Consensus
Recent health care payment reforms aim to improve the alignment of Medicare payment strategies with goals to improve the quality of care provided, patient experiences with health care, and health outcomes, while also controlling costs. These efforts move Medicare away from the volume-based payment of traditional fee-for-service models and toward value-based purchasing, in which cost control is an explicit goal in addition to clinical and quality goals. Specific payment strategies include pay-for-performance and other quality incentive programs that tie financial rewards and sanctions to the quality and efficiency of care provided and accountable care organizations in which health care providers are held accountable for both the quality and cost of the care they deliver.
Accounting For Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment is the fifth and final report in a series of brief reports that aim to inform ASPE analyses that account for social risk factors in Medicare payment programs mandated through the IMPACT Act. This report aims to put the entire series in context and offers additional thoughts about how to best consider the various methods for accounting for social risk factors, as well as next steps.
580 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-44920-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-44921-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/23635
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Accounting for Social Risk Factors in Medicare Payment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Successful safety management practices require a thorough understanding of factors contributing to motor vehicle crashes. Continuous advancements in data-driven safety analysis, as well as the countermeasures and technologies available to address crashes, create challenges in maintaining a safety workforce proficient in the state of the practice. In many cases, agencies continue to use approaches such as descriptive statistics and anecdotal information to perform the diagnostic assessment without a thorough understanding of the expectations for a given context or road type.
NCHRP Research Report 1111/BTSCRP Research Report 12: Diagnostic Assessment and Countermeasure Selection: A Toolbox for Traffic Safety Practitioners, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program and Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program, presents a toolbox to help highway safety practitioners diagnose contributing factors leading to crashes for use in selecting appropriate countermeasures.
Supplemental to the report are a Conduct of Research Report, an Implementation of Findings, and a presentation.
288 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70997-0
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72377-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27890
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Diagnostic Assessment and Countermeasure Selection: A Toolbox for Traffic Safety Practitioners. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Research supported by scientific ocean drilling has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the planet with key contributions to the discovery and theory of plate tectonics; the formation and destruction of ocean crust; the reconstruction of extreme greenhouse and icehouse climates; the identification of major extinctions; and the discovery of a diverse community of microbes living deep ocean seafloor. With the retirement in 2024 of the JOIDES Resolution-- the U.S. dedicated drilling vessel for deep sea research and the workhorse for the international scientific ocean drilling community-- the scientific ocean drilling landscape will change. At this critical juncture, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is looking to identify the most urgent research questions that can only be answered with scientific ocean drilling and what infrastructure is needed to progress those priorities.
This interim report that is the first part of a broader study of decadal survey of ocean science provides a broad perspective of future research and associated infrastructure needs. The report concludes that the rapid pace of climate change, related extreme events, sea level rise, changes in ocean currents, chemistry threatening ocean ecosystems, and devastating natural hazards are among the greatest challenges facing society. By coring the past to inform the future, U.S. based scientific ocean drilling research continues to have unique and essential roles in addressing these vital and urgent challenges.
142 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71338-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72561-5
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27414
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Progress and Priorities in Ocean Drilling: In Search of Earth's Past and Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
A subgroup of the National Academies Standing Committee on Primary Care was appointed to respond to the Request for Information (RFI) on the Pay PCPs Act of 2024, issued by Senators Bill Cassidy and Sheldon Whitehouse. The committee's report includes recommendations that address questions included in the RFI on payment-related primary care challenges.
58 pages
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6 x 9
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72525-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27929
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Response to the Pay PCPs Act of 2024 Request for Information. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
The use of immune modulator therapeutics, a type of immunotherapy enhancing the body immune system response to cancer, was perceived as the beginning of a new era in cancer care. While still important and frequently used, some of these therapeutics produce uneven response rates, disease resistance, and serious side effects. The National Academies National Cancer Policy Forum, in collaboration with the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation, hosted a public workshop to discuss challenges related to immunotherapy treatment resistance, as well as potential policy opportunities to improve the development of immunotherapies for cancer treatment.
86 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71626-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71627-6
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27517
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Addressing Treatment Resistance in the Development of Cancer Immune Modulator Therapeutics: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
The convergence of imaging, pathology, and laboratory testing data, augmented with information technology, is referred to as integrated diagnostics. To examine the current state of the science and strategies to facilitate precision cancer care through integrated diagnostics, the National Academies National Cancer Policy Forum hosted a public workshop in collaboration with the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board and the Board on Human-Systems Integration.
116 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71821-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71822-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27744
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Incorporating Integrated Diagnostics into Precision Oncology Care: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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There are nearly 3,000 general aviation (GA) airports that are important to the communities in which they operate and are key contributors to the successful network of the national airport system. GA airports are uniquely positioned assets in any community, and it is therefore essential for GA staff to understand, predict, and address shocks (such as airplane accidents, severe weather, and utility outages) and stressors (such as employment challenges, aging infrastructure, and climate change impacts) before they happen.
