A

Academics, see Education;

Universities

Acid rain and acidification, 19, 88, 90-93, 97, 273

assessment of damage from, 4, 20

neutralization, 90, 91, 206, 282

organic sources, 208, 209-210, 211-212

paleolimnological analysis, 40, 92, 306

research studies, 43, 91-93, 188, 195, 206, 208, 209, 211-212, 276 -277, 280

Adaptive management, 255

Agriculture and farmlands, 73, 249, 297

runoff, 11, 78, 87, 238, 249, 250, 297

wetlands impacts, 71, 238, 250

Air pollution, 4, 90, 93-97, 273

Alewife, 98, 100, 101, 102

Algal blooms, see Cultural eutrophication

Alkalinity, 91, 270-271

research studies, 43

Aluminum, 208

American Fisheries Society, 59

American Institute of Hydrology, 170-171

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), 29, 31, 54, 56, 59, 205, 213, 230, 345

Andrews, H. J., Experimental Forest (HJAEF), 147, 149, 163, 284-285

Anions, 270

Apalachicola-Chattachoochee-Flint River Basin, 295

Applied research, 175, 176, 247-255

Arizona State University, 124, 145, 146, 330

Artificial channels, 195

Artificial ponds, 186

Atchafalaya Delta, 67

Atmospheric transport and deposition, 17, 19, 90, 93-94, 98, 273

B

Bachelor's degree, see Undergraduate education

Bacteria, 268, 270

Baseline data collection, 21, 37, 237

Basic research, 7, 66, 175-176, 257-277

Beavers, 208

Bennett Dam, 67, 68

Benthic organisms, 48, 194, 267-268, 304, 306

Bioaccumulation, of toxins, 3-4, 14, 19, 68, 87-88, 94-97, 208

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 78-79, 80

Biodiversity, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311

Biogeochemistry, 192, 219, 223

Biological integrity, 289, 290-291, 296-315

Biological sciences, 4, 11, 48, 58-69, 193-194, 222, 224, 226

Biological status and changes, 47, 97-104, 296-298

assessment and monitoring, 289-296, 298-317

exotic species introduction, 97-103

experimental lake studies, 35-36, 37

extinction of species, 103-104

functional attributes, 311-315

metrics and indices, 307-311

nonequilibrium processes, 302-303

seasonal variations, 302

structural attributes, 304-311

time and spatial scales in, 298-302

Biomanipulation, 87, 192

Bioremediation, 210

Birds, accumulation of toxins in, 3, 96-97

Birge, Edward A., 28, 29-30, 184-185, 281-282

Blue Plains sewage plant, 14

Boating, 15, 249

Bogs, see Wetlands

Boundary Waters Canoe Area, 19

Bureau of Land Management, 173, 292, 296

Bythotrephes cederstroemi, 100-101

C

Calcium carbonate, 37, 90

Canada

collaborative research programs, 163-165

Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), 76, 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, 254, 281

