APPENDIX B

Bibliography

This document presents a bibliography of documents reviewed during the literature search for ACRP Project 07-17, “Update to ACRP Report 40: Airport Roadway Analysis and Curbside Congestion Management Strategies,” with an emphasis on those documents that describe analytical procedures and performance measures and strategies for optimizing efficiency of airport curbside and terminal area roadway operations. The literature review that follows is organized around the following topics:

• Estimating Traffic Volumes
• Analyzing Curbside Roadways
• Strategies for Improving Operations and Reducing Delay
• Ground Transportation Modes: TNCs, Autonomous Vehicles, and Others
• Roadway Level-of-Service Metrics

This literature review builds upon that conducted in developing ACRP Report 40. This review updates the study to include analyses and best practices developed after the 2010 publication of ACRP Report 40.

The literature review was conducted by examining scholarly responses to ACRP Report 40. Additionally, the literature review team identified conference presentations and papers that provide case studies of curbside and terminal area roadways after the publication of ACRP Report 40. Lastly, the team identified analyses that addressed changing patterns in transportation modes associated with maturing transportation network companies (TNCs) and changing public behavior.

Estimating Traffic Volumes

Measuring airport roadway traffic volumes is often cost-prohibitive or impractical during planning studies. Therefore, methods to estimate existing, and project future, traffic volumes based on other sources are an important starting point for curbside and roadway analyses.

Duncan, Gavin, and Hugh Johnson. “Development and Application of a Dynamic Simulation Model for Airport Curbsides.” San Francisco, CA, 2000.

This conference paper provides a methodology for modeling curbside traffic.

———. “Development and Application of a Dynamic Simulation Model for Airport Curbsides.” Presented at the ASCE Specialty Conference: 26th International Air Transportation Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 19, 2000.

This presentation accompanied the conference paper of the same name. It provides additional graphics and examples.

Kim, Seong Ho, Won Ho Suh, and Jun Gin Kim. “Airport Access Road Traffic Demand Estimation,” 764:1356–60. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2015.

This paper provides a framework to estimate airport roadway traffic volumes using airline flight schedules.

Kim, Seongho, Wonho Suh, and Jungin Kim. “Forecasting Hourly Traffic Volume: Incheon International Airport Access Road.” Scientia Iranica 22, no. 4 (2015): 1510–16.

This paper uses Incheon International Airport as a case study to examine the relationship between traffic volume and airport operational efficiency. It further suggests a mathematical model that can be used to predict traffic volumes at various points of the airport’s ground access network and then derive future levels of congestion at those points.

Analyzing Curbside Roadways

Curbside roadway analysis for airports requires specialized models. The following presentations and publications discuss the use of modeling in analyzing curbside roadways and provide case studies of existing curbside programs. Publications describing techniques developed after the publication of ACRP Report 40 in 2010 are included.

Ceballos, Gustavo, and Alex Chambers. “Airport Curbside Operation: Macro Analysis Enhancement through Simulation.” PTV User Group Meeting 2019, October 10, 2019.

This presentation makes a case for the use of VISSIM simulation models in analyzing curbside roadway capacity and throughput. Notably, it discusses the relationship between pedestrian crossings and curbside roadway level of service.

Chen, Yanyan, Nuo Zhang, Haoning Wu, Yao Lu, Liang Zhang, and Jun He. “Calculation Method of Traffic Capacity in Airport Curbside,” 725–36. Springer, 2016.

Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Parking Business Unit. “Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Parking Business Unit.” October 20, 2015.

This presentation describes the ground access and curbside programs at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.

Dickens, Calvin. “Reducing Commercial Vehicle Congestion: Curbside Usage at William P. Hobby Airport (HOU).” November 2006.

DiPrima, Chris. “Integrating Ride App Vehicles into the SFO Curbside Traffic Model.” Presented at the ESRI User Conference, San Diego, July 11, 2019.

This presentation provides a methodology for using VISSIM microsimulation to analyze TNC data and curbside usage at San Francisco International Airport (SFO).

Duncan, Gavin. “Commercial Vehicles: Who’s Curb Is It Anyway?” Presented at the Airport Ground Transportation Association Spring 2008 Meeting, Atlanta, GA, April 8, 2008.

———. “Curbside Operations: Challenges & Solutions.” Presented at the AAAE Ground Transportation and Landside Management Workshop, November 10, 2004.

Evans, Alastair. “Managing the Curb through Simulation.” n.d.

This presentation examines urban curb management and proposes simulation modeling of flexible-use curbs.

