social physics, 244.

See also Sociophysics

Social preferences, 111–112, 129

Social sciences, 3

Buckle’s philosophy, 137–138

crime rates, 133–134

and game theory, 30, 38, 50, 53, 70, 119, 180

Hobbes theory, 129

long-term cooperative behavior, 71

metaphysical vs. scientific approach, 137–138

physics and, 132–135, 142–143

and statistics, 5, 129–132, 133–134, 138–139

Social validation model, 171–173

Sociobiology, 120, 223.

See also Evolutionary psychology

Socionomics, 165

Sociophysics.

See also Psychohistory computer simulations, 180

cultural diversity and, 177–181

and game theory, 175–177

magnetism analogy, 169–173

Nash equilibrium and, 60, 200

networks and, 145, 163, 166

and physics, 60

probability theory and, 132–135

Quetelet’s average man, 133, 139

resistance to, 166–169

statistical mechanics, 142–143, 165, 166, 168–169, 174, 175, 199, 200, 210

temperature of society/players, 39–43, 165, 169, 173, 213, 214, 249

Specialization, 25, 78, 108

Spite, 63, 111

Stability. See Nash equilibrium

Stag hunt game, 61

Stalemate, 172

Stanford University, 61

Star Trek:

The Next Generation (TV), 182–183, 188

Statistical mechanics (physics)

applications, 128, 132–143, 166, 219, 221

and Asimov’s psychohistory, 4–5, 42, 125, 126–128, 178, 219

canonical ensemble, 207–208

and Code of Nature, 128, 163

game theory and, vi, 4–5, 6, 7, 39–43, 128, 199–202

and kinetic theory of gases, 127–128, 135–140, 168–169, 175, 200, 210, 221

and maximum entropy principle, 201–202, 205–206, 213–214

mean-field theory, 175

network math and, 5, 143, 145, 163, 166, 180

noncooperative games and, 201

of phase transitions, 169, 170, 171

predictive powers, 127, 211–212

and probability theory, 142, 199, 220–221, 247

and social interactions, 142–143, 165–166, 174, 175, 199

Statistics.

See also Probability theory

Bayesian, 203

free will and, 134–135, 138

Gaussian distribution, 131, 139

interpreting, 134

measurement error, 130–131, 133, 139, 203

probability distributions, 140–142

and probability theory, 130–131, 132

Quetelet’s average man, 133

social, 128–132

uncertainties, 131

Stauffer, Dietrich, 164, 173

Steiger, Rod, 154, 245

Stewart, Dugald, 20, 24

Stock market crashes, 171

Strategies.

See also Cooperation;

Noncooperative games

advantageous arrangement, 32–33, 49

altruism, 3, 77, 85–86, 87–88, 90, 92, 107, 111, 117, 161, 162

betrayal, 61–64

coalitions, 54, 58, 66

communication of, 193–194

conflict, 70, 83

cost of computing, 212–213

cultural diversity and, 114–119, 178–180

cultural evolution and, 111–112, 116–117, 124

defection, 64–66, 87, 88, 89, 90, 107, 193

defined, 42

eavesdropping, 81–83

in economic theory, 37, 42–43, 104–105

evolutionary, 78, 79, 81–82, 86–90, 107, 124–125

free-riding, 64–66, 90, 194

generous tit-for-tat, 89

mathematical principles, 32–33

minimax approach, 32, 43–49, 239

military example, 45–46

mixed, 42–44, 46–49, 54, 58, 64, 65–66, 80, 81, 91, 108, 118, 124, 140, 199, 220, 238, 239

network, 161–162

non-zero-sum games, 44

payoff matrix, 44–46, 49, 62, 80

population proportion and, 80

probability distributions, 140, 200, 208, 210–211, 215, 238

pure, 42–44, 220

quantum game theory, 185, 187, 188–189, 193, 195

random selection of, 48, 49, 141-142

reciprocation, 64, 65–65, 86–87, 90–92, 117

rules for behavior, 42–43, 179–180

self-interest/selfishness, 12, 21–23, 25, 31, 63, 69, 76, 104, 106–107, 110, 111–112, 116, 161, 162, 180, 194

social norms and expectations and, 194

social preferences and, 111–112

spectating, 81–83

strong reciprocity, 90

terrorist, 72

tit-for-tat, 87–90

zero-sum games, 33, 43–44, 54

Strategy of Conflict (Schelling), 70

Strogatz, Steven, 149–151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157, 174

Sutherland, Donald, 155

Sympathy, 23, 107

Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna, 169, 171–173

T

Tel-Aviv University, 166

Tennis, 141–142

Terrorist networks, 167

Theory of everything, 7–8, 222

Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (von Neumann and Morgenstern), 26, 35–36, 51, 52–53, 68, 217

Theory of heat, 39–43, 136

Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 22–23, 24, 106–107

Thermodynamics, laws of, 60, 136, 210.

See also Theory of heat

Torguud Mongols, 116

Townsend, Charles, 15

Trust, 103–106, 107, 111

Tucker, Albert W., 55, 61–62, 240

U

Ultimatum game, 61, 92, 103–106, 110, 112, 114–117, 243

Universality doctrine, 120–121

University College London, 77

University of Berlin, 29, 30

University of Budapest, 29

University of California, Berkeley, 214

University of California, Los Angeles, 114, 118

University of California, San Diego, 185–186

University of Chicago, 11, 52, 78

University of Cologne, 173

University of Ghent, 132

University of Glasgow, 15

University of Hull, 195

University of Maryland, 70

University of Massachusetts, 37

University of Michigan, 88, 178

University of Minnesota, 106

University of Oxford, 15, 75

University of Vienna, 34, 76

University of Virginia, 145

University of Wroclaw, 169

University of Zurich, 29

Utilitarianism doctrine, 30–31

Utility

brain processes, 99, 100–101, 109

defined, 22, 23, 27, 30

dopamine as reward, 97, 101

in economics, 31, 37–43, 95

emotions and, 96–97

evolutionary fitness, 78–79, 83–85, 88, 158, 161

mathematical quantification, 31–32, 39–43, 211–213, 237, 238

in neuroeconomics, 99–100

ranking (valuation), 40–41, 56

temperature analogy, 39–43

utilitarianism doctrine, 30–31

Utility theory, 237

V

Violence, spectating and, 81–83

von Neumann, John, 26, 28–30, 33, 34, 35–40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49–50, 51, 52–54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 75, 95, 185–186, 217, 221, 237–238, 239, 242

Voting

behavior, 167–168, 174, 214

quantum game theory application, 185, 190, 194–196

W

Wald, Abraham, 249

Waldegrave, James, 32

Warfare, 83

Watts, Duncan, 144, 149, 152, 153, 157, 174

Wealth, 31

Wealth of Nations (Smith), 9, 12–14, 16, 17–22, 24, 106–107

Weber, Robert, 59

Weibull, Jörgen, 111–112

Wilson, Kenneth, 166

Winner-takes-all game, 78

Wolfram, Stephen, 235, 236–237

Wolpert, David, 4, 6, 7–8, 199–201, 209–214, 215, 249

World War II, 45–46

World Wide Web, 7, 147, 149–150, 157, 158–159, 160

Wu, Zhi-Xi, 246

Y

Yale University, 180

Z

Zak, Paul, 105–106, 109

Zermelo, Ernst, 32–33

Zero-sum games

equilibrium point, 58, 225–227

two-person, 33, 43–50, 53, 54, 58, 60, 186

Zhang, Yi-Cheng, 176

Zhou, Lan, 192, 193