Consensus
160 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-09530-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-54745-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/11169
National Research Council. 2005. Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Pedestrian fatalities in the U.S. have increased dramatically since 2010, with most of the rise occurring in dark conditions.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 430: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1157: Strategies to Improve Pedestrian Safety at Night: A Guide and summarizes the research from previous portions of this multiphase project.
197 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99560-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29225
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Walking is an important part of a healthy, sustainable transportation system. Yet walking is too often inaccessible, uncomfortable, or unsafe as a practical option for large numbers of people because of traffic risk, discomfort, or inconvenience. Multilane roadways, higher design and posted speeds, and a lack of safe and convenient pedestrian walking and crossing facilities and operations, even at known attractors such as bus stops and grocery stores, are consistently associated with pedestrian fatalities in the United States. The risk is much higher at night. Between 2018 and 2022, 76% of U.S. pedestrian crash fatalities occurred in darkness.
NCHRP Research Report 1157: Strategies to Improve Pedestrian Safety at Night: A Guide, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is a state-of-the-art resource for state departments of transportation on addressing the high pedestrian fatalities on their roadways, especially at night. The guide features strategies for transportation professionals to implement to directly enhance pedestrian safety at night and was informed by a multimethod study of pedestrian safety in darkness in the United States.
Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 430: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night.
80 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99555-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99556-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29224
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Strategies to Improve Pedestrian Safety at Night: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Immunization Safety Office (ISO) is responsible for studying vaccine risks once vaccines are administered to the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ISO played a central role in vaccine safety evaluation.
At the request of the CDC, the National Academies convened an expert committee to assess the ISO's statistical and epidemiological methods in vaccine risk monitoring and evaluation, including processes designed to detect, evaluate, and report potential problems associated with COVID vaccines. The committee also evaluated CDC's external communication strategies and provided recommendations to sustain and enhance ISO's vaccine risk monitoring and communication systems. The resulting report presents the committee's conclusions and recommendations.
252 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-53979-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-59410-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29240
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Vaccine Risk Monitoring and Evaluation at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Full-depth reclamation (FDR) is a method to recycle in-place asphalt material for reconstruction and rehabilitation of flexible pavements.
NCHRP Synthesis 657: Full-Depth Reclamation: Current Practices, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents practices used by state departments of transportation, including classification of FDR types, site selection, specifications and guidelines for FDR mix design, and test methods to evaluate FDR quality.
146 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99545-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99546-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29222
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Full-Depth Reclamation: Current Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Automatic vehicle monitoring (AVM) and vehicle health monitoring (VHM) are becoming more widely utilized by transit agencies across the United States. These agencies are increasingly interested in using predictive maintenance technology (PMT), artificial intelligence (AI), and other technologies, but the overall capabilities and benefits of these technologies are still emerging.
TCRP Synthesis 185: Use of Automatic Vehicle Monitoring, Vehicle Health Monitoring, and Diagnostic Systems by Transit Agencies, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, explores how AVM, VHM, and other technologies are utilized to monitor an array of onboard vehicle components in order to assist in the early identification of potential mechanical issues, thus supporting effective maintenance practices.
90 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99599-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99600-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29236
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Use of Automatic Vehicle Monitoring, Vehicle Health Monitoring, and Diagnostic Systems by Transit Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Rapid_expert_consultation
Diagnostics are the first line of defense to infectious disease outbreaks. The rapid spread of Influenza A (H5N1) or "Bird Flu" into U.S. dairy cattle, poultry, and humans underscores the urgent need for stronger diagnostic readiness. While sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet occurred with H5N1, the risk is growing. Currently there are knowledge gaps around early case identification measures, clinical management, and coordinated public health efforts.
In response, the National Academies produced a rapid expert consultation providing a strategic and actionable analysis for strengthening domestic diagnostic capacity and infrastructure. This is the first publication of the institution's new Rapid Response to Emerging Science, Engineering, and Medicine Challenges initiative, which provides a formal platform for proactively building sustainable, crosscutting rapid response capabilities.
36 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60052-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29273
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Diagnostic Tools, Gaps, and Collaborative Pathways in Human H5N1 Detection: Rapid Expert Consultation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Intergenerational mobility is an important measure of well-being that underlies a fundamental value: that anyone should be able to succeed economically based on their own merits, regardless of their circumstances. This has been a value held by many Americans throughout U.S. history, even as many observers may rightly argue that it has been, at times and for many groups, severely constrained. For all the emphasis placed on mobility in the United States, the chances Americans have of doing better than their parents and their chances of succeeding economically regardless of the advantages of birth are not higher than in other wealthy countries.
