Ahrens et al. 1991

Male laryngeal-cancer cases identified in one hospital in Bremen, Germany, in 1986 with histologic confirmation; male controls with nonneoplastic disease selected from same hospital and matched on age and residence

100 laryngeal

Berrino et al. 2003

Male cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer, less than 55 yr old, diagnosed in six European centers in 1979-1982 with histologic confirmation; controls selected from census lists, electoral rolls, or population registries and matched for sex and age

215 laryngeal and 100 hypopharyngeal

Brown et al. 1988

White, male laryngeal-cancer cases, 30-79 yr old, diagnosed in 56 hospitals along Gulf Coast of Texas in 1975-1980; controls selected through Texas Department of Health mortality tapes, drivers license records, HCFA-provided Medicare records, and matched on age, vital status, ethnicity, county of residence

183 laryngeal

100

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire covering lifetime occupational history with exposure checklist

Unconditional logistic regression; smoking, alcohol consumption, age

819

Asbestos

Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing jobs held at least 1 year; job titles coded; panel of industrial hygienists and occupational physicians assessed probabilities of exposure to specific agents

Unconditional logistic regression; study centre, age, tobacco-smoking, consumption of alcohol, SES, dietary variables, other agents; Boffetta et al. (2003) analyzed same study population in terms of occupation and industry

250

Asbestos

Interview (self-reports or proxy) assessing lifetime occupational and residential histories, lifestyle factors, demographic characteristics; industrial hygienist classified job titles for exposure to specific agents

Logistic regression; cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption

Cocco et al. 1994

Male gastric cancer cases, 35-74 yr old, diagnosed and histologically confirmed in 1985-1987 in four areas of Italy; population controls randomly selected and matched for gender and age

640 gastric

De Stefani et al. 1998

Male laryngeal-cancer cases, 30-75 yr old, diagnosed in five hospitals in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1993-1995; cancer controls selected from same hospitals and timeframe

112 laryngeal

Demers et al. 1994

Colon and rectum cancer cases, 40-84 yr-old white males, diagnosed in 1984-1987 through the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System (SEER); controls selected through RDD

261 colon and rectum

Dietz et al. 2004

Laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed at the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery university hospitals of Heidelberg and Manheim and town hospitals of Ludwigshafen, Darmstadt and Heilbronn, Germany, in 1998-2000; population controls selected from local registries and matched on sex and age

257 laryngeal

(236 men and 21 women)

959

Asbestos

Interview assessing work histories (job title and duration); jobs coded and JEM applied for six specific agents

Logistic regression; age, study area, residence type, migration, family gastric cancer history, quetelet index, total caloric, protein, and vitamin C intake

509 (for asbestos analysis, 352 excluding subjects with colorectal cancer)

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational histories and exposure to specific agents

Unconditional logistic regression; age, residence, education, income, tobacco-smoking and type, alcohol consumption

183

Asbestos

Telephone interview assessing lifetime work, medical, and lifestyle histories; occupations and industries coded and assigned likelihoods of asbestos exposure

Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking

769

(702 men and 67 women)

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history, tobacco and alcohol use; quantification using job-specific supplementary questionnaires validated for asbestos

Conditional logistic regression; age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption

Ekstrom et al. 1999

Gastric cancer cases, 40-79 yr old, residing in one of five counties, born in Sweden, and diagnosed in 1989-1995, identified and histologically confirmed by participating clinicians from all hospitals in the study area; controls randomly selected from the population register

565 gastric

Elci et al. 2002

Male laryngeal-cancer cases diagnosed in Oncology Treatment Center of Social Security Agency Okmeydani Hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1979-1984 with histologic confirmation; controls selected from same hospital, timeframe among cases of HD, cancers of skin (nonmelanoma), testis, bone, male breast as well as benign lesions

940 laryngeal

Fredriksson et al. 1989

Colon cancer cases, 30-75 yr old, identified through the Swedish Cancer Registry among patients diagnosed in 1980-1983; cases resident of the Umea region and alive during the study’s data collection; randomly selected population controls from the National Population Register frequency-matched on age, sex

329 colon

(165 men and 164 women)

Garabrant et al. 1992

English-speaking, white, male cases of colon cancer, 45-70 yr old, diagnosed in 1983-1986, and identified through the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program; neighborhood controls matched on gender and date of birth

419 colon

1,164

Asbestos

In-person interview with professional interviewer; occupational epidemiologists to assess type of exposure and duration from self-reports of exposure and job titles

