The Interplay Between Environmental Chemical Exposures and Obesity: Proceedings of a Workshop (2016)
Chapter: Front Matter
THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL
EXPOSURES AND OBESITY
Proceedings of a Workshop
Robert Pool, Rapporteur
Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research,
and Medicine
Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice
Health and Medicine Division
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, DC
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and the ExxonMobil Foundation (unnumbered), The Kresge Foundation (245367), the National Institutes of Health (HHSN26300033), Shell International B.V. (unnumbered), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EP-15-D-000016), and the U.S. Geological Survey (G14AC00448). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-38924-2
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-38924-0
Digital Object Identifier: 10.17226/21880
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2016 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Cover design: Anna Martin.
Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2016. The interplay between environmental chemical exposures and obesity: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21880.
The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, nongovernmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president.
The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president.
The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine.
Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org.
Reports document the evidence-based consensus of an authoring committee of experts. Reports typically include findings, conclusions, and recommendations based on information gathered by the committee and committee deliberations. Reports are peer reviewed and are approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Proceedings chronicle the presentations and discussions at a workshop, symposium, or other convening event. The statements and opinions contained in proceedings are those of the participants and are not necessarily endorsed by other participants, the planning committee, or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
For information about other products and activities of the Academies, please visit nationalacademies.org/whatwedo.
PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR THE WORKSHOP ON THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL EXPOSURES AND OBESITY1
HENRY A. ANDERSON, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison, WI
LINDA S. BIRNBAUM, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
GWEN W. COLLMAN, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
LYNN R. GOLDMAN, George Washington University, Washington, DC
PATRICIA VERDUIN, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ
NSEDU OBOT WITHERSPOON, Children’s Environmental Health Network, Washington, DC
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
This page intentionally left blank.
ROUNDTABLE ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, RESEARCH, AND MEDICINE1
FRANK LOY (Chair), Washington, DC
LYNN R. GOLDMAN (Vice-Chair), George Washington University, Washington, DC
HENRY A. ANDERSON, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison
JOHN M. BALBUS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
JAMES K. BARTRAM, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
FAIYAZ BHOJANI, Royal Dutch Shell, Amsterdam, Netherlands
LINDA S. BIRNBAUM, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
LUZ CLAUDIO, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
DENNIS J. DEVLIN, ExxonMobil Corporation, Irving, TX
RICHARD A. FENSKE, University of Washington, Seattle
DAVID D. FUKUZAWA, The Kresge Foundation, Troy, MI
LUIZ A. GALVÃO, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC
BERNARD D. GOLDSTEIN, University of Pittsburgh, PA
RICHARD J. JACKSON, University of California, Los Angeles
SUZETTE M. KIMBALL, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA
JAY LEMERY, University of Colorado, Aurora
LINDA A. MCCAULEY, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
AL MCGARTLAND, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
DAVID M. MICHAELS, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC
CANICE NOLAN, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
CHRISTOPHER J. PORTIER, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
PAUL SANDIFER, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC
SUSAN L. SANTOS, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
KIRK P. SMITH, University of California, Berkeley
___________________
1 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteur and the institution.
AGNES SOARES DA SILVA, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC
JOHN D. SPENGLER, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
G. DAVID TILMAN, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
PATRICIA VERDUIN, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ
NSEDU OBOT WITHERSPOON, Children’s Environmental Health Network, Washington, DC
HAROLD ZENICK, Cary, NC
HMD Staff
KATHLEEN STRATTON, Study Director
ERIN RUSCH, Associate Program Officer (until May 2015)
BETTINA RITTER, Research Assistant
HOPE HARE, Administrative Assistant
ROSE MARIE MARTINEZ, Director, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice
REVIEWERS
This Proceedings of a Workshop has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published Proceedings of a Workshop as sound as possible and to ensure that the Proceedings of a Workshop meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this Proceedings of a Workshop:
Marie Capdevielle, Colgate-Palmolive Company
Jerrold J. Heindel, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Linda D. Meyers, Independent Nutrition Consultant
Winston F. Wong, Kaiser Permanente
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the Proceedings of a Workshop before its release. The review of this Proceedings of a Workshop was overseen by Elena Nightingale. She was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this Proceedings of a Workshop was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this Proceedings of a Workshop rests entirely with the rapporteur and the institution.
This page intentionally left blank.
CONTENTS
Organization of This Proceedings of a Workshop
3 DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW OF THE ROLE OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURES AND OBESITY
Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Organochlorines on Childhood Obesity
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Onset of Puberty, and Obesity
4 BIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
High-Throughput Screening of Environmental Chemicals
Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants on Adipose Tissue
Transgenerational Effects of Obesogens: Tributyltin
Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Bisphenol A on Obesity and Metabolic Disease Later in Life
Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Energy Metabolism and Insulin Secretion
5 OTHER POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTORS TO OBESITY
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
| ACOG | American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists |
| Ad36 | adenovirus type 36 |
| ADI | accepted daily intake |
| AhR | aryl hydrocarbon receptor |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| BCERP | Breast Cancer and Environmental Research Program |
| BDE 47 | brominated diphenyl ether 47 |
| BMI | body mass index |
| BPA | bisphenol A |
| cAMP | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| CREBP | cAMP-responsive element-binding protein |
| DDE | dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene |
| DDT | dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane |
| DEHP | diethylhexyl phthalate |
| DES | diethylstilbestrol |
| EDC | endocrine-disrupting chemical |
| EPA | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
| FDA | U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
| GLP1 | glucagon-like peptide 1 |
| HMD | Health and Medicine Division |
| IOM | Institute of Medicine |
| NCCG | National Center for Chemical Genomics |
| NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| NIEHS | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences |
| NTP | National Toxicology Program (of the NIEHS) |
| OB-GYN | obstetrician-gynecologist |
| PBDE | polybrominated diphenyl ether |
| PCB | polychlorinated biphenyl |
| PFOA | perfluorooctanoic acid |
| POP | persistent organic pollutant |
| PPARγ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ |
| PVC | polyvinyl chloride |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RXR | retinoid X receptor |
| TCA | tricarboxylic acid (cycle) |
| TCDD | tetrachlorodibenzodioxin |
| Tox21 | Toxicology in the 21st Century (project) |
| TSCA | Toxic Substances Control Act |
| USGS | U.S. Geological Survey |