fish contamination, 94, 97

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 55, 205

Carbon and carbon dioxide (CO₂), 74

as cause of eutrophication, 83-84, 86

cycling of, 68, 70, 188-189, 197, 237

Careers, see Employment opportunities

Cations, 270-271

Center for Great Lakes Studies, 147-148

Certification, professional, 7-8, 170-172, 176

CFSTR (continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactor), 190

Chemical budgets, 207

Chemical changes and regulation, 77-97, 210-211, 270-274

and acid rain, 88, 90-93

and air pollution, 90, 93-97

anions and cations, 270-271

and climate change, 273-274

detrital organic material, 272-273

experimental lake studies, 35

long-range transport and deposition, 19, 273

stream studies, 46, 48

trace metals, 93-97, 208, 271-272

and waste discharges, 78-88

Chemistry, 44, 192

Classification of inland waters, 258-260

lakes, 31, 185

rivers and streams, 48, 194

Clean Water Act, 1, 2, 4, 10, 13, 292, 294-295, 296

Lake Erie recovery under, 16-17

and point-source discharges, 15, 80-81

Potomac River improvements under, 14

state water quality assessments, 248-249, 250, 294

wetlands provisions, 10, 72, 240

Climate change, 74-77, 273-274, 298

research, 3, 209

wetlands impacts, 76-77, 209, 211, 242

see also Greenhouse gases

Coarse-filter approach, 251-252

Coarse particulate organic matter, 272

Columbia River Basin, 17, 293, 296, 301

Committee on Aquaculture, 31

Conservancies, 155-156

Continuing education, 8, 168-169

Cooperative and collaborative programs

among professional societies, 173-174, 176, 213

student internships, 6-7, 165-167

see also Interdisciplinary programs

Copper, 269-270, 306

Coweeta Experimental Forest, 149, 284

Cultural eutrophication, 20, 81-87, 297

carbon-phosphorus controversy, 83-84, 86, 189

control and prevention, 3, 83-84, 85, 87

research programs, 36-37, 43, 81-84, 87, 188, 206, 281

role of phosphorus in, 16, 83-84, 86, 103, 189, 190, 281

Curriculum, 134-147, 223-231

doctoral programs, 144-145, 229-230

laboratory and field methods, 139-142

master of science programs, 7, 142-144, 229-230

postdoctoral programs, 145-147

reforms, 127-128, 213

synthesis courses, 137, 139

undergraduate programs, 134-142, 227, 228

for wetlands study, 234-243

see also Introductory courses

Cycling of elements

carbon, 68, 70, 188-189, 197, 237

greenhouse gases, 51, 71, 74, 197

nutrients, 49, 192, 196, 204, 211, 301, 313

D

Dams and reservoirs, 3, 17, 46, 66-70, 297

Daphnia, 100

Dartmouth University, 124, 141, 162

DDT, 87, 93, 209, 237, 273

Degree programs, see Doctoral (Ph.D.) programs;

Graduate education;

Master of science programs;

Undergraduate education

Diel cycles, 264

Dioxins, 87, 93, 273

Dissolved organic carbon, 272-273

Doctoral (Ph.D.) programs, 144-145, 160, 229-230

Drinking water, 13, 14-15

Ducks, 209

E

Ecological energetics, 194-195

Ecological health, 291

Ecological Society of America (ESA), 54, 59, 171, 230, 345

Ecology of Running Waters, The, 48, 49, 194

Ecosystem Center, Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 159, 283

Ecosystems, 258-261

biodiversity of, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311

energy flows, 192-193, 194-195

human impacts, 65, 274-276

lakes as integrated, 25, 27, 183-185

linkages among diverse, 195, 203-213, 219, 266-267

management, 219, 220, 291-292.

species relationships within, 104, 267-269

studies of diverse, 203-214

sustainability, 291-292

Edmondson, W. T., 58, 83, 84, 140, 141, 283-284

Education, 118-119, 151-153, 218-232

continuing and professional, 8, 168-169

current status of, 4-5, 56, 119-127, 223-224

departmental fragmentation, 4-5, 56, 58-61, 119, 124, 126-127, 221, 222-223

field research sites role in, 147-151

interecosystem studies, 213-214

of the public, 6, 8, 152, 174-175, 225, 253

recruitment programs, 232

of resource managers, 6-7, 152, 154, 220-221, 253

student interest in limnology, 5, 55, 121, 328, 330-343

see also Curriculum;

Faculty;

Graduate education;

Undergraduate education;

Universities

Electric power generation, 297. See also Hydroelectric facilities

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 166

Elodea canadensis, 102-103

Embodied energy (emergy), 35

Employment opportunities, 155-160

in academia, 155, 159-160

in government, 157-158, 172-173

placement programs, 232

preparation for, 137, 143, 144, 170-172

in private sector, 155-157

in research centers, 144, 158-159

Endangered Species Act (ESA), 291, 293, 296

Energy flows, 35, 192-193, 194-195

Engineering, 44, 222-223

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), 294

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 43, 57-58, 173, 212, 248, 249, 293-295