ACRP Research Report 263: Creating Self-Directed Resiliency Plans for General Aviation Airports, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, is a guide and toolkit that prepares GA airports to respond to, adapt to, and recover from all varieties of stressors and shocks while maintaining operations.
Supplemental to the report are a flyer, an overview PowerPoint, and a set of associated tools and templates.
128 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70991-1
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72330-2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27879
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Creating Self-Directed Resiliency Plans for General Aviation Airports. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
Concerted efforts to deepen understanding of RNA modifications and their role in living systems hold the potential to advance human health, improve crop yields, and address other pressing societal challenges. RNA, which carries the information encoded by DNA to the places where it is needed, is amazingly diverse and dynamic. RNA is processed and modified through natural biological pathways, giving rise to hundreds, in some cases thousands, of distinct RNA molecules for each gene, thereby diversifying genetic information. RNA modifications are known to be pivotal players in nearly all biological processes, and their dysregulation has been implicated in a wide range of human diseases and disorders. Yet, our knowledge of RNA modifications remains incomplete, hindered by current technological limitations. Existing methods cannot discover all RNA modifications, let alone comprehensively sequence them on every RNA molecule. Nonetheless, what is known about RNA modifications has already been leveraged in the development of vaccines that helped saved millions of lives worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. RNA modifications also have applications beyond health, for example, enhancing agricultural productivity.
Charting a Future for Sequencing RNA and Its Modifications: A New Era for Biology and Medicine calls for a focused, large-scale effort to accelerate technological innovation to harness the full potential of RNA modifications to address pressing societal challenges in health, agriculture, and beyond. This report assesses the scientific and technological breakthroughs, workforce, and infrastructure needs to sequence RNA and its modifications, and ultimately understand the roles RNA modifications play in biological processes and disease. It proposes a roadmap of innovation that will make it possible for any RNA from any biological system to be sequenced end-to-end with all of its modifications - a capability that could lead to more personalized and targeted treatments and instigate transformative changes across various sectors beyond health and medicine.
260 pages
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7 x 10
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70695-5
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-70696-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27165
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Charting a Future for Sequencing RNA and Its Modifications: A New Era for Biology and Medicine. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Crash test evaluations of roadside hardware have long been recognized as an initial assessment of hardware performance. The proper installation and maintenance of roadside hardware allows for the hardware to perform as designed and evaluated when impacted within the performance limits of the hardware.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 407: Data Collection Practices for Use with In-Service Performance Evaluations, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, develops a transportation agency data collection methodology and associated guidelines to support individual investigative in-service performance evaluations (ISPEs), ISPE Programs, and asset management of roadside safety hardware.
Supplemental to the document are an ISPE Manual (Appendix A) and an implementation plan.
18 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72452-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27911
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Data Collection Practices for Use with In-Service Performance Evaluations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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TR News 350: July–September 2024 features a look at the challenges presented by oil spills and the advances in oil spill science; guidance in evaluating the historic significance of post–World War II commercial properties; and the uncertainty of federal funding in state, local, and regional departments of transportation.
36 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-73053-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/28476
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. TR News July-September 2024: Less Troubled Waters--Transportation as a Source of Oil in the Sea. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Interest in and use of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) have increased in the past 10 years. One application of considerable interest to transportation agencies and their private-sector partners is supplementing traditional highway bridge inspection data-collection tools. They have shown particular interest in performing safety inspections of bridge elements that are typically costly for bridge owners. By using UAS, the bridge superstructure and substructure can be assessed without requiring lanes of traffic to close or exposing inspectors to traffic.
NCHRP Research Report 1114: Uncrewed Aerial Systems Applications for Bridge Inspections: Element-Level Bridge Data Collection, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, presents strategies for using UAS for collecting element-level data during bridge inspections.
Supplemental to the report are a survey, rankings, implementation memo, and roadmap.
60 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70992-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72338-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27881
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Uncrewed Aerial Systems Applications for Bridge Inspections: Element-Level Bridge Data Collection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Visualization methods have long been integral to the public involvement process for transportation planning and project development. From well-established methods such as conceptual sketches or photo simulations to the latest immersive technologies, state departments of transportation (DOTs) recognize that visualizations can significantly increase public understanding of a project's appearance and physical impacts. Emerging methods such as interactive three-dimensional environments, virtual reality, and augmented reality can dramatically enhance public understanding of transportation options and design concepts.
NCHRP Synthesis 632: Visualization for Public Involvement, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents state DOT practices of visualization for public involvement throughout the life cycle of plans, programs, and projects.
