Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies (2013)
Chapter: Appendix C: Observations of Induced Seismicity
Observations of Induced Seismicity
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Akmaar | Netherlands | 3.5 | Oil and gas extraction | Giardini (2011) |
| Akosombo | Ghana | 5.3 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Apollo Hendrick Field, Texas | USA | 2 | Secondary recovery | Doser et al. (1992) |
| Ashtabula, Ohio | USA | 3.6 | Wastewater injection | Armbruster et al. (1987) |
| Assen | Netherlands | 2.8 | Oil and gas extraction | Grasso (1992) |
| Aswan | Egypt | 5.6 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Attica, New York | USA | 5.2 | Other | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Bad Urach | Germany | 1.8 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Bajina Basta | Yugoslavia | 4.8 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Barsa-Gelmes-Wishka Oilfield | Turkmenistan | 6 | Secondary recovery | Kouznetsov et al. (1994) |
| Basel | Switzerland | 3.4 | Geothermal | Giardini (2011) |
| Belchalow | Poland | 4.6 | Other | Giardini (2011) |
| Benmore | New Zealand | 5 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Bergermeer Field | Netherlands | 3.5 | Oil and gas extraction | van Eck et al. (2006) |
| Berlin | El Salvador | 4.4 | Geothermal | Bommer et al. (2006) |
| Bhatsa | India | 4.8 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Blackpool | UK | 2.3 | Hydraulic fracturing | de Pater and Baisch (2011) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Cajuru, Brazil | Brazil | 4.7 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Camarillas, Spain | Spain | 4.1 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Canelles, Spain | Spain | 4.7 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Catoosa, Oklahoma1 | USA | 4.7 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Cesano | Italy | 2 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Charvak | Uzbekistan | 4 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Clark Hill | USA | 4.3 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Cleburne, Texas | USA | 2.8 | Oil and gas extraction | Howe et al. (2010) |
| Cleveland, Ohio2 | USA | 3 | Other | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Coalinga, California | USA | 6.5 | Oil and gas extraction | McGarr (1991) |
| Cogdell Canyon Reef, Texas | USA | 4.6 | Secondary recovery | Davis and Pennington (1989); Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Cold Lake, Alberta | Canada | 2 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Cooper Basin | Australia | 3.7 | Geothermal | Majer et al. (2007) |
| Coso, California | USA | 2.6 | Geothermal | Julian et al. (2007); Foulger et al. (2008) |
| Coyote Valley | USA | 5.2 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Dale, New York | USA | 1 | Other | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Dallas Fort Worth, Texas | USA | 3.3 | Wastewater injection | Frohlich et al. (2010) |
| Dan | Denmark | 4 | Oil and gas extraction | Grasso (1992) |
| Danjiangkou | China | 4.7 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Denver, Colorado3 | USA | 4.8 | Wastewater injection | Hermann et al. (1981) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Desert Peak, Nevada | USA | 0.74 | Geothermal | Chabora et al. (2012) |
| Dhamni | India | 3.8 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Dollarhide, Texas | USA | 3.5 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Dora Roberts, Texas | USA | 3 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| East Durant, Oklahoma | USA | 3.5 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| East Texas, Texas | USA | 4.3 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Ekofisk | Norway | 3.4 | Oil and gas extraction | Grasso (1992) |
| El Dorado, Arkansas | USA | 3 | Wastewater injection | Cox (1991) |
| El Reno, Oklahoma4 | USA | 5.2 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Eola field, Oklahoma | USA | 2.8 | Hydraulic fracturing | Holland (2011) |
| Eucumbene | Australia | 5 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Fashing, Texas | USA | 3.4 | Oil and gas extraction | Pennington et al. (1986) |
| Fenton Hill, New Mexico | USA | 1 | Geothermal | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Fjallbacka | Sweden | –0.2 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Fort St. John, British Columbia | Canada | 4.3 | Secondary recovery | Horner et al. (1994) |
| Foziling | China | 4.5 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Gazli | Uzbekistan | 7.3 | Oil and gas extraction | Adushkin et al. (2000) |
| Geysers, California | USA | 4.6 | Geothermal | Majer et al. (2007) |
| Gobles Field, Ontario | Canada | 2.8 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Goose Creek, Texas | USA | unknown5 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Grandval | France | unknown6 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Groningen Field | Netherlands | 3 | Oil and gas extraction | van Eck et al. (2006) |