Galagedera, Sameera, H.R. Pasindu, and Saman Bandara. “Airport Curbside and Parking Area Operations at BIA—Analysis of User Behavior.” Engineer, Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 47 (October 27, 2014): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v47i4.6882

This paper evaluates vehicle operations and passenger behavior, using Bandaranaike International Airport (BIA) as a case study. It proposes methods to evaluate existing levels of service and suggests measures to improve operational efficiencies to meet future demand.

Harris, Tyler M., Mehdi Nourinejad, and Matthew J. Roorda. “A Mesoscopic Simulation Model for Airport Curbside Management.” Edited by Richard S. Tay. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (July 6, 2017): 4950425. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4950425

This article proposes a mesoscopic traffic model based on traffic conditions at Toronto Pearson International Airport, to address the deficiencies of ACRP Report 40’s QATAR model, but avoids detailed vehicle interaction inherent in microsimulation models. The conditions not discussed in ACRP Report 40, but addressed in this article, include double-parking, inclement weather effects reducing the ratio of available inner curb and supply of commercial vehicles, and a reduction of private vehicle dwell time associated with an increase in volume.

Houston Airport System. “IAH Curbside Operations.” 2016.

This presentation provides an overview of the curbside operational structure at George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH).

Lockhart, Bob. “Evaluation of Landside and Parking Operations.” 2010.

Mandle, Peter, and Gavin Duncan. “New Concepts for Analyzing Airport Roadway Operations and Level of Service.” Presented at the 2010 Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 11, 2010.

Pasindu, H. R., Kaushan Devasurendra, and Sajith Udayanga. “Assessment of Curbside Roadway Level of Service of the Bandaranayke [sic] International Airport—Sri Lanka: A Comparison of the Analysis Tools in ACRP 40.” Presented at the 11th Asia Pacific Transportation and the Environment Conference, 2018.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of theoretical results from ACRP Report 40 and the real-world data from the Bandaranaike International Airport in Sri Lanka. It suggests alternative dwell times for different vehicle types. The authors also used a variation of the best-fit curve with higher predictive accuracy than ACRP Report 40.

San Francisco International Airport. “Ground Transportation Performance Measures.” n.d.

Strategies for Improving Operations and Reducing Delay

Various new strategies have emerged in recent years to manage demand on airport roadways such as providing cell phone lots and commercial vehicle hold lots and adding mechanisms to collect fees from all curbside users. The strategies assessed include strategies for (1) enforcement, (2) traffic demand, (3) congestion management, (4) customer experience management, (5) sustainability, (6) TNC and autonomous vehicle accommodation, and (7) additional supporting technologies. These themes are broad and are touched on in works across all categories. For brevity, these have not been reiterated in this category for strategies for improving operations and reducing delay.

Biagi, Michael. “LAX Ground Transportation Program.” November 2007.

Brock, Bakari. “Solving Airport Congestion through Curb Pricing.” Medium, August 18, 2019. https://medium.com/sharing-the-ride-with-lyft/solving-airport-congestion-through-curb-pricing-62fb91e13751

This article describes curbside operation innovations introduced by the TNC Lyft and introduces a case for curb pricing. These innovations include rematch and predispatch to optimize the effectiveness of TNC vehicles in the airport’s ground access system.

Collins, Jeff. “Managing Your Curbsides to Meet the Expectations of Your Customers, Security, Airport Management, and the Providers.” 2017.

Duncan, Gavin. “What’s New in Airport Curbside Management?” Presented at the ACI-NA Operations and Technical Affairs Conference, April 6, 2011.

This presentation provides an overview of emerging technologies and opportunities related to curb management.

Greco, Chet. “The FLL Airport Experience Using a 3rd Party Contractor for Curbside Management.” San Francisco, CA, September 26, 2019.

This presentation provides a case study of using a 3rd party contractor for curbside management at FLL. It presents the challenges and best practices associated with managing various curbside elements.

Hutchison, D., Scott. “SFO Curbside Management: Taxi Dispatch & Shared Shuttle Management.” Presented at the AAAE: Parking and Landside Management Workshop, November 6, 2013.

This presentation presents a case study of offsite queuing and hold lots at SFO.

Leutwiler, Mark. “Managing Your Curbs.” 2017.

This presentation provides an overview of the curbside elements at Portland International Airport and suggests methods to balance demand management with customer service.

McCarter, Horace. “Curbside Management of Commercial Ground Transportation: Effective Third Party Management.” Presented at the AAAE Meeting, November 8, 2006.

This presentation discusses the potential obstacles and benefits of utilizing 3rd party management at commercial burbs.

