Previous Chapter: 10 Key Findings and Conclusions
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.

References

  1. APTA. Zero-Emission Bus Maintenance Training: Recommended Practice, APTA BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23, 2023. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/standards/bus-transit-systems-standards-program/APTA-BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23/
  2. FTA, Transit Workforce Center. Zero-Emission Fleet Transition Plan. https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/zero-emission-fleet-transition-plan. Accessed June 1, 2025.
  3. International Transportation Learning Center and Jobs to Move America. Providing Training for Zero Emission Buses: Recommended Expanded RFP Language. February 2022. https://www.transitworkforce.org/resource_library/providing-training-for-zero-emission-buses-recommended-expanded-rfp-language/
  4. ATU. Training and Education. https://www.atu.org/members/education-training
  5. ATU Canada. IP Costa Was in Toronto, ON, to Tour and Learn about the ATU and Centennial Collegeʼs Battery Electric Bus (BEB) Training. March 4, 2024. https://www.atu.org/media/blog/2024/ip-costa-was-in-toronto-on-to-tour-and-learn-about-the-atu-and-centennial-colleges-battery-electric-bus-beb-training
  6. Transit Workforce Center. Low-No Emission Workforce Transition Resources. https://transportcenter.org/zeb. Accessed October 8, 2025.
  7. National Transit Institute. February 2020. Advancing Frontline Workforce Development Meetings: Synthesis. Federal Transit Administration: Report No. 0154.
  8. Fleet Maintenance. May 4, 2023. ASE Unveils new EV Standards, Testing, and Certification. https://www.fleetmaintenance.com/equipment/safety-and-technology/article/53059346/national-institute-for-automotive-service-excellence-ase-ase-unveils-new-ev-standards-testing-and-certification
  9. U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center. Electric School Bus Education. https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_school_buses.html#driver-training
  10. Electric School Bus Initiative. Reskilling the Workforce: Training Needs for Electric School Bus Operators and Maintenance Technicians, August 22, 2023. https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/reskilling-workforce-training-needs-electric-school-bus-operators-and-maintenance-technicians
  11. 2022 Annual Database Revenue Vehicle Inventory. National Transit Database, Federal Transit Administration. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/2021. Accessed March 29, 2024.
  12. Chard, Rachel, Mike Hynes, Bryan Lee, and Jared Schnaher. Zeroing in on ZEBs: The Advanced Technology Transit Bus Index: A ZEB Inventory Report for the United States and Canada. CALSTART. February 2023. https://calstart.org/zeroing-in-on-zebs-2023/
  13. Zeroing in on ZEBs: February 2023. CALSTART. https://nx698e.p3cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Zeroing-in-on-ZEBs-February-2023_Final.pdf
  14. Zeroing in on ZEBs: February 2024. CALSTART. https://calstart.org/zeroing-in-on-zebs-2024/
  15. FTA. 2024 Grants to Support Buses, Facilities & New Technology. July 2024. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/aa81196a78d1497b9c4dc728c905de70
  16. FTA. Low or No Emission Grant Program – 5339(c). https://www.transit.dot.gov/lowno
  17. Clean Energy States Alliance. Table of 100% Clean Energy States. https://www.cesa.org/projects/100-clean-energy-collaborative/guide/table-of-100-clean-energy-states/
  18. Cohen, Rona. States with Net-Zero Carbon Emissions Targets. Council of State Governments, East. March 2023. https://csg-erc.org/states-with-net-zero-carbon-emissions-targets/
  19. Young, Stanley and Paul J. Miller. 15 States and the District of Columbia Join Forces to Accelerate Bus and Truck Electrification. California Air Resources Board. July 2020. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/news/15-states-and-district-columbia-join-forces-accelerate-bus-and-truck-electrification
  20. New York State Senate Bill S4191, 2025–2026 Legislative Session. Relates to Requiring Certain Distribution Centers to Be Equipped with Electric Vehicle Charging Stations. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/S4191. Accessed October 8, 2025.
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.
  1. AC Transit. Climate Action Plan. April 2022. https://www.actransit.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/ac-transit-climate-action-plan_202261.pdf. Accessed October 8, 2025.
  2. Houston Metro. https://www.ridemetro.org/about/who-we-are/sustainability. Accessed March 29, 2024.
  3. SFMTA. Zero Emission Bus Rollout Plan. 2021. https://www.sfmta.com/sites/default/files/reports-and-documents/2021/03/3-16-21_item_12_zero-emission_bus_rollout_plan.pdf
  4. SEPTA. Zero Emission Buses. December 2024. https://planning.septa.org/initiatives/zero-emission-bus/
  5. TriMet. Climate Action Plan. April 2024. https://trimet.org/bettertransit/pdf/TriMet-Climate-Action-Plan.pdf. Accessed November 10, 2024.
