Berrino et al. 2003

100 male cases of hypopharyngeal cancer from six centers in Southern Europe, < 55 years old (adjusted for smoking and alcohol consumption)

Possible

na

1.8 (0.9-3.9)

Probable

na

1.8 (0.6-5.0)

(More detailed findings from combined analysis with 215 cases of laryngeal cancer on Table E.2)

Luce et al. 2000

5 hypopharyngeal cancer cases among residents of New Caledonia

Whitewash from tremolite asbestos

1

0.64 (0.01-6.68)

Marchand et al. 2000

206 hypopharyngeal cancer cases among male residents of six cities in France (adjusted for smoking and alcohol consumption)

Any exposure

161

1.80 (1.08-2.99)

Low cumulative exposure

52

1.92 (1.03-3.57)

Intermediate

52

1.40 (0.74-2.63)

Gustavsson et al. 1998

138 pharyngeal cancer cases among male residents of two regions in Sweden (adjusted for smoking and alcohol consumption)

Asbestos (low)

24

1.01 (0.57-1.80)

Asbestos (high)

22

1.08 (0.62-1.91)

Zheng et al. 1992b

115 male oral or pharyngeal cancer cases among residents of Shanghai, China Asbestos, occupational exposure

16

1.81 (0.91-3.60)^a

Merletti et al. 1991

86 oral cavity or oropharynx (n = 12) cancer cases among male residents of Turin, Italy (adjusted for smoking and alcohol consumption)

Any exposure

45

1.1 (na)

Probable or definite

3

0.4 (na)

Berrino et al. 2003

213 male cases of endolaryngeal cancer from six centers in Southern Europe, < 55 years old

Possible

na

1.7 (1.0-3.0)

Probable

na

1.8 (0.8-4.0)

Combined analysis with 100 hypopharyngeal cancer cases

Asbestos (JEM-derived agent), any exposure

215

1.6 (1.0-2.5)

10+ years duration and 20+ years lag

121

1.4 (0.8-2.4)

Likelihood of exposure

Possible

175

1.7 (1.1-2.8)

Probable

40

1.9 (0.9-3.8)

Duration of exposure

< 10 years

na

1.3 (0.6-2.7)

10-19 years

na

1.4 (0.7-2.7)

≥ 20 years

na

1.7 (0.9-3.0)

p-trend > 0.05

Tertiles of weighted exposure

1

na

1.4 (0.8-2.3)

2

na

1.9 (1.2-3.2)

3

na

1.6 (1.0-2.6)

p-trend = 0.037

Dietz et al. 2003

257 laryngeal cancer cases among residents of Rhein-Neckar region, Germany Asbestos

59

1.3 (0.8-2.1)

Elci et al. 2002

940 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of Istanbul, Turkey (smoking-adjusted)

Asbestos (JEM-derived agent)

150

1.0 (0.8-1.3)

Glottis

28

0.8 (0.5-1.2)

Supraglottis

71

1.0 (0.8-1.4)

Other laryngeal

51

1.2 (0.9-1.7)

Intensity of exposure

Low

45

0.9 (0.6-1.3)

Medium

93

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

High

12

0.6 (0.3-1.1)

Probability of exposure

Low

121

1.2 (0.9-1.5)

Medium

20

0.6 (0.4-1.1)

Luce et al. 2000

20 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of New Caledonia (all smokers)

Whitewash from tremolite asbestos

3

0.72 (0.22-2.30)

Melanesians

2

0.71 (0.14-3.63)

Non-Melanesians

1

0.60 (0.07-5.22)

Marchand et al. 2000

296 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of six cities in France (smoking-adjusted)

Any exposure

216

1.24 (0.83-1.90)

Low cumulative exposure

67

1.10 (0.66-1.82)

Intermediate

72

1.20 (0.73-1.99)

High

77

1.47 (0.87-2.46)

Supraglottic, any exposure

56

1.12 (0.61-2.05)

Low cumulative exposure

15

0.84 (0.38-1.84)

Intermediate

22

1.31 (0.62-2.76)

High

19

1.27 (0.58-2.78)