This report provides a forward-looking framework for data, research, and policy initiatives to boost upward mobility and better fulfill promises of opportunity and advancement for all members of U.S. society. The report focuses on key domains that shape mobility, including early life and family; the spaces and places where people live and work; postsecondary education; and credit, wealth, and debt. It also discusses the data infrastructure needed to support an extensive research agenda on economic and social mobility.
290 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73039-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73040-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28456
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Economic and Social Mobility: New Directions for Data, Research, and Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
As the world faces unprecedented sustainability challenges, including biodiversity loss, resource depletion, and ecosystem degradation, there is a critical need for innovative, scalable, and data-informed solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with the potential to accelerate progress toward sustainability goals by enhancing efficiency, optimizing resource use, improving environmental monitoring, and enabling data-informed decision-making.
To examine AI opportunities, challenges, and pathways through a lens of sustainability, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Science and Technology for Sustainability, in collaboration with the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics and the Board on Human-Systems Integration convened a hybrid workshop on June 4, 2025. The workshop examined how AI can be leveraged to maximize benefits for the United States at the intersection of nature, people, and this critical technology. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides a high-level summary of key discussions held during the workshop.
12 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60027-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29267
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability: Maximizing Benefits for the United States: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
In April 2025, the Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore best practices for implementation and evaluation of suicide prevention grants programs. Presenters and participants discussed non-clinical community-based programs intended to mitigate the impacts of social determinants of health on suicide risk. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.
142 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99520-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99521-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29215
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of Community-Based Suicide Prevention Grants Programs: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Early relationships are foundational for lifelong health, learning, and well-being. Mutual, meaningful, and affirming moments of connection in the youngest relationships support brain development, resilience, and social-emotional growth. These experiences, known as early relational health (ERH), can also buffer the impacts of adversity and help create pathways toward thriving children, families, and communities.
Early Relational Health: Building Foundations for Child, Family, and Community Well-Being provides evidence-based opportunities for advancing ERH. Developed by a committee of experts, this report highlights opportunities for practice, policy, and research to strengthen supportive relationships. It emphasizes asset-based approaches, family and community leadership, workforce supports, and cross-sector collaboration to promote ERH across health care, education, and social systems.
191 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99594-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60050-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29234
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Early Relational Health: Building Foundations for Child, Family, and Community Well-Being. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Emerging ground access technologies, such as autonomous, automated, connected, and electric vehicles, will affect airport landside operations. Curbside traffic will change, becoming more complex as automotive technologies become more innovative. Other mass and personal transportation modes that leverage both legacy and new technologies will also provide mobility to and from the airport. Airport operators will need to understand the impacts to landside operations to effectively plan for passenger terminal facilities. They will also have to consider accessibility, costs, legal and regulatory implications, sustainability, and resilience.
ACRP Research Report 269: Enhancing Airport Access with Emerging Mobility, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides strategies for addressing current and future transportation and ground access technologies and for planning landside facilities that incorporate these emerging technologies.
328 pages
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-73198-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73199-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28600
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Enhancing Airport Access with Emerging Mobility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
In recent years, concerns have grown about foreign actors exploiting the openness of the U.S. research ecosystem to misappropriate scientific and technological information to enhance their nations' scientific, economic, and military capabilities. Research security requirements for academic institutions currently include research security training, disclosure of funding sources in applications for federal research and development awards, and the development of comprehensive research security plans focused on cybersecurity, foreign travel security, insider threat awareness training, and export control training and compliance. These requirements are being implemented, and additional requirements are being contemplated.
To consider the impacts of current and potential research security requirements, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on May 22-23, 2025, in Washington, DC. The event focused on potential measures of effectiveness and performance and the data needed to assess research security and protection efforts in higher education by a range of federal agencies. This proceedings describes the presentations and discussions at the workshop.
112 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-59915-6
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-59916-4
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29241
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Assessing Research Security Efforts in Higher Education: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Tobacco use and alcohol use place first and third, respectively, as leading modifiable risk factors for cancer cases and deaths in the US. Our National Cancer Policy Forum convened a public workshop in March 2025 to examine current evidence on the health outcomes of tobacco and alcohol use, including their synergistic effects. Participants explored the state of research on tobacco and alcohol as cancer risk factors and differences in outcomes across U.S. populations. Speakers discussed potential strategies, such as community engagement and public health messaging, to reduce tobacco and alcohol use to lower cancer risk and improve health outcomes for all. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes presentations and discussions from the workshop.