  6. Eudy, Leslie, Matthew Post, Jonathan Norris, and Steve Sokolsky. Zero-Emission Bus Evaluation Results: Stark Area Regional Transit Authority Fuel Cell Electric Buses. National Renewable Energy Laboratory and CALSTART. Federal Transit Administration: Report No. 0140. October 2019. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research-innovation/134491/zero-emission-bus-evaluation-results-sarta-fta-report-no-0140_0.pdf
  7. Alternative Fuels Data Center. Maintenance and Safety of Electric Vehicles. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. n.d. https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_maintenance.html
  8. CleanTechnica. Servicing An Electric Vehicle vs. a Gas Vehicle. July 2023. https://cleantechnica.com/2023/07/26/servicing-an-electric-vehicle-vs-a-gas-vehicle/#comment-6240114429
  9. Alternative Fuels Data Center. Maintenance and Safety of Electric Vehicles. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. n.d. https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_maintenance.html
  10. Linscott, Meredith and Amy Posner. 2021. TCRP Research Report 219: Guidebook for Deploying Zero-Emission Transit Buses. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25842
  11. Linscott, Meredith and Amy Posner. 2021. TCRP Research Report 219: Guidebook for Deploying Zero-Emission Transit Buses. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25842
  12. Alternative Fuels Data Center. n.d. Maintenance and Safety of Electric Vehicles. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_maintenance.html
  13. Linscott, Meredith and Amy Posner. 2021. TCRP Research Report 219: Guidebook for Deploying Zero-Emission Transit Buses. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25842
  14. NHTSA. n.d. Emergency Response Guides. https://www.nhtsa.gov/emergency-response-guides. Accessed March 29, 2024.
  15. Federal Transit Administration and Center for Urban Transportation Research. August 2023. Guidebook for Deploying Battery Electric Buses. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2023-08/FTA-Report-No-0254.pdf
  16. FAAC Commercial. Transit Training for Safe Transition to Zero-Emissions Bus Technology. June 2024. https://www.faac.com/blog/2024/06/04/transit-training-for-safe-transition-to-zero-emissions-bus-technology/; National Transportation Safety Board. Risks to Emergency Responders from High-Voltage, Lithium-Ion Battery Fires Addressed in Safety Report. January 2021. https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NR20210113.aspx
  17. Schmidt, Kara, Joshua Schmidt, and Carl Rivkin. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles—What First Responders Need to Know. December 2017. https://www.firehouse.com/rescue/article/12385113/hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles-what-first-responders-need-to-know-firehouse
  18. TCRP Project E-14, “Research in Progress: Lithium-Ion Battery Transit Bus Fire Prevention and Risk Management,” web page. https://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=5258
  19. Peterson, Mark. In Transition to Zero-Emission Buses, California Shows How to Clear Hurdles. July 2024. ASCE. https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/civil-engineering-magazine/article/2024/07/in-transition-to-zero-emission-buses-california-shows-how-to-clear-hurdles
  20. National RTAP, Shared-Use Mobility Center (SUMC), and Transit Workforce Center (TWC). Electric Vehicle Maintenance Best Practices. November 2022. https://www.nationalrtap.org/Resources/Best-Practices-Spotlight/Electric-Vehicle-Maintenance
  21. NREL. Mission and Vision. https://www.nrel.gov/about/vision.html
  22. NREL. Electric Transit User Group – Listening Sessions. https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/electric-transit-user-group-forum.html
  23. National Fire Protection Association. 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, 2021.
  24. APTA. 2023. Zero Emission Bus Maintenance Training: Recommended Practice, APTA BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/standards/bus-transit-systems-standards-program/APTA-BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23/
  25. APTA. 2023. Zero Emission Bus Maintenance Training Recommended Practice, APTA BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/standards/bus-transit-systems-standards-program/APTA-BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23/
  26. APTA. 2023. Zero Emission Bus Maintenance Training Recommended Practice, APTA BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/standards/bus-transit-systems-standards-program/APTA-BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23/
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.
  1. National Center for Applied Transit Technology. April 2023. Engaging Frontline Employees in Adopting New Transit Technologies. https://n-catt.org/guidebooks/engaging-frontline-employees-in-adopting-new-transit-technologies/training-frontline-employees-on-new-transit-technologies/. Accessed March 29, 2024.
