On January 14-15, 2016, a distinguished committee, collaboratively administered by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’ Science and Technology for Sustainability Program and the Board on Atmospheric Science and Climate, organized a meeting of leading scientists to discuss progress in sustainability science during the last 15 years, potential opportunities for advancing the research and use of scientific knowledge to support a transition toward sustainability, and challenges specifically related to establishing metrics/indicators and observations to support sustainability research and practice. A brief individually-authored workshop summary was prepared by a designated rapporteur and distributed broadly to the sustainability community.