| Gross Schonebeck | Germany | –1.1 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Grozny | Caucasus (Russia) | 3.2 | Oil and gas extraction | Guha (2000) |
| Gudermes | Caucasus (Russia) | 4.5 | Oil and gas extraction | Smirnova (1968) |
| Guy and Greenbrier, Arkansas | USA | 4.7 | Wastewater injection | Horton (2012) |
| Harz | Germany | 3.5 | Other | Giardini (2011) |
| Hellisheidi | Iceland | 2.4 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Hijiori | Japan | 0.3 | Geothermal | Kaieda et al. (2010) |
| Hoover | USA | 5 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Horstberg | Germany | 0 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Hsinfengchiang | China | 6.1 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Hunt Field, Mississippi7 | USA | 3.6 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Idukki | India | 3.5 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Imogene Field, Texas | USA | 3.9 | Oil and gas extraction | Pennington et al. (1986) |
| Inglewood Oil Field, California | USA | 3.7 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Ingouri | Caucasus (Russia) | 4.4 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Itizhitezhi | Zambia | 4.2 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Kariba | Zambia | 6.2 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Kastraki | Greece | 4.6 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Kermit Field, Texas | USA | 4 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Kerr | USA | 4.9 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Kettleman North, California | USA | 6.1 | Oil and gas extraction | McGarr (1991) |
| Keystone I Field, Texas | USA | 3.5 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Keystone II Field, Texas | USA | 3.5 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Kinnersani | India | 5.3 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Koyna | India | 6.5 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Krafla | Iceland | 2 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Kremasta | Greece | 6.3 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| German Continental Deep Drilling Program | Germany | 1.2 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Kurobe | Japan | 4.9 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Kuwait | Kuwait | 4.7 | Oil and gas extraction | Bou-Rabee (1994) |
| Lacq | France | 4.2 | Oil and gas extraction | Grasso and Wittlinger (1990) |
| Lake Charles, Louisiana8 | USA | 3.8 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Lambert Field, Texas | USA | 3.4 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Landau | Germany | 2.7 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Larderello-Travale | Italy | 3 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Latera | Italy | 2.9 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| LGDD | Russia | 4.2 | Other | Giardini (2011) |
| Love County, Oklahoma9 | USA | 2.8 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Love County, Oklahoma | USA | 1.9 | Oil and gas extraction (hydraulic fracturing for conventional oil and gas development) | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Manicouagan | Canada | 4.1 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Marathon | Greece | 5.7 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Matsushiro | Japan | 2.8 | Wastewater injection | Ohtake (1974) |
| Mica, Canada | Canada | 4.1 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Monahans, Texas | USA | 3 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Monte Amiata | Italy | 3.5 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Montebello, California | USA | 5.9 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Montecillo, South Carolina | USA | 2.8 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Monteynard | France | 4.9 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Mutnovsky, Kamchatka | Russia | 2 | Geothermal | Kugaenko et al. (2005) |
| Northern Panhandle, Texas | USA | 3.4 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Nurek | Tadjikstan | 4.6 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Ogachi | Japan | 2 | Geothermal | Kaieda et al. (2010) |
| Petroleum field | Oman | 2.1 | Oil and gas extraction | Sze (2005) |
| Orcutt Field, California | USA | 3.5 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Oroville, California | USA | 5.7 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Paradise Valley, Colorado | USA | 0.8 | Wastewater injection | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Paradox Valley, Colorado | USA | 4.3 | Wastewater injection | Ake et al. (2005) |
| Perry, Ohio | USA | 2.7 | Wastewater injection | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Piastra | Italy | 4.4 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Pieve de Cadore | Italy | 4.3 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Porto Colombia | Brazil | 5.1 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Rangely, Colorado | USA | 3.1 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1990) |