  2. APTA. 2023. Zero Emission Bus Maintenance Training Recommended Practice, APTA BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/standards/bus-transit-systems-standards-program/APTA-BTS-ZBT-RP-001-23/
  3. EVPro+. 2023. Outline & Outcomes. Electrified Transportation Pro+ Level 1 Training with Certification Option. https://www.evproplusprogram.com/l1outcomes.html
  4. FTA. Zero Emission Fleet Transition Plan. https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/zero-emission-fleet-transition-plan
  5. FTA. 2022. Zero-Emission Fleet Transition Plan – Element 6: Workforce Evaluation Tool. https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/grants/zero-emission-fleet-transition-plan-element-6-workforce-evaluation-tool
  6. Transit Workforce Center. Resources and Best Practices for a Low-No Emission-Workforce Fleet Transition Plan. https://transportcenter.org/zeb
  7. Transit Workforce Center. 2024. Visualizing the Growing Trend of Registered Apprenticeship in U.S. Transit Agencies. https://www.transitworkforce.org/registered-apprenticeships-map/
  8. NTI. February 2020. Advancing Frontline Workforce Development Meeting: Synthesis. FTA Report No. 0154. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research-innovation/147266/advancing-frontline-workforce-development-meeting-synthesis-fta-report-no0154.pdf
  9. APTA. 2025. APTA BTS-BPG-GL-001-13, Standard Bus Procurement Guidelines. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/standards/procurement/apta-bts-bpg-gl-001-13/. Accessed October 8, 2025.
  10. Linscott, Meredith and Amy Posner. 2021. TCRP Research Report 219: Guidebook for Deploying Zero-Emission Transit Buses. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25842
  11. Hanlin, Jason, Darby Reddaway, and Julia Lane. 2018. TCRP Synthesis 130: Battery Electric Buses—State of the Practice. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/25061
  12. National Rural Transit Assistance Program, Shared-Use Mobility Center, and Transit Workforce Center. November 2022. Electric Vehicle Maintenance Best Practices. https://www.nationalrtap.org/Resources/Best-Practices-Spotlight/Electric-Vehicle-Maintenance
  13. ATU International. March 05, 2024. Day Two at Centennial College in Toronto, ON. https://www.atu.org/media/blog/2024/day-two-at-centennial-college-in-toronto-on. Accessed October 8, 2025.
  14. International Transportation Learning Center and Jobs to Move America. February 2022. Providing Training for Zero Emission Buses: Recommended Expanded RFP Language. https://www.transitworkforce.org/resource_library/providing-training-for-zero-emission-buses-recommended-expanded-rfp-language/
  15. FTA. 2020. Transit Vehicle Innovation Deployment Centers (TVIDC) Advisory Panel Overview and Conclusions. https://doi.org/10.21949/1518355
  16. ATU Canada. IP Costa Was in Toronto, ON, to Tour and Learn about the ATU and Centennial Collegeʼs Battery Electric Bus (BEB) Training. March 4, 2024. https://www.atu.org/media/blog/2024/ip-costa-was-in-toronto-on-to-tour-and-learn-about-the-atu-and-centennial-colleges-battery-electric-bus-beb-training
  17. AC Transit Zero Emission Bus (ZEB) Training Facility — Oakland, CA. https://www.parsons.com/project/ac-transit-zero-emission-bus-zeb-training-facility-oakland-ca/
  18. ATU. Training and Education. https://www.atu.org/members/education-training
  19. Transit Workforce Center. Low or No Emission Workforce Transition Resources. https://transportcenter.org/zeb. Accessed October 8, 2025.
  20. International Transportation Learning Center. Battery Electric Bus Familiarization. https://www.transittraining.net/courseware/details/battery-electric-bus-familiarization
  21. NTI. February 2020. Advancing Frontline Workforce Development Meetings: Synthesis. Federal Transit Administration: Report No. 0154. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research-innovation/147266/advancing-frontline-workforce-development-meeting-synthesis-fta-report-no0154.pdf
  22. TPC. Improve Maintenance Skills with Effective Training. https://www.tpctraining.com
  23. Veejer. Auto-Truck Electrical-Electronic Circuit Troubleshooting Training. https://www.veejer.com/
  24. Fluke. Fluke Test and Measurement Tools. https://www.fluke.com/en-us/learn
  25. APTA. October 2016. Recommended Practice: Training Syllabus to Instruct/Prepare for the ASE Transit Bus Electrical/Electronics Test. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/standards/bus-transit-systems-standards-program/apta-bts-bmt-rp-004-10/
  26. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2023. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Household Data Annual Averages: 18b. Employed persons by detailed industry and age. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18b.htm
  27. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2023. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Household Data Annual Averages: 11b. Employed persons by detailed occupation and age. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.
