Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition (2025)

Chapter: Reference Guide on Computer Science

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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Page 1443 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Page 1445 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Page 1446 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Page 1448 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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Suggested Citation: "Reference Guide on Computer Science." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and Federal Judicial Center. 2025. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26919.
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