Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition (2025)
Chapter: Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages
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Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
Suggested Citation:
"Reference Guide on Estimation of Economic Damages." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26919.
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