Unconditional logistic regression; age, sex

1,519

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history, tobacco and alcohol use; industrial hygienist performed JEM exposure assignments

Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, alcohol consumption

658

(330 men and 328 women)

Asbestos

Mailed questionnaire assessing occupational history (job titles); telephone interviews followed if necessary; exposure to high or low grade of asbestos independently coded by two physicians and one hygienist

Mantel-Haenszel; age, sex, physical activity

419

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaires assessing past 30 years of occupational exposures, physical activity and weight, medical history, family cancer history, and a modified Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire

Conditional logistic regression; family history of large bowel cancer, total caloric intake, carbohydrates, calcium, weight, and physical activity

Goldberg et al. 2001

Male cases and controls, 35-70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979-1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD

497 colon

Gustavsson et al. 1998

Oral-cavity, oro- and hypopharyngeal-, laryngeal-, and esophageal-cancer cases among all Swedish men, 40-79 yr old, residing in two regions with reporting from departments of oncology and surgery in 1988-1990; controls randomly selected from population registers and matched on age, region

545 total, including:

138 pharyngeal,

157 laryngeal,

122 esophageal

Hardell 1981

Men from Umea region, 25-85 yr old, diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of colon reported to Swedish Cancer Registry 1978-1979; controls from Umea region assembled for two previous studies were used as referents

154 colon

Hillerdal 1980

Male gastrointestinal cancer cases diagnosed in Uppsala county in 1968-1972 obtained through the Swedish Cancer Registry with chest x-rays retrieved through the General Health Survey; controls selected 3:1 based on age, sex, and year of x-ray

386 total

(21 esophagus, 148 stomach, 8 small intestine, 108 large intestine, and 101 rectum)

Hinds et al. 1979

White, male laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed in 3 counties of Washington through the Cancer Surveillance System in 1976-1977; neighborhood controls matched on sex, race, age

47 laryngeal

1,514 cancer, 533 population

Asbestos

In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed and coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semi-quantitative scale

Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, ethnicity, non-occupational factors (such as cigarette-smoking, alcohol consumption)

641

Asbestos

Interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle and environmental factors; occupational hygienist assigned exposure intensity, probability to 17 specific occupational exposures

Unconditional logistic regression; age, region, alcohol consumption, tobacco-smoking

541

Asbestos

Responses to mailed questionnaire on work history, chemical exposures, and lifestyle factors interpreted to determine ever-never status for asbestos exposure.

Mantel-Haenszel analysis stratified on age and urban vs rural residence

1,158

Asbestos

Evidence of pleural plaques on chest x-rays regarded as indirect proof of asbestos exposure

Standardized incidence ratio (observed/ expected)

47

Asbestos

In-person interview (or next-of-kin for deceased) with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history and lifestyle factors

Matched pairs, RR

Luce et al. 2000

Cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer identified from the Cancer Registry of New Caledonia in 1993-1995 among residents living there at least 5 years and 18 years old; population controls selected from electoral rolls and matched on sex and age

23 larynx

(20 men and 3 women);

5 hypopharynx

Marchand et al. 2000

Male cases of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer diagnosed in 15 hospitals in six cities in France in 1989-1991; hospital, cancer controls selected

315 laryngeal

206 hypopharyngeal

Merletti et al. 1991

Male oral- and oropharyngeal cancer cases, 26-92 yr old, diagnosed in Turin, Italy, in 1982- 1984; controls selected randomly from resident files, stratified by age, sex

86 oral cavity or oropharyngeal (12 specifically oropharyngeal)

Muscat and Wynder 1992

White, male laryngeal cancer cases diagnosed and histologcally confirmed at eight hospitals in New York, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania in 1985-1990; hospital controls randomly selected and matched on hospital, age, and year of interview

194 laryngeal

305 total

(matched also to 228 lung cancer cases, etc.)

Pö, a whitewash containing tremolite asbestos

In-person (or next-of-kin for deceased) interview with standardized questionnaire assessed lifetime occupational and lifestyle history and residence in whitewashed houses

Unconditional logistic regression; age, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol

305

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history, tobacco and alcohol use; JEM exposure assignments

Unconditional logistic regression; age, smoking, alcohol consumption; Goldberg et al. (1997) analyzed same study population in terms of occupation and industry, while Menvielle et al. (2004) analyzed the occupational information from an SES perspective

373

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; job titles coded; industrial hygienists applied JEM to determine exposures to 13 agents

Unconditional logistic regression; age, education, birthplace, tobacco-smoking, alcohol consumption