Europe, institutes of limnology in, 31, 128-130, 222, 227

Eutrophication, see Cultural eutrophication

Exotic species, 4, 19, 97-103, 104, 240

Experimental lakes, 35-37, 185-189, 282-283

Canada program, 76, 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, 254, 281

Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), Canada, 76, 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, 254, 281

Extinction of species, 17, 103-104, 240

prevention, 4, 293

F

Faculty

adjunct appointments to government agencies, 167, 176

departmental affiliations, 4-5, 44, 45, 119, 131-134, 329

doctoral candidates on, 145

employment opportunities, 155, 159-160

government scientists and managers as, 8, 161

publication activity, 346

strengths and dispersal, 58-59, 328-343

Farms, see Agriculture and farmlands

Federal government

job classification, 8, 172-173, 176

legislative and policy actions, 291-293

monitoring and assessment programs, 293-295

postdoctoral programs, 146-147, 152

regional school support, 231

research programs, 7, 43, 57, 222

research scientists in, 144, 158

student internships, 6-7, 152, 166-167

zebra mussel research, 99-100

see also Environmental Protection Agency;

Forest Service;

National Research Council;

National Science Foundation;

Office of Personnel Management;

Tennessee Valley Authority;

U.S. Geological Survey

Field camps, 7, 141-142, 152

Field research

in continuing education programs, 168-169

education in methods, 139-142

in graduate education, 143-144, 150

support, 5, 151, 152

in undergraduate education, 7, 121, 123, 149, 150, 227

see also Research Centers

Fine-filter approach, 251-252

Fine particulate organic matter, 272

Fish and fisheries, 19, 296, 297

accumulation of toxins in, 3-4, 14, 19, 68, 88, 94-96, 97, 208

acidification effects on, 90-91

dam impacts, 17, 67

research, 59, 188, 191, 304-305, 306-307

restrictions, 13-14, 94-95, 96, 248-249

stocking of exotic species, 19, 98-99, 101-102

Flood-pulse model, 50, 196

Florida Everglades, 18, 96

Florida panthers, 96

Fluid mechanics, 192, 264-265

Food chains and webs, 43, 191-192, 208, 211, 219, 224, 283

and eutrophication, 85, 87

and exotic species, 101-102

Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 24, 25, 27, 183

Forel, Francois Alphonse, 25, 26, 184

Forestry and timber harvest, 73-74, 280, 297

Forest Service, 162, 163, 173, 280, 292, 296

Fossil fuels, 88, 90, 93

Fossil studies, 37, 40, 41, 189, 190, 206, 236-237, 262

Fragmentation of studies, 205, 221, 222

within schools, 4-5, 56, 58-61, 119, 124, 126-127, 221, 222-223

Freshwater Imperative, 56

Freshwater Institute, 163

Frey, D. G., 58

G

Generalists, 205, 213

Genetic variation

within ecosystems, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311

within species, 269-270, 314-315

Geomorphology, 46, 193, 194

Global warming, see Climate change;

Greenhouse gases

Goldman, Charles, 89

Government agencies

collaboration with universities, 161-165, 167, 176

employment opportunities, 157-158, 172-173

publication activity of limnologists in, 346

research scientists in, 144

see also Federal government;

names of individual agencies;

State government

Graduate education, 55, 123-124, 126, 136, 137, 152-153, 160, 218, 224

curriculum, 7, 227, 229-230

field studies, 143-144, 150

see also Doctoral programs;

Master of science programs

Great Lakes

atmospheric deposition, 93-94, 96-97

exotic species in, 4, 19, 98-102

research programs, 46, 59, 148

role of limnology in management of, 105

and zebra mussel, 4, 19, 98, 99-100

Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 16, 105

Great Plains, 209, 231

Greenhouse gases, 74-75

from flooded areas, 68, 70

wetlands role in cycling, 51, 71, 74, 197

H

Hasler, Arthur D., 29, 36, 186, 282

History of limnology, 24-51, 183-185, 219

Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), 149, 162-163, 195, 206, 280

Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 31, 33, 58, 91, 186

Hydraulic properties, dam and dam releases impacts on, 67, 68

Hydroelectric facilities, 67, 297

environmental managers, 155, 156

Hydrology, 8, 193, 231

Hynes, H. B. Noel, 48, 49, 194

I

Impoundments, see Dams and reservoirs

Indiana University, 58, 222

Indicator species, 48, 194, 306

Indigenous peoples, 67, 68, 97

Industrial discharges, 10, 11, 15, 78, 297

toxic releases, 87

Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 159, 175

Interdisciplinary programs, 28, 29-30, 44, 57, 253-255

and interecosystem studies, 203-214

linkages among major fields, 44, 206-207

in universities, 6, 119, 121, 128, 131-134, 151, 213-214, 221, 225-227

Interecosystem studies, 203-214

Intergovernmental Personnel Act, 167

Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality, 294

Internal alkalinity generation, 91

International Association for Great Lakes Research (IAGLR), 54, 59, 345

International Association for Theoretical and Applied Limnology,

see Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL)

International Biological Program, 50

Introductory courses, 6, 135-136, 138-139, 152

offerings at universities, 55, 328, 330-343

Iron, 208, 271, 276-277

Isle Royale, 93-94

Ivanov, Konstantin E., 52

J

Journal of Great Lakes Research, 55, 59

Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 55, 205, 346

Journals, 54, 55, 59, 60, 173, 205

home institutions of authors publishing in, 346

Juday, Chancey, 28-30, 45, 184-185, 281-282

K

Kent State University, 131, 132, 134, 175

Kentucky Division of Water, 253

L

Laboratory studies, 5, 7, 121, 123, 144, 149, 150, 152, 227

Lake and Reservoir Management, 55

Lake Erie, eutrophication recovery, 16-17

Lake George, New York, eutrophication problems, 82

Lake Laberge, Yukon Territories, 94

Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, 76, 87, 89, 282

Lakes, 24-25, 183

acid neutralization, 90, 91, 206, 282

as chemical reactors, 190

classification of, 31, 185

and climate change, 76, 209

as components of watersheds, 190-191

experimental, 185-189, 282-283

as microcosms, 25, 27, 31, 183-185

paleolimnological studies, 189-190

paradigms for study of, 25-46, 183-193

water quality problems, 2, 13, 15, 250

see also under names of individual lakes

Lake Superior, 93

Lake Tahoe, California, 89

Lake Washington, Washington State

eutrophication recovery, 83, 84-85, 283-284

research center, 283-284

Land-Margin Ecosystems programs, 283

Landscape management, 252-253, 299-300

Land use patterns and changes, 3, 73, 274

Legislation, 291-293

sulfur emission controls, 92-93

see also Clean Water Act;

Endangered Species Act;

National Environmental Protection Act;

Water Quality Act

(Le) Leman: Monographic Limnologique, 25, 26, 184

Limnoenclosures, 37, 188

Limnological Society of America, 31

Limnology, definition of, 1, 11, 12, 181-182

Limnology and Oceanography, 31, 55, 56, 205, 346

Lindeman, Raymond L., 34

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, 149, 150, 212, 254, 280, 282, 283

M

Macroscopic scales, hydrologic processes, 264-265

Mammals, 211

accumulation of toxins in, 88, 96

Management, see Water resources management

Manufacturing, see Industrial discharges

Maryland, student internships, 165-166

Maryland International Institute for Ecological Economics, 158

Master of science (M.S.) programs, 7, 55, 136, 142-144, 152-153, 160, 229-230

field studies, 143-144

Mathematical modeling, 44

Mayflies, 268

Mead Corporation, 169

Mentoring programs, 145, 146

Mercury levels, 93, 94-97, 208, 237-238, 250, 273

dam and reservoir impacts on, 68, 69

Mesocosms, 37, 188

Methane (CH₄), 68, 70, 74

Methylmercury, 97, 208, 238

Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 157, 166

Microbial loop, 267

Midwest Benthological Society, 54

Mining, 276-277, 297

Minneapolis, Minnesota, 79

Minnesota, fish mercury levels and advisories, 94-96

Mississippi River, 79

Monitoring and assessment programs, 19-20, 248-249, 255

biological status, 289-296, 298-317

citizen-based, 175, 250

federal, 293-295

Municipal waste discharges, 15, 78, 80-81

diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198

toxic releases, 87

N

National Academy of Sciences, 225

National Biological Service (NBS), 173, 293, 295, 296

National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), 291, 292-293, 295, 296