| Renqiu oil field | China | 4.5 | Secondary recovery | Genmo et al. (1995) |
| Richland County, Illinois10 | USA | 4.9 | Oil and gas extraction | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Rocky Mountain House, Alberta | Canada | 3.4 | Oil and gas extraction | Wetmiller (1986) |
| Romashkino, Tartarstan | Russia | 4 | Secondary recovery | Adushkin et al. (2000) |
| Rongchang, Chongqing | China | 5.2 | Oil and gas extraction | Lei et al. (2008) |
| Rosemanowes, | UK | 2 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Roswinkel Field | Netherlands | 3.4 | Oil and gas extraction | van Eck et al. (2006) |
| Rotenburg | Germany | 4.5 | Oil and gas extraction | Giardini (2011) |
| Sefia Rud | Iran | 4.7 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Shandong | China | 2.4 | Secondary recovery | Shouzhong et al. (1987) |
| Shenwo | China | 4.8 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Sleepy Hollow, Nebraska | USA | 2.9 | Oil and gas extraction | Rothe and Lui (1983) |
| Snipe Lake | Canada | 5.1 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Soultz | France | 2.9 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| South-central Texas | USA | 4.3 | Oil and gas extraction | Davis et al. (1995) |
| Southern Alabama | USA | 4.9 | Secondary recovery | Gomberg and Wolf (1999) |
| Sriramsagar | India | 3.2 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Starogroznenskoe Oilfield | Russia | 4.7 | Oil and gas extraction | Kouznetsov et al. (1994) |
| Strachan, Alberta | Canada | 3.4 | Oil and gas extraction | Grasso (1992) |
| Southwest of Elsenbach | Germany | 5.8 | Other | Giardini (2011) |
| Tomahawk Field, New Mexico | USA | Unknown11 | Wastewater injection | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Torre Alfina | Italy | 3 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Unterhaching | Germany | 2.4 | Geothermal | Evans et al. (2012) |
| Upper Silesian | Poland | 4.45 | Other | Giardini (2011) |
| Vajont | Italy | 3 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Valhall and Ekofisk Oilfields | Norway | Unknown12 | Secondary recovery | Zoback and Zinke (2002) |
| Varragamba | Australia | 5.4 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| Vogtland | Germany | Wastewater injection | Baisch et al. (2002) | |
| Vouglans | France | 4.4 | Surface water reservoir | Guha (2000) |
| War Wink Field, Texas | USA | 2.9 | Oil and gas extraction | Doser et al. (1992) |
| Ward-Estes Field, Texas | USA | 3.5 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| Ward-South Field, Texas | USA | 3 | Secondary recovery | Nicholson and Wesson (1992) |
| West Texas | USA | 3.1 | Oil and gas extraction | Keller et al. (1987) |
| Whittier Narrows, California | USA | 5.9 | Oil and gas extraction | McGarr (1991) |
| Site/City/State | Country | Max Magnitude | Technology Type (causing induced seismicity) | Reference |
| Wilmington Field, California | USA | 3.3 | Oil and gas extraction | Kovach (1974) |
NOTE: “Other” refers to, e.g., coal and solution mining.
1 Nicholson and Wesson (1990, 1992) were not able to confirm that the cause of the earthquake was oil and gas extraction; waterflooding and waste disposal were also active in the area at the time.
2 Nicholson and Wesson (1990, 1992) were not able to confirm the accuracy of the maximum magnitude of this event, which occurred at the turn of the 20th century (1898-1907).
3 For the Denver earthquakes of 1967-1968, Healy et al. (1968) reported magnitudes up to M 5.3 on an unspecified scale that were derived from local instruments.
4 Nicholson and Wesson (1992) were not able to confirm conclusively that the earthquake was caused by oil and gas extraction.
5 Nicholson and Wesson (1992) were not able to confirm conclusively that the earthquake was caused by oil extraction or the magnitudes of the events that occurred in the 1920s. Note that this location is not plotted in the figures (maps) in Chapter 1.
6 Guha (2000) describes the earthquake using Modified Mercalli Intensity (V), but does not indicate moment magnitude.
7 Nicholson and Wesson (1990, 1992) were not able to confirm conclusively that the event(s) were due to waterflooding for secondary recovery.
8 Nicholson and Wesson (1990) were not able to confirm conclusively that the event(s) were due to oil and gas extraction activities.
9 Nicholson and Wesson (1990) were not able to confirm the maximum magnitude of the events at this site.
10 Nicholson and Wesson (1990, 1992) were not able to confirm conclusively that the event(s) were due to oil extraction.
11 Nicholson and Wesson (1992) were not able to confirm the maximum magnitude of the events at this site.
12 Zoback and Zinke (2002) did not provide a maximum magnitude, although the events recorded and analyzed are described as “microseismic” events.
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