Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay: An Evaluation of Program Strategies and Implementation (2011)
Chapter: Appendix B: Best Management Practices and Load Reduction Efficiencies Used in the Watershed Model
Appendix B
Best Management Practices and
Load Reduction Efficiencies Used
in the Watershed Model
TABLE B-1 Best Management Practices and Load Reduction Efficiencies Used in the Watershed Model | ||
Non-Point Source Best Management Practices and Efficiencies Currently Used in Scenario Builder (Values in parentheses are in progress of official approval) | ||
Agricultural BMPs | How Credited | |
| Nutrient management | Land-use change | |
| Forest buffers (varies by region | Efficiency, Land-use change | |
| Wetland restoration (varies by region) | Efficiency | |
| Land retirement | Land-use change | |
| Grass buffers (varies by region) | Efficiency, Land-use change | |
| Non-urban stream restoration | Mass reduction/length | |
| Tree planting | Land-use change | |
| Carbon sequestration/alternative crops | Land-use change | |
| Conservation tillage | Land-use change | |
| Continuous no-till (varies by region) | Efficiency | |
| Enhanced nutrient management | Efficiency | |
| Decision agriculture | Efficiency | |
| Conservation plans | High-till | Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency |
| Cover crops | Efficiency | |
| Commodity cover crops | Efficiency | |
| Stream access control with fencing | Land-use change | |
| Alternative watering facility | Efficiency | |
| Prescribed grazing/PIRG | Efficiency | |
| Horse pasture management | Efficiency | |
| Animal waste management livestock | Efficiency | |
| Animal waste management poultry | Efficiency | |
| Barnyard runoff control | Efficiency | |
| Loafing lot management | Efficiency | |
| Mortality composters | Efficiency | |
| Water control structures | Efficiency | |
| Poultry phytase | Application reduction | |
| Swine phytase | Application reduction | |
| Dairy precision feeding and forage management | Application reduction | |
| Poultry litter transport | Application reduction | |
| TN | TP | SED | ||
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction | ||
| Effciency | Effciency | Effciency | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| 19-65% | 30-45% | 40-60% | ||
| 7-25% | 12-50% | 4-15% | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| 13-46% | 30-45% | 40-60% | ||
| 0.02 lb/ft | 0.003 lb/ft | 2 lb/ft | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| (10-15%) | (20-40%) | (70%) | ||
| (7%) | (N/A) | (N/A) | ||
| (4%) | (N/A) | (N/A) | ||
| 8% | 15% | 25% | ||
| 3% | 5% | 8% | ||
| 3% | 5% | 8% | ||
| 5% | 10% | 14% | ||
| Varies | Varies | Varies | ||
| Varies | Varies | Varies | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| 5% | 8% | 10% | ||
| 9% | 24% | 30% | ||
| N/A | 20% | 40% | ||
| 75% | 75% | N/A | ||
| 75% | 75% | N/A | ||
| 20% | 20% | 40% | ||
| 20% | 20% | 40% | ||
| 40% | 10% | N/A | ||
| 33% | N/A | N/A | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
| Agricultural BMPs | How Credited | |
| Ammonia emissions reduction (interim) | Application reduction | |
| Poultry litter injection (interim) | Efficiency | |
| Liquid manure injection (interim) | Efficiency | |
| Phosphorus sorbing materials in ditches (interim) | Efficiency | |
| Resource BMPs | How redited | |
| Forest harvesting practices | Efficiency | |
| Dirt & gravel road erosion & sediment control— | Mass reduction/length | |
| Driving surface aggregate + raising the roadbed | ||
| Dirt & gravel road erosion & sediment control—with outlets | Mass reduction/length | |
| Dirt & gravel road erosion & sediment control—outlets only | Mass reduction/length | |
| Urban BMPs | How credited | |
| Forest conservation | Land-use change | |
| Urban growth reduction | Land-use change | |
| Impervious urban surface reduction | Land-use change | |
| Forest buffers | Efficiency, land-use change | |
| tree planting | Land-use change | |
| Abandoned mine reclamation | Land-use change | |
| Wet ponds and wetlands | Efficiency | |
| Dry detention ponds and hydrodynamic structures | Efficiency | |
| Dry extended detention ponds | Efficiency | |
| Infiltration practices w/o sand, vegetation | Efficiency | |
| Infiltration practices w/ sand, vegetation | Efficiency | |
| Filtering practices | Efficiency | |
| Erosion and sediment control | Efficiency | |
| Nutrient management | Efficiency | |
| Street sweeping | Efficiency | |
| Urban stream restoration | Load reduction/length | |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 15-60% | N/A | N/A |
| 25% | 0% | 0% |
| 25% | 0% | 0% |
| 40% | 0% | 0% |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 50% | 60% | 60% |
| 0 | 0 | 2.96 lb/ft |
| 0 | 0 | 3.6 lb/ft |