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, 80

National Research Council (NRC), 146-147, 152

National Science Foundation (NSF), 7, 43, 57-58, 149, 150, 161, 162, 163, 212, 213, 222, 231, 280, 283

National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 158, 173, 293-294, 295-296

Native American tribal governments, 158, 166

Naumann, Einar, 31, 32

New York City, drinking water filtration, 14-15

Nitrogen, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93, 210, 237, 238, 271, 273, 281

Nonequilibrium processes, 302-303

North American Benthological Society (NABS), 54, 155, 205, 230, 345

journal, 55, 205, 346

North American Lake Management Society (NALMS), 54, 59, 171-172, 230-231, 250, 345

Northern pike, 208

Nutrient concentrations, 20, 191, 250, 271

cycling and spiraling, 49, 192, 196, 204, 211, 301, 313

dam and reservoir impacts on, 46, 67

see also Cultural eutrophication;

Nitrogen;

Phosphorus

O

Odum, Eugene, 35

Odum, Howard Thomas (H. T., Tom), 34-35

Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 172-173

Oil pollution, 210

Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy, 163

Organic matter, 20, 192, 210, 224, 313

as acidification source, 208, 209-210, 211-212

in sediment record, 37, 189

Organochlorine compounds, 87-88, 93, 94, 96-97, 209, 237, 250, 273

Otters, 96

Oxygen concentrations,

and biochemical demand, 78-79, 80

dam and reservoir impacts on, 67

waste discharge impacts on, 20, 78-81

Ozone, 273

P

Paleolimnology, 37-42, 261-262

acidification studies, 40, 92, 306

eutrophication studies, 206

sediment studies, 21, 37-38, 40-42, 189-190, 262

wetlands in, 197, 236-237

Patch dynamics, 49-50, 196, 300

Patrick, Ruth, 47

PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 87, 93, 237, 250, 273

Peace-Athabasca Delta, 67, 68

Pearsall, William Harold, 53

Peatlands, 207, 208, 209-210, 211-212, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 258

Pesticides, 87, 88, 93, 250, 273

Phelps, E. B., 78, 80

Phosphorus, 271

in Lake Erie, 16-17

role in eutrophication, 16, 83-84, 86, 103, 189, 190, 281

Photosynthesis, 263, 264, 312

Physical characteristics and changes, 66-77

and climate change, 74-77

dams and impoundments, 66-70

experimental lake studies, 35

wetlands impacts, 70-73

Physical sciences, 11, 44

Phytoplankton, 263, 269-270

Placement programs, 232

Plankton, 87, 100-101, 263, 268, 269-270, 306

Plants and vegetation, 73-74, 211, 236, 237, 240

exotics, 19, 97-98, 102-103

fossil studies, 37, 40, 41, 190

Plug-flow reactors, 194

Point sources, see Industrial discharges;

Municipal waste discharges;

Waste discharges

Pollen, 40, 41, 190

Pollution, see Air pollution;

Organochlorine compounds;

Toxic pollutants;

Trace metals;