Mitman, Meghan, Steve Davis, Ingrid Ballus Armet, and Evan Knopf. Curbside Management Practitioners Guide. Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2018.

This document outlines decision-making frameworks for curbside management in urban locations. Additionally, it suggests best practices and performance measures for curbside management.

Moorthy, Aditi, Robert De Kleine, Gregory Keoleian, Jeremy Good, and Geoff Lewis. “Shared Autonomous Vehicles as a Sustainable Solution to the Last Mile Problem: A Case Study of Ann Arbor-Detroit Area.” SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems 10, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 328–36. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1276.

This article examines the effects of autonomous vehicles and other transit modes on the last mile of traffic to and from airports through the lens of sustainability. It estimates the mode split associated with autonomous vehicles. It discusses funding implications and the potential additional cost factors associated with this mode type.

Ground Transportation Modes: Transportation Network Companies, Autonomous Vehicles, and Others

For decades, the proportion of airline passengers arriving at and departing from airports remained relatively constant from one year to the next. However, changes in technology, particularly the market adoption of TNCs since 2015, have triggered a series of changes in airport ground access. The impacts that TNCs have had on airport landside operations and revenue have been profound, and there is therefore considerable research already in this area.

CAPA Centre for Aviation. Airports and Uber: Transportation Network Companies Now More Welcome at Airports, 2016.

Contreras, Seth D., and Alexander Paz. “The Effects of Ride-Hailing Companies on the Taxicab Industry in Las Vegas, Nevada.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 115 (2018): 63–70.

Conway, Alison, Camille Kamga, Anil Yazici, and Abhishek Singhal. “Challenges in Managing Centralized Taxi Dispatching at High-Volume Airports: Case Study of John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2300, 2012, 83–90. https://doi.org/10.3141/23

Coogan, Matthew A., MarketSense Consulting LLC, and Jacobs Consultancy. ACRP Report 4: Ground Access to Major Airports by Public Transportation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2008. https://doi.org/10.17226/13918

Gatien, Seth, John Gales, Ata Khan, and Ariel Yerushalami. “The Importance of Human Factors When Designing Airport Terminals Integrating Automated Modes of Transit,” 597–602. Springer, 2020.

Gosling, Geoffrey David. ACRP Synthesis 5: Airport Ground Access Mode Choice Models. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2008. https://doi.org/10.17226/23106

This ACRP Synthesis outlines multinomial logit utility models and nested multinomial logit models. Others subsequently extended this methodology, particularly after market introduction of TNCs.

Henao, Alejandro, Joshua Sperling, Stanley E. Young, Garikapati Venu, and Yi Hou. “Airport Analyses Informing New Mobility Shifts: Opportunities to Adapt Energy-Efficient Mobility Services and Infrastructure: Preprint.” 2018. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1454744.

Hermawan, Karina. “Transportation Network Companies’ (TNC) Impacts and Potential on Airport Access,” 2018.

Dissertation describing TNC activity at airports with emphasis on activity at San Francisco International Airport (SFO) and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Multinomial and nested multinomial logit modeling were conducted to understand ground access mode choice at study airports.

Leiner, Craig, and Thomas Adler. ACRP Research Report 215: Transportation Network Companies (TNCs): Impacts to Airport Revenues and Operations—Reference Guide. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2020.

ACRP Research Report 215 explores the financial and operational challenges introduced to the airport landside environment by TNC market adoption. Best practices are presented for airport policy setting, including linking permitting to reporting and insurance requirements, and ground transportation fee setting.

L. E. K. Consulting. “The Future of Airport Ground Access: How Airports Can Respond to Disruption,” n.d.

This report provides recommendations to meet changing modes of transport, particularly electric vehicles, TNCs, and vehicle sharing.

Mandle, Peter, and Stephanie Box. ACRP Synthesis 84: Transportation Network Companies: Challenges and Opportunities for Airport Operators. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2017.

One of the first publications to document the impact of TNCs on the airport environment, ACRP Synthesis 84 provides an initial overview of shifting ground access modes and summarizes early market adoption rates at surveyed airports.

Meyer, Michael D., Simon M. Mosbah, and Louis D. Wolinetz. ACRP Research Report 216: Guidebook for Assessing Collaborative Planning Efforts Among Airport and Public Planning Agencies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2020.

This report provides a general overview of ground access modes at airports.

Orrick, Phyllis, and Karen Trapenberg Frick. “Airports and Bicycles: What Are the Obstacles and Incentives for Operators to Improve Bicycle Access?” 2013.