| 0 | 0 | 1.76 lb/ft |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 25% | 50% | 50% |
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 20% | 45% | 60% |
| 5% | 10% | 10% |
| 20% | 20% | 60% |
| 80% | 85% | 95% |
| 85% | 85% | 95% |
| 40% | 60% | 80% |
| 25% | 40% | 40% |
| 17% | 22% | N/A |
| 3% | 3% | 9% |
| 0.02 lb/ft | 0.003 lb/ft | 2 lb/ft |
| Urban BMPs | How Credited | |
| Septic connections | Septic denitrification | |
| Septic denitrification | Efficiency | |
| Septic pumping | Efficiency | |
| Bioretention | C/D soils, underdrain A/B soils, no underdrain A/B soils, no underdrain | Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency |
| Vegetated open channels | C/D soils, no underdrain A/B soils, no underdrain | Efficiency Efficiency |
| Bioswale | Efficiency | |
| Permeable pavement w/o sand, vegetation | C/D soils, underdrain A/B soils, underdrain A/B soils, no underdrain | Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency |
| Permeable pavement w/ sand, vegetation | C/D soils, underdrain A/B soils, underdrain A/B soils, no underdrain | Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency |
| BMPs | Hydrogeomorphic region(s) |
| Forest buffers | Appalachian plateau siliciclastic non-tidal |
Blue Ridge non-tidal; mesozoic lowlands non-tidal; valley and ridge carbonate non-tidal | |
Coastal plain dissected uplands non-tidal | |
Coastal plain dissected uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands tidal; coastal plain uplands tidal; Piedmont crystalline tidal | |
Coastal plain lowlands non-tidal | |
Piedmont crystalline non-tidal | |
Coastal plain uplands non-tidal | |
Piedmont carbonate non-tidal | |
Valley and ridge siliciclastic non-tidal |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 50% | N/A | N/A |
| 5% | N/A | N/A |
| 25% | 45% | 55% |
| 70% | 75% | 80% |
| 80% | 85% | 90% |
| 10% | 10% | 50% |
| 45% | 45% | 70% |
| 70% | 75% | 80% |
| 10% | 20% | 55% |
| 45% | 50% | 70% |
| 75% | 80% | 85% |
| 20% | 20% | 55% |
| 50% | 50% | 70% |
| 80% | 80% | 85% |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 54% | 42% | 56% |
| 34% | 30% | 40% |
| 34% | 30% | 40% |
| 19% | 45% | 60% |
| 56% | 39% | 52% |
| 56% | 42% | 56% |
| 31% | 45% | 60% |
| 46% | 36% | 48% |
| 46% | 39% | 52% |
| BMPs | Hydrogeomorphic region(s) | |
| Grass buffers | Appalachian plateau siliciclastic non-tidal | |
Blue Ridge non-tidal; mesozoic lowlands non-tidal; valley and ridge carbonate non-tidal | ||
Coastal plain dissected uplands non-tidal | ||
Coastal plain dissected uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands tidal; coastal plain uplands tidal; Piedmont crystalline tidal | ||
Coastal plain lowlands non-tidal | ||
Piedmont crystalline non-tidal | ||
Coastal plain uplands non-tidal | ||
Piedmont carbonate non-tidal | ||
Valley and ridge siliciclastic non-tidal | ||
| Wetland restoration (ag and urban) | Appalachian plateau siliciclastic non-tidal | |
Coastal plain dissected uplands non-tidal; coastal plain dissected uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands tidal; coastal plain uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands non-tidal; coastal plains uplands non-tidal | ||
Blue Ridge non-tidal; Mesozoic lowlands non-tidal; valley and ridge carbonate non-tidal; Piedmont crystalline tidal; Piedmont crystalline non-tidal; Piedmont carbonate non-tidal | ||
| Continuous no-till | Coastal plain dissected uplands non-tidal; coastal plain dissected uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands tidal; coastal plain uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands non-tidal; coastal plains uplands non-tidal | |
Appalachian plateau siliciclastic non-tidal; Blue Ridge non-tidal; Mesozoic lowlands non-tidal; valley and ridge carbonate non-tidal; Piedmont crystalline tidal; Piedmont crystalline non-tidal; Piedmont carbonate non-tidal; valley and ridge siliciclastic non-tidal | ||
| Cover crop early drilled rye (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings * Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic;** |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 38% | 42% | 56% |
| 24% | 30% | 40% |
| 46% | 42% | 56% |
| 13% | 45% | 60% |
| 39% | 39% | 52% |
| 39% | 42% | 56% |
| 21% | 45% | 60% |
| 32% | 36% | 48% |
| 32% | 39% | 52% |
| 7% | 12% | 4% |
| 25% | 50% | 15% |
| 14% | 26% | 8% |
| 10% | 20% | 70% |
| 15% | 40% | 70% |
| 45% | 15% | 20% |
| 34% | 15% | 20% |
| BMPs | Hydrogeomorphic region(s) | |
| Cover crop early aerial soy wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop early aerial corn wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop standard drilled wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop standard drilled rye (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop standard other rye (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop late drilled rye (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop late other rye (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop early drilled wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop early other wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 38% | 15% | 20% |