Water quality and pollution

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 93, 273

Postdoctoral programs, 145-147, 152, 159

Potomac River, 14

Prairie potholes, 209

Predator and prey interactions, 191-192, 219, 224, 267-268

Principal components analysis (PCA), 309-311

Private sector

employment opportunities, 155-157

publication activity of limnologists in, 346

student internships, 6-7, 152

Professional societies, 54, 56, 59, 60, 153, 205, 212-213, 230-231,

certification programs, 7-8, 170-172, 176

composition of membership, 345

cooperation among, 173-174, 176, 213

see also under names of individual societies

Publications, 55-56, 212. See also Journals Textbooks

Public outreach and education, 6, 8, 152, 169, 174-175, 225, 232, 253

monitoring and assessment programs, 175, 250

Purple loosestrife, 211, 240

R

Radioisotope dating methods, 41, 189-190, 206

Radiotracer experiments, 186, 187

Rainbow smelt, 102

Reactor concepts, 190

Recreational uses, 13, 15, 249

Recruitment and placement programs, 232

Red Lake Peatland, Minnesota, 39-40

Regional aquatic science schools, 6, 128-131, 151, 218, 225-227, 231

Regional scales, 31, 211, 265-267

Research

on acid rain and acidification, 43, 91-93, 188, 195, 206, 208, 209, 211-212, 276-277, 280

applied aquatic ecosystems science, 175, 176, 247-255

basic, 7, 66, 175-176, 257-277

on ecosystem linkages, 195, 203-213, 219

employment preparation, 144-145

federal programs, 7, 43, 57, 222

funding and support, 56-58

role in educational programs, 221-223, 225, 229, 230, 231

university-government collaboration, 161-165, 167, 176

Research centers, 30, 161-165, 279-285

employment opportunities, 144, 158-159

Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program, 150, 159

Reservoirs, see Dams and reservoirs

Restoration programs, 18, 21, 241

Review boards and panels, 7, 205

River Continuum Concept (RCC), 48-50, 195-196, 284, 300

Rivers and streams, 182

classification of, 48, 194

experimental studies, 195

paradigms for study of, 46, 48-50, 193-196

textbook coverage of, 121, 124

water quality problems, 2, 13, 15, 249, 297

Runoff

agricultural, 11, 78, 87, 238, 249, 250, 297

diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 239

and eutrophication, 17

of toxic pollutants, 87-88

urban, 11, 15, 17, 78, 297

S

St. Paul, Minnesota, 79

Salmon, 101-102

Saprobien system, 48, 194

Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, 158, 166

Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, 159

Sea Grant program, 46, 99-100

Sea lamprey, 98, 101

Seasonal variations, 262-263, 277, 302

oxygen depletion, 206

in sediment record, 189

Sediments and suspended solids

dam and dam releases impacts on, 67, 70

paleolimnological studies of, 21, 37-38, 40-42, 189-190, 262

Sewage discharges, 10, 78, 297

impacts on oxygen levels, 78-81

Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, 39

Siskiwit Lake, 93-94

Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL), 31, 54

Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), 54-55, 171, 205, 213, 345

Sociology, 274

South Florida Water Management District, 166

Spatial heterogeneity, 265-266

Spatial scales, 211, 265-267, 298-302

Species

biodiversity, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311

genetic variation within, 269-270, 314-315

niches in ecosystems, 267-269

in wetlands, 236

State government

employment opportunities, 157-158

federal mandates, 248-249, 250, 294, 295

student internships, 6-7, 152, 165-166

zebra mussel research, 99-100

Stone flies, 268

Streams, see Rivers and streams

Stress-response experiments, 35, 186

Student internships, 6-7, 152, 165-167, 176

Sulfur, 88, 90, 92-93, 210, 237, 268, 273, 281

Suspended solids, see Sediments and suspended solids

Swimming, 13, 15, 249

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, 129, 130, 133-134

Synergistic interactions, 97, 273, 298

Synthesis courses, 137, 139

T

Teaching, see Education;

