Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition (2025)
Chapter: Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment
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Previous Chapter:
Prologue to the Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment, the Reference Guide on Epidemiology, and the Reference Guide on Toxicology
Next Chapter: Reference Guide on Epidemiology
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Exposure Science and Exposure Assessment." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
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