86 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70998-9
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72341-8
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27882
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Visualization for Public Involvement. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Since its establishment in 1996, the Forum on Microbial Threats has provided a platform for leaders from a wide range of disciplines and industries to debate and collaborate on the most effective ways to understand, anticipate, and manage emerging infectious diseases. The world still grapples with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic at the same time as it addresses other infectious disease threats from highly pathogenic avian influenza to the spread of endemic zoonotic pathogens. In 2023, the forum held two workshops on infection-associated chronic illnesses and the mitigation of arboviral threats. The forum also continued to work closely with the One Health Action Collaborative and remained committed to both cross-disciplinary and community public health discourse.
16 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72451-1
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27910
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Forum on Microbial Threats: Annual Report 2023. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Rapid_expert_consultation
This publication focuses on strategies tailored to different age groups and communities facing the challenges of social isolation and loneliness that arose during or were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on groups most affected by these challenges (including, but not limited to, older adults, youth, and individuals with preexisting health conditions) and describes strategies for promoting social connectedness and well-being. Produced through the Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN), this rapid expert consultation links researchers in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences with decision makers to provide actionable guidance on critical and complex issues, including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
29 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72301-9
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27874
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Addressing the Impact of COVID-19 on Social Isolation and Loneliness. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Workshop
Despite advances over the past several decades, the clinical trials enterprise has struggled to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse U.S. population. To help address this issue, a 2023 National Academies workshop sought to identify the expertise and disciplines needed to achieve the aspirations for a transformed clinical trials enterprise by 2030 and enable a workforce that can better support the evolving needs of drug R&D - one that is resilient, culturally aware, anti-racist, and interdisciplinary. The workshop, hosted by the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation and Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine explored strategies to bolster workforce capacity and challenges and opportunities associated with supporting the next-generation drug R&D workforce.
140 pages
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6 x 9
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-71856-2
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71857-0
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27755
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Preparing the Future Workforce in Drug Research and Development: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Consensus
A White Paper on Building a Scientific Roadmap to a Carbon-Negative Agricultural System was drafted by a scientific working group of the U.S. Farmers & Ranchers in Action (USFRA). At the request of the USFRA and with support from the Foundation for Food and Agricultural Research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine appointed a six-person committee to review the draft white paper by examining its clarity of key messages, effectiveness of organization, and scientific rigor.
58 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72450-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27471
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Review of the U.S. Farmers and Ranchers in Action White Paper on Building a Scientific Roadmap to a Carbon-Negative Agricultural System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Public transit agencies across the United States are transitioning conventional bus fleets to battery electric buses (BEBs). This transition requires large investments in charging infrastructure as well as new demands on the power grid, which provides opportunities for partnership with electric utilities to upgrade grid supply and energy loads, and also to reduce costs during peak load.
TCRP Synthesis 175: Examination of Transit Agency Coordination with Electric Utilities, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, provides practitioners and operational staff at public transit bus agencies and electric utilities with the state of current practices by agencies and utilities that are collaborating on BEB planning and deployments.
90 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70995-4
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72352-3
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27884
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Examination of Transit Agency Coordination with Electric Utilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Many state departments of transportation (DOTs) are working to incorporate the treatment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, climate change effects, or both in project planning and environmental reviews. There is a wide range of experience, with some states working hard to integrate all of their activities (including environmental review) into a unified, agency-wide treatment of climate change while others are just beginning their efforts.
NCHRP Web-Only Document 400: Considering Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change in Environmental Reviews: Conduct of Research Report supplements the resources and guidance for state DOTs on addressing climate change effects and GHG emissions provided by NCHRP WebResource 3: GHG Emissions and Climate Change in Environmental Reviews.
Supplemental to NCHRP Web-Only Document 400 is a fact sheet that summarizes the essential findings of the project and provides an overview of the WebResource, as well as an implementation memo that identifies implementation pathways for the project.
40 pages
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8.5 x 11
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ISBN Ebook: 0-309-72371-X
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27888
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Considering Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change in Environmental Reviews: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Transit agency leadership must make a real and concerted effort to take the mental health and overall wellness of frontline workers more seriously. Leadership can play an important role by making a clear commitment and dedicating resources to address mental health, wellness, and resiliency at their agencies. Ultimately, this means that more funding and staff resources are needed to address barriers and to develop, implement, and support programs aimed at improving mental health, wellness, and resiliency. This includes staff dedicated to implementing and monitoring holistic wellness programs.
TCRP Research Report 245: Mental Health, Wellness, and Resilience for Transit System Workers, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, provides a detailed summary of common factors that influence the mental health, well-being, and resiliency of frontline transit workers and includes a range of solutions that transit agencies can implement to address them. Findings were determined using a mix of research methods, including multiple interviews and focus groups with frontline employees, transit agency management, and union leadership at two different points in the project.
Supplemental to the report are a research brief and an implementation plan.
184 pages
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8.5 x 11
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paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-70989-X
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-71683-7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17226/27592
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Mental Health, Wellness, and Resilience for Transit System Workers. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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