Faculty

Temperature, 67, 70, 302. See also Climate change

Tennessee Valley Authority, 158

Textbooks, 55, 121, 124, 206

Thienemann, August, 31, 32, 45

Timber, see Forestry and timber harvest

Time scales, 211-212, 298-302

diel cycles, 264

historical, 261-262

seasonal variations, 262-263, 302

see also Paleolimnology

Total Ecosystem Management Strategies (TEMS) program, 169

Toxaphene, 87, 95, 209, 237

Toxic pollutants, 271, 305-306

algal sources, 270

bioaccumulation, 3-4, 14, 19, 68, 87-88, 94-97, 208

Trace metals, 93-97, 208, 250, 271-272

Tracer additions, 35

Trent University, 121, 123, 140

Trophic dynamics, 31, 34, 185, 191, 192-193, 267

tropical studies, 45-46, 285

Trout Lake Limnological Station, 28, 147, 163, 175, 254, 281-282

U

Undergraduate education, 5, 7, 119-122, 159, 170, 218

laboratory and field studies, 7, 121, 123, 149, 150, 227

Unionid mussels, 295

Universities

access to field stations, 328-343

administrative reforms, 5-6, 127-138, 153, 218, 225-232

collaborative programs, 160-169, 176

degrees awarded, 328, 330-343

interdisciplinary programs, 6, 119, 121, 128, 131-134, 151, 213-214, 221, 225-227

publication activity of limnologists in, 346

regional aquatic science schools, 6, 128-131, 151, 218, 225-227, 231

see also Education;

Faculty;

under names of individual institutions

University of Alabama, 123-124, 134, 330

University of Colorado, Boulder, 121, 122, 332

University of Georgia, 158-159, 333

University of Minnesota, 119, 124, 131, 147, 175, 336

University of Notre Dame, 147, 158, 283

University of Washington, 58, 126, 141, 163, 222, 284

University of Wisconsin-Madison, 28-29, 36, 121, 123, 125, 134, 147, 161, 163, 166, 168, 175, 254, 281-283, 342

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 148

University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 120

Uppsala University, Sweden, 129

Urban development, 73, 297

wetlands impacts, 71

Urban runoff, 11, 15, 17, 78, 297

diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 239

toxic releases, 87

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 158, 163, 167, 173, 293-294

Utah State University, 131, 133, 213, 341

V

Vallentyne, Jack, 105

Vollenweider, Richard, 105, 190

W

Waste discharges, 10, 19-20, 78-88, 274

sources, 2-3, 11, 15, 17, 19-20, 78

to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 207-208, 238, 239, 277

see also Industrial discharges;

Municipal waste discharges;

Runoff

Water and Watersheds research initiative, 57-58

Water budgets, 191, 208

Water Quality Act, 290

Water quality and pollution, 2-4, 10-11, 13-15

assessment of, 19-20, 248-249

chemical parameters of, 270-274

paleolimnological studies, 41-42

recreational impacts, 13, 15, 249

see also Toxic pollutants;

Waste discharges

Water resources management, 220-221

education in, 6-7, 152, 154, 220-221, 253

employment opportunities, 154-158

monitoring strategies, 255

professional development in, 169-175, 230

research needs, 191, 251-255, 274

role of limnology in, 2-4, 104-106, 221

see also Dams and reservoirs

Water Resources Research Institutes (WRRI), 167

Watersheds, 50

management, 3, 155-156, 191, 252

Wayne State University, 141-142

Wetlands, 182, 207-212, 234-237

climate change impacts, 76-77, 209, 211, 242

dam impacts, 67

destruction of, 17, 70-73, 239-240, 250-251

drainage and dredging, 11, 50-51, 71-72, 198, 238

ecological functions, 51, 70-71, 237-238

human valuation of, 51, 70, 197-198, 238-239

management of, 3, 20, 241

''no-net-loss" policy, 72, 241

paradigms for study of, 50-51, 196-198

restoration and construction of, 72, 240-241

species extinction, 104, 240

textbook coverage of, 121, 124

as waste treatment systems, 51, 72, 198, 207-208, 238, 239, 277

Wetlands (journal), 55, 205

White Mountain National Forest, 162

Winter, 262-263, 277

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 89, 157-158, 161, 163, 166, 168, 175

Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 159, 283

Workshops and symposia, 168, 212-213

Y

Yale University, 33, 58, 222, 343

Z

Zebra mussels, 4, 19, 98-100

Zoology, 224

Zooplankton, 87, 100-101