76 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-60011-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-59987-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29264
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Addressing the Impact of Tobacco and Alcohol Use on Cancer-Related Health Outcomes: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Letter
TRB's Research and Technology Coordinating Committee provides strategic advice to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) on its research, development and technology (RD&T) program. The committee's letter report to FHWA describes how the agency's RD&T program functions as a key element in the nation's highway RD&T enterprise. After examining the goals, capabilities, and constraints of the FHWA RD&T program, the committee recommends steps the agency can take to further strengthen its crucial role in accelerating innovation in the highway field.
14 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-60003-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29262
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Research and Technology Coordinating Committee Letter Report: September 2025. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Military personnel, who are often exposed to a variety of hazards while deployed, have expressed concerns that mental, behavioral, and neurologic health issues may arise from these exposures. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, in accordance with Section 507 of the Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics Act of 2022 (PACT Act), requested that the National Academies convene a committee of experts to assess possible relationships between exposures experienced during military service and mental, behavioral, and neurologic health conditions and chronic multisymptom illness. Consistent with the PACT Act, the committee focused on veterans deployed to the Southwest Asia Theater of Operations or Afghanistan after September 11, 2001. The resulting report offers conclusions regarding possible risk-conferring relationships between nine categories of exposures and health outcomes including depression, anxiety, and dementia.
370 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99536-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-99537-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29219
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The diversion of water into the Los Angeles Aqueduct led to the desiccation of Owens Lake, located in California's Owens Valley. The dry lakebed became one of the nation's largest sources of fine airborne particulate matter (PM10), which can cause or worsen a variety of health problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory infections.
Owens Lake Scientific Advisory Panel: Off-Lake Sources of Airborne Dust in Owens Valley, California states that off-lake sources now cause a majority of air quality exceedances. This report examines the origin of these off-lake dust sources and how they might change over time. The report discusses possible dust control measures that could be applied to off-lake sources, as well as the applicability of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Exceptional Events Rule.
Owens Lake Scientific Advisory Panel: Off-Lake Sources of Airborne Dust in Owens Valley, California states that if dust control measures are determined to be necessary for off-lake sources, implementation will require a systems-level landscape approach that considers cultural resources. Establishing and maintaining native vegetation is the most stable and sustainable dust control measure across all emitting off-lake surfaces. However, many areas around Owens Lake are extremely dynamic settings and require different approaches over space, and possible re-treatment over time, unless self-sustaining controls are implemented.
164 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-72637-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72638-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27958
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Off-Lake Sources of Airborne Dust in Owens Valley, California. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
The Manhattan Project was a large-scale, top-secret program of the U.S. federal government created with the specific purpose of developing the world's first nuclear weapon. Each step of the manufacturing process involved potential exposures to chemical and radiological hazards for those involved. Records documenting Manhattan Project processes, activities, and individual people were not uniform, archived in various locations, and at times destroyed due to both administrative and accidental reasons, resulting in a fragmented historical record of the people and activities.
Given these uncertainties, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs asked the National Academies to conduct a feasibility assessment to determine whether an epidemiologic study could be conducted to examine health outcomes in active-duty military veterans who participated in the Manhattan Project at 13 specified sites. The resulting report offers conclusions on the feasibility of conducting such a study and provides alternative methods to examine associations between exposures and adverse health outcomes among this population of veterans.
270 pages
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ISBN Paperback: 0-309-99504-3
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73134-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28585
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Evaluation of Manhattan Project Records for Veteran Health and Exposure Assessments. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop_in_brief
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad-hoc committee to examine the effects of the 2021 federal Child Tax Credit (CTC) and Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) on child poverty. The committee was also tasked with exploring implementation and administration of these policies and participation in these programs among families in order to better understand how they helped facilitate or reduce program access with a focus on child poverty reduction. To inform its deliberations, the committee held four public sessions between July 2024 and September 2024. This publication summarizes presentations and discussion of the public sessions.
11 pages
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-10001-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/29107
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Impacts of the Child Tax Credit and Earned Income Tax Credit on Child Poverty: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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