| 29% | 15% | 20% |
| 31% | 15% | 20% |
| 24% | 15% | 20% |
| 18% | 15% | 20% |
| 14% | 15% | 20% |
| 41% | 7% | 10% |
| 31% | 7% | 10% |
| 35% | 7% | 10% |
| 27% | 7% | 10% |
| 19% | N/A | N/A |
| 15% | N/A | N/A |
| 16% | N/A | N/A |
| 12% | N/A | N/A |
| 31% | 15% | 20% |
| 24% | 15% | 20% |
| 27% | 15% | 20% |
| 20% | 15% | 20% |
| BMPs | Hydrogeomorphic region(s) | |
| Cover crop early aerial soy wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop early aerial corn wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop standard drilled wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop standard other wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop late drilled wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop late other wheat (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop early drilled barley (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop early other barley (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop early aerial soy barley (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 22% | 15% | 20% |
| 17% | 15% | 20% |
| 12% | 15% | 20% |
| 10% | 15% | 20% |
| 29% | 7% | 10% |
| 22% | 7% | 10% |
| 24% | 7% | 10% |
| 18% | 7% | 10% |
| 13% | N/A | N/A |
| 10% | N/A | N/A |
| 11% | N/A | N/A |
| 9% | N/A | N/A |
| 38% | 20% | 20% |
| 29% | 20% | 20% |
| 32% | 15% | 20% |
| 25% | 15% | 20% |
| 27% | 15% | 20% |
| 20% | 15% | 20% |
| Urban BMPs | Hydrogeomorphic region(s) | |
| Cover crop early aerial corn barley (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop standard drilled barley (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Cover crop standard other barley (low-till gets only TN efficiency) | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early drill wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early other wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early aerial soy wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early aerial corn wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop standard drill wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop standard other wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** |
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 15% | 15% | 20% |
| 12% | 15% | 20% |
| 29% | 7% | 10% |
| 22% | 7% | 10% |
| 24% | 7% | 10% |
| 19% | 7% | 10% |
| 17% | N/A | N/A |
| 15% | N/A | N/A |
| 12% | N/A | N/A |
| 7% | N/A | N/A |
| 15% | N/A | N/A |
| 12% | N/A | N/A |
| 7% | N/A | N/A |
| 6% | N/A | N/A |
| 15% | N/A | N/A |
| 11% | N/A | N/A |
| 12% | N/A | N/A |
| 7% | N/A | N/A |
| BMPs | Hydrogeomorphic region(s) | |
| Commodity cover crop late drill wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop late other wheat | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early drill barley | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early aerial soy barley | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early aerial corn barley | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop standard drill barley | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop standard other barley | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop standard other rye | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** | |
| Commodity cover crop early other barley | Coastal plain/Piedmont crystalline/karst settings* Mesozoic lowlands/valley and ridge siliciclastic** |
*Coastal plain dissected uplands non-tidal; coast plain dissected uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands tidal; coastal plain uplands tidal; coastal plain lowlands non-tidal; coastal plain uplands non-tidal; valley and ridge carbonate non-tidal; Piedmont carbonate non-tidal.
| TN | TP | SED |
| Reduction | Reduction | Reduction |
| Efficiency | Efficiency | Efficiency |
| 7% | N/A | N/A |
| 6% | N/A | N/A |
| 13% | N/A | N/A |
| 11% | N/A | N/A |
| 9% | N/A | N/A |
| 6% | N/A | N/A |
| 6% | N/A | N/A |
| 5% | N/A | N/A |
| 13% | N/A | N/A |
| 11% | N/A | N/A |
| 15% | N/A | N/A |
| 11% | N/A | N/A |
| 12% | N/A | N/A |
| 10% | N/A | N/A |
| 18% | N/A | N/A |
| 14% | N/A | N/A |
| 15% | N/A | N/A |
| 11% | N/A | N/A |
**ABLEAppalachian Plateau siliciclastic non-tidal; Mesozoic lowlands non-tidal; Piedmont crystalline tidal; Piedmont crystalline non-tidal; valley and ridge siliciclastic non-tidal; Blue Ridge non-tidal.
SOURCE: http://archive.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/NPS_BMP_Table1.8.pdf
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