  1. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2023. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Household Data Annual Averages: 11b. Employed persons by detailed occupation and age. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm
  2. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2023. Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey. Household Data Annual Averages: 11b. Employed persons by detailed occupation and age. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm
  3. National Center for Transit Research. 2001. Where Are the Future Transit Maintenance Technicians Coming From? https://www.nctr.usf.edu/2001/08/where-are-the-future-transit-maintenance-technicians-coming-from/
  4. APTA. March 2023. Transit Workforce Shortage Synthesis Report. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/research-reports/transit-workforce-shortage/
  5. Reolfi, R. L. R., et al. 2023. Anticipating the Impacts of Light-Duty Vehicle Electrification on the U.S. Automotive Service Workforce, Environmental Research Letters, 18(3), 031002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acbb93
  6. APTA. 2023. Transit Workforce Shortage Synthesis Report. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/research-reports/transit-workforce-shortage/
  7. Stanley Black & Decker. 2024. Makers Index. https://www.stanleyblackanddecker.com/impact/people/makers-index
  8. Prebil, M. and White, T. 2022. Youth Apprenticeship and Work-Based Learning in the Skilled Trades. New America. http://newamerica.org/education-policy/briefs/youth-apprenticeship-and-work-based-learning-in-the-skilled-trades/
  9. TWC. Visualizing the Growing Trend of Registered Apprenticeship in U.S. Transit Agencies https://www.transitworkforce.org/registered-apprenticeships-map/
  10. TWC. Transit Mentorship Metrics: Positive Signs for Retention, Attendance, and Additional Outcomes. https://www.transitworkforce.org/resource_library/transit-operator-mentoring-fact-sheet/
  11. APTA. March 2023. Transit Workforce Shortage Synthesis Report. https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/research-reports/transit-workforce-shortage/
  12. TWC. Apprenticeship Funding Sources: Opportunities for Funding Apprenticeship Programs. https://www.transitworkforce.org/apprenticeship-funding-sources/
  13. Barrett, Jim and Josh Bivens. 2021. The Stakes for Workers in How Policymakers Manage the Coming Shift to All-Electric Vehicles. The Economic Policy Institute. https://files.epi.org/uploads/232751.pdf
  14. ASE. xEV Safety Certifications. https://www.ase.com/ev. Accessed October 8, 2025.
  15. Fleet Maintenance. May 4, 2023. ASE Unveils New EV Standards, Testing, and Certification. https://www.fleetmaintenance.com/equipment/safety-and-technology/article/53059346/national-institute-for-automotive-service-excellence-ase-ase-unveils-new-ev-standards-testing-and-certification
  16. Ford. 2021. Ford to Lead Americaʼs Shift to Electric Vehicles with New Mega Campus in Tennessee and Twin Battery Plants in Kentucky; $11.4b Investment to Create 11,000 Jobs and Power New Lineup of Advanced EVs. https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2021/09/27/ford-to-lead-americas-shift-to-https://rivian.com/support/warrantyelectric-vehicles.html
  17. Honda. January 21, 2020. Honda Takes Two Big Steps to Advance the Skills of Its Workforce. https://hondanews.com/en-US/honda-corporate/releases/release-0bbc009838e0b24882489e7843000a35-honda-takes-two-big-steps-to-advance-the-skills-of-its-workforce
  18. Universal Technical Institute. November 10, 2021. Universal Technical Institute Launches Electric Vehicle Technician Training Coursework to Meet Increasing Demand for Clean Cars and Trucks. https://news.uti.edu/2021-11-10-Universal-Technical-Institute-Launches-Electric-Vehicle-Technician-Training-Coursework-to-Meet-Increasing-Demand-for-Clean-Cars-and-Trucks
  19. EPA. 2024. Clean School Bus Program. https://www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus
  20. EPA. 2024. Clean School Bus: Workforce Development and Training Resources. https://www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus/workforce-development-and-training-resources
  21. U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center. Electric School Bus Education. https://afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_school_buses.html#driver-training. Accessed March 29, 2024.
  22. EPA. 2024. Bus Manufacturer Job Quality and Workforce Development Practices. https://www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus/bus-manufacturer-job-quality-and-workforce-development-practices#Training-Advancement
  23. Electric School Bus Initiative. August 22, 2023. Reskilling the Workforce: Training Needs for Electric School Bus Operators and Maintenance Technicians. https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/reskilling-workforce-training-needs-electric-school-bus-operators-and-maintenance-technicians
  24. Joint Office of Energy and Transportation. Electric School Bus Training Series. https://driveelectric.gov/school-districts-training
  25. Electric School Bus Initiative. August 22, 2023. Reskilling the Workforce: Training Needs for Electric School Bus Operators and Maintenance Technicians. https://electricschoolbusinitiative.org/reskilling-workforce-training-needs-electric-school-bus-operators-and-maintenance-technicians
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.
Page 48
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.
Page 49
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Public Transit Workforce Development for Zero-Emission Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29287.
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Next Chapter: List of Acronyms
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