Glottic and subglottic, any exposure

75

1.15 (0.68-1.95)

Low cumulative exposure

27

1.19 (0.62-2.27)

Intermediate

21

0.90 (0.45-1.78)

High

27

1.44 (0.73-2.83)

Epilarynx, any exposure

77

1.77 (0.94-3.30)

Low cumulative exposure

22

1.45 (0.67-3.13)

Intermediate

25

1.69 (0.79-3.64)

High

30

2.22 (1.05-4.71)

De Stefani et al. 1998

112 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of Montevideo, Uruguay (smoking-adjusted)

Asbestos (self-reported agent)

231.8 (0.9-3.2)

1-20 years

4

0.9 (0.3-2.7)

20+ years

19

2.4 (1.2-4.8)

Supraglottic

na

2.3 (0.9-5.7)

Glottic

na

2.9 (0.8-10.5)

Gustavsson et al. 1998

157 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of two regions in Sweden

Asbestos (low)

28

1.21 (0.73-2.02)

Asbestos (high)

34

1.69 (1.05-2.74)

Quartile I

13

1.16 (1.02-1.32)

Quartile II

15

1.35 (1.04-1.74)

Quartile III

16

1.56 (1.06-2.30)

Muscat and Wynder 1992

186 laryngeal cancer cases among white, male residents of New York, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, US

Asbestos, any exposure

66

1.1 (0.7-1.9)

Glottis

40

1.3 (0.7-2.7)

Supraglottis

26

1.1 (0.5-2.6)

Wortley et al. 1992

235 laryngeal cancer cases among residents of western Washington state, US

Asbestos—peak

None

145

1.0

Low

3

1.2 (0.6-7.1)

Medium

57

1.3 (0.8-2.0)

High

30

1.1 (0.6-1.9)

Asbestos—duration

< 1 year

151

1.0

1-9

50

1.0 (0.5-2.1)

≥ 10

34

1.2 (0.6-2.3)

Asbestos—exposure scores

< 5

173

1.0

5-19

25

1.1 (0.6-2.1)

≥ 20

37

1.4 (0.7-2.5)

Zheng et al. 1992a

201 laryngeal cancer cases among residents of Shanghai, China (smoking-adjusted)

Asbestos, occupational exposure

26

2.0 (1.0-4.3)

Ahrens et al. 1991

85 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of Bremen, Germany (smoking-adjusted)

Asbestos

na

1.1 (0.5-2.4)

Brown et al. 1988

180 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents along Gulf Coast of Texas (smoking-adjusted)

Asbestos

88

1.5 (1.0-2.2)

< 5 years

20

1.3 (0.7-2.6)

5-14

24

2.2 (1.1-4.3)

≥ 15

40

1.4 (0.8-2.4)

unknown

4

Zagraniski et al. 1986

92 laryngeal cancer cases among white, male residents of New Haven, CT (smoking-adjusted)

Olsen and Sabroe 1984

276 male laryngeal cancer cases among residents of Denmark (smoking-adjusted) Asbestos

17

1.8 (1.0-3.4)

Burch et al. 1981

184 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of southern Ontario, Canada (smoking-adjusted)

Self-reported asbestos exposure

36

1.6 (p = 0.069)

Occupational hygienist classified exposure

14

2.3 (p= 0.052)

Hinds et al. 1979

47 laryngeal cancer cases among male residents of three counties in WA; self-reported asbestos exposure

All subtypes

25

1.75 (p= 0.21)

Glottis

na

1.29 (p = 0.63)

Supraglottis

na

4.00 (p = 0.22)

Shettigara and Morgan 1975

43 laryngeal cancer cases among male hospital patients in Toronto, Canada Asbestos

10

∞(0 exposedcontrols)

Stell and McGill 1973

100 laryngeal cancer cases among male hospital patients in Liverpool, UK Asbestos

31

14.53 (4.27-49.43)^a

Parent et al. 2000

99 esophageal cancer cases among male residents of Montreal, Canada; IH-derived agent: chrysotile asbestos (smoking-adjusted)