Provides an overview of general planning considerations for bicycle transportation at airports, with emphasis on U.S. west coast, large-hub airports. The eight considerations assessed at each airport are (1) governance structure, (2) location, (3) access roads, (4) self-perceived environmental stewardship, (5) spending restrictions on non-aviation transportation improvements, (6) proximity to transit, (7) policies and mandates to reduce environmental impacts, and (8) land use constraints. The primary assessments were based on employee bicycle access, as that has been a focus for airport operators as a means to reduce single-occupancy vehicle traffic.

Passos, L., Rosaldo Rossetti, and Luís Reis. “Evaluation of Taxi Services on Airport Terminal’s Curbside for Picking up Passengers.” Proceedings of the 6th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, CISTI 2011.

Passos, Lúcio S., Zafeiris Kokkinogenis, Rosaldo J.F. Rossetti, and Joaquim Gabriel. “Multi-Resolution Simulation of Taxi Services on Airport Terminal’s Curbside,” 2361–66. IEEE, 2013.

Pitcher, Paige Marie. “Hit the Deck: Impacts of Autonomous Vehicle Technology on Parking and Commercial Real Estate.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017.

This thesis models the effects of autonomous vehicles on the financial performance of urban parking garages. It suggests that parking garages hold a limited benefit in the short term, and recommends against investments in new parking facilities. This provides insight to potential changes in destination of traffic on terminal area roadways in light of autonomous vehicles.

Shapiro, Phillip. “Intermodal Ground Access to Airports: A Planning Guide—A Good Start.” Presented at the Sixth TRB Conference on the Application of Transportation Planning Methods, Dearborn, MI, May 19–23, 1997.

Zhang, Yu, and Yuan Wang. “Implications of Autonomous Vehicles to Airport Terminal Planning and Design,” n.d.

Estimates future impacts of autonomous vehicles to airport public parking activity and revenue, using the Tampa International Airport as a case study.

Roadway Level-of-Service Metrics

Traditionally, roadway level of service has been analyzed according to metrics defined by the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). The airport roadway environment requires special consideration to address low-speed merging, diverging, and weaving sections on a network of predominantly one-way roadways.

Eibert, Shannon, Ian Girardeau, and Jamie Phillips. “Addressing Airport Congestion as Traffic Takes Off in the Age of Uber and Lyft.” ACRP University Design Competition, April 29, 2019.

This report presents recommendations for reducing terminal curbside congestion in association with the increase in TNC mode share.

Mullins, Patricia. “Ground Transportation.” 2017.

This presentation provides an overview of the ground transportation network at Memphis International Airport.

Pasindu, H. R., Kaushan Devasurendra, and Sajith Udayanga. “Assessment of Curbside Roadway Level of Service of the Bandaranayke [sic] International Airport—Sri Lanka: A Comparison of the Analysis Tools in ACRP 40.” Presented at the 11th Asia Pacific Transportation and the Environment Conference, 2018.

Presents a comparative analysis of theoretical results from ACRP Report 40 and the real-world data from the Bandaranaike International Airport in Sri Lanka. It suggests alternative dwell times for different vehicle types.

Udayanga, P. A. S., and H. R. Pasindu. “Incorporating User Characteristics for Level of Service Improvement at Airport Curbside and Roadside Operations at BIA.” Annual Sessions of IESL, 2015, 69–75.

Compares roadway analysis results between ACRPReport 40 and real-world data observed at the Bandaranaike International Airport in Sri Lanka. A new model was developed called the QAT-ACR, which is based on principles used in ACRP Report 40’s QATAR model and appears to primarily focus on single sections of curbside roadways.

Additional Materials

The following materials, while not directly addressing the focus areas, are relevant and include planning standards, best practices, and previous ACRP reports.

Aviation Department—Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Airport Planning Standards. 3rd ed., 2018.

This document provides existing metrics and methods used in practical planning efforts by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It is overarching and touches on all aspects of airport planning, including curbside and roadway planning. It also serves as a case study for the levels of service airports currently plan for.

Broward County Aviation Department. “Managing Your Curbsides Efficiently, Effectively, and Enthusiastically.” 2017.

This presentation provides an overview of the Fort Lauderdale—Hollywood International Airport’s existing curbside program. It includes a case study of 3rd party operations and their effect on customer service levels.

LeighFisher, Dowling Associates, Inc., JD Franz Research, Inc., and WILTEC. ACRP Report 40: Airport Curbside and Terminal Area Roadway Operations. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2010.

Parizi, Mahmoud S., and John P. Braaksma. “Optimum Design of Airport Enplaning Curbside Areas.” Journal of Transportation Engineering. 120, no. 4 (1994).