184

Asbestos

In-person interview assessed occupational history and exposure to specific agents; occupation and exposure linkage system applied to determine exposure probability and intensity

Multiple logistic regression; age, education, smoking, alcohol, quetelet index

Olsen and Sabroe 1984

Laryngeal cancer cases, less than 75 yr old, diagnosed in 1980-1982 through five department of oncology in Denmark; population controls matched 4:1 through municipal registries and matched on sex, age

326 laryngeal

(276 men and 50 women)

Parent et al. 1998

Male cases and controls, 35-70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979-1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population-based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD

250 stomach

Parent et al. 2000

Male cases and controls, 35-70 yr old, diagnosed in 19 large Montreal-area hospitals in 1979-1985 and histologically confirmed for one of 19 cancer sites; frequency-matched by approximate age; population- based controls also chosen from electoral lists and with RDD

99 esophageal

(63 squamous-cell carcinoma, 23 adenocarcinomas, and 13 uncertain morphology)

Shettigara and Morgan 1975

Male cases of laryngeal cancer diagnosed at Toronto General Hospital and resident of metropolitan Toronto in 1974; neighborhood controls matched on sex and age

43 laryngeal

Spiegelman and Wegman 1985

Cases of colon and rectal cancer and cancer controls selected from sample of Third National Cancer Survey of incident cancers in seven US metropolitan areas and two states in 1969-1971; digestive and occupationally associated cancers (respiratory, urinary, bone, skin, buccal, pharyngeal, leukemia) excluded from controls

370 colon

(218 men and 152 women);

175 rectal

(119 men and 56 women);

8 large intestine

(6 men and 2 women)

1,134

(971 men and 163 women)

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational and lifestyle histories, exposure to specific agents

Logistic regression; age, tobacco, alcohol consumption, sex

2,289 cancer,

533 population

Chrysotile asbestos, amphibole asbestos

In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semi-quantitative scale

Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, birthplace, education, cigarette-smoking

2,299 cancer,

533 population

Asbestos

In-person interviews with specific question on detail of each job subject had; analyzed, coded by team of chemists and industrial hygienists (about 300 exposures) on semi-quantitative scale

Unconditional logistic regression; age, respondent status, birthplace, educational level, beer consumption, spirits consumption, β-carotene index, cigarette-smoking (length, pattern)

43

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing age at first exposure and duration of exposure to asbestos and other agents

Discordant pairs

1,861 total

(626 men and 1,245 women)

Asbestos

Interviews conducted on primary, secondary occupations, industries, duration; exposure assignment according to NIOSH National Occupational Hazard Survey protocol

Logistic regression; age, race, marital status, region, income group, educational level, body mass, nutritional scores

Vineis et al. 1993

Colon cancer cases diagnosed in 1990-1991 at the Main Hospital of Torino, Italy; controls selected from a 10% sample of patients with nontraumatic conditions in 1989-1990

131 colon

(74 men and 57 women)

Wortley et al. 1992

Laryngeal cancer cases, 20-74 yr old, identified through the Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (SEER participant) in Seattle of western Washington residents in 1983-1987; controls selected through RDD and matched on age and sex

235 laryngeal

Zagraniski et al. 1986

White, male cases of laryngeal cancer diagnosed in two New Haven hospitals in 1975-1980; white, male general surgery controls

87 laryngeal

Zheng et al. 1992a

Oral- and pharyngeal-cancer cases, 20-75 yr old, identified through population-based cancer registry as newly diagnosed in 1988-1990; controls randomly selected from Shanghai Resident Registry, matched on age, sex

204 oral or pharyngeal

(115 men and 89 women)

Zheng et al. 1992b

Laryngeal cancer cases, 20-75 yr old, identified through population-based cancer registry as newly diagnosed in 1988-1990; controls randomly selected from Shanghai Resident Registry, matched on age, sex

201 laryngeal

(177 men and 24 women)

463

(254 men and 209 women)

Jobs with potential exposure to asbestos

Self-reported job titles coded and selected as exposed for: stone cutter, mechanic or pipes and boilers, pipefitter, steamfitter, boilermaker, mechanic at heating company, and pipe installer

Mantel-Haenszel OR; age

547

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history; industrial hygienists performed JEM exposure assignments

Multiple logistic regression; smoking, drinking, age, education

153

Asbestos work

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifetime occupational history and lifestyle factors

Condition logistic regression; tobacco, alcohol consumption

414

(269 men and 145 women)

Asbestos

In-person interview with standardized questionnaire assessing lifestyle factors and occupational exposures

Chi-squared test