All subtypes

Any exposure

21

1.4 (0.8-2.4)

Nonsubstantial

19

1.4 (0.8-2.5)

Substantial

2

1.3 (0.3-6.2)

63 squamous-cell carcinomas

Any exposure

17

2.0 (1.1-3.8)

Nonsubstantial

16

2.1 (1.1-4.0)

Substantial

1

1.1 (0.1-9.7)

Gustavsson et al. 1998

122 esophageal cancer cases among male residents of two regions in Sweden; IH-derived agent (smoking-adjusted)

Asbestos (low)

22

1.21 (0.67-2.17)

Asbestos (high)

21

1.00 (0.54-1.82)

Hillerdal 1980

Gastrointestinal carcinoma cases among male residents of Uppsala county, Sweden (exposure = pleural plaques)

21 esophageal

1

2.86 (0.07-15.91)^a

Krstev et al. 2005

443 stomach cases among residents of Warsaw, Poland

285 males, ever exposed

42

1.5 (0.9-2.4)

1-9 years

19

1.2 (0.6-2.3)

≥10 years

23

1.9 (0.9-3.8)

158 females, ever exposed

1

0.3 (0.03-3.0)

1-9 years

1

0.4 (0.0-6.0)

≥10 years

0

—

Ekstrom et al. 1999

565 gastric cancer cases among residents ofSweden

155

1.11 (0.87-1.42)

Parent et al. 1998

250 male gastric cancer cases among residents of Montreal, Canada

Chrysotile asbestos

Nonsubstantial

43

1.2 (0.8-1.7)

Substantial

4

0.7 (0.2-1.8)

Amphibole asbestos

Nonsubstantial

10

0.6 (0.3-1.2)

Substantial

3

1.9 (0.6-6.9)

Cocco et al. 1994

640 gastric cancer cases among male residents of Italy

Ever exposed

239

0.7 (0.5-1.1)

21+ years

na

1.4 (0.6-3.0)

Hillerdal 1980

Gastrointestinal carcinoma cases among male residents of Uppsala county, Sweden (exposure = pleural plaques)

148 stomach

6

2.40 (0.88-5.22)^a

Goldberg et al. 2001

497 colon cancer cases among male residents of Montreal, Canada; industrial-hygiene-derived agent

Adjusted for age and non-occupational factors

Nonsubstantial

60

0.9 (0.6-1.3)

Substantial

18

2.1 (1.1-4.0)

Further adjusted for occupational factors

Nonsubstantial

60

0.9 (0.6-1.3)

Substantial

18

1.8 (0.9-3.6)

Frequency

1-5%

21

0.9 (0.5-1.6)

6-30%

49

1.1 (0.7-1.5)

> 30%

8

1.5 (0.6-3.7)

Concentration

Low

40

0.9 (0.6-1.4)

Medium

32

1.2 (0.8-1.8)

High

6

1.4 (0.4-4.3)

Duration (10-year increment)

78

1.1 (0.9-1.2)

Dumas et al. 2000

257 rectal cancer cases among male residents of Montreal, Canada

Chrysotile, any

30

0.7 (0.5-1.0)

Substantial

3

0.5 (0.2-1.6)

Amphiboles, any

11

0.7 (0.3-1.2)

Substantial

2

1.5 (0.3-7.6)

Demers et al. 1994

261 colorectal cancer cases among white males residents of southeast Michigan

15

0.5 (0.3-1.0)

Duration (years)

< 20

9

0.6 (0.3-1.5)

20+

6

0.4 (0.1-1.2)

Latency (years)

< 40

5

0.4 (0.1-1.3)

40+

10

0.6 (0.2-1.4)

Vineis et al. 1993

74 colon cancer cases among male residents of industrialized northern Italy (job titles) Jobs with putative asbestos exposure

4

4.8 (1.05-21.5)

No latency

Any exposure

66

0.99 (0.66-1.50)

Asbestos on hands and clothes

Did not get on hands or clothes

17

2.32 (0.87-6.23)

Got on hands or clothes

49

0.82 (0.52-1.30)

Use of mask

Did not wear mask

55

0.95 (0.61-1.46)

Wore mask

11

1.43 (0.49-4.17)

Frequency of exposure

< 5 times/week

18

1.00 (0.50-2.00)

≥5 times/week

31

0.79 (0.43-1.46)

Brief, intense exposure

17

1.48 (0.64-3.38)

Ordinal trend

p = 0.70

Duration of exposure (years)

< 5

24

0.98 (0.53-1.84)

5-14

20

1.47 (0.67-3.22)

≥ 15

22

0.76 (0.39-1.49)

Continuous trend

p = 0.61

Ordinal trend

p = 0.81

Time since first exposure (years)

< 1-14

10

1.66 (0.54-5.10)

15-29

21

1.37 (0.65-2.91)

≥ 30

35

0.77 (0.45-1.31)

Continuous trend

p = 0.61

Ordinal trend

p = 0.66

Cumulative exposure index

1-30

41

1.26 (0.74-2.15)

31-60

11

0.80 (0.34-1.88)

≥61

14

0.65 (0.28-1.51)

Continuous trend

p = 0.22

Ordinal trend

p = 0.46

15-year latency

Exposed, latency > 15 years

56

0.93 (0.60-1.44)

Asbestos on hands and clothes

Did not get on hands or clothes

12

1.75 (0.62-4.94)

Got on hands or clothes

44

0.83 (0.51-1.33)

Use of mask

Did not wear mask

46

0.86 (0.55-1.37)

Wore mask

10

1.95 (0.55-6.90)

Frequency of exposure

< 5 times/week

14

0.83 (0.39-1.76)

≥ 5 times/week

30

0.93 (0.49-1.77)

Brief, intense exposure

12

1.14 (0.46-2.87)

Duration of exposure (years)

< 5

19

0.74 (0.37-1.47)

5-14

21

1.60 (0.75-3.44)

≥ 15

16

0.69 (0.30-1.55)

Continuous trend

p = 0.58

Ordinal trend

p = 0.79

Cumulative exposure index

1-30

36

1.07 (0.63-1.81)

31-60

10

0.94 (0.33-2.65)

≥ 61

10

0.55 (0.21-1.47)

Continuous trend

p = 0.33

Ordinal trend

p = 0.40

Gerhardson de Verdier et al. 1992

Colon and rectal cancer cases among male residents of Stockholm, Sweden; self-reported agents

163 colon cancers

22

1.9 (0.9-4.2)

Right colon

16

2.6 (1.2-5.9)

Left colon

3

0.5 (0.1-1.9)

107 rectal cancers

17

1.9 (0.8-4.6)

Colorectal cancer: latency (years)

1-19

5

1.4 (0.3-9.9)

20+

34

2.0 (1.0-3.9)

1-29

12

1.6 (0.5-5.0)

30+

27

2.0 (1.0-4.4)

1-39

22

1.4 (0.7-3.0)

40+

17

3.2 (1.1-11.5)

Neuget et al. 1991

51 colorectal cancer cases among males undergoing colonoscopy in 3 NYC medical centers

Asbestos exposure

10

1.8 (0.8-5.6)

Significant exposure

3

4.3 (0.8-23.5)

Fredriksson et al. 1989

329 colon cancer cases among residents of Umea, Sweden

Asbestos, low grade

na

1.2 (0.6-2.4)

Asbestos, high grade

na

2.1 (0.8-5.8)

Spiegelman and Wegman 1985

Colorectal cancer cases in seven US metropolitan areas and two states; JEM-derived agent

Males: 343 colorectal cancer

na

1.28 (p= 0.17)

224 colon cancer only

na

1.22 (p = 0.33)

Females: 208 colorectal cancer

na

1.08 (p= 0.65)

Hardell 1981

153 colon cancer cases among male residents of Umea, Sweden Asbestos, any

16

1.9 (1.0-3.6)

Hillerdal 1980

Gastrointestinal carcinoma cases among male residents of Uppsala county, Sweden (exposure = pleural plaques)

108 colon

3

1.67 (0.34-4.87)^a

101 rectal

3

1.76 (0.36-5.16)^a