Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research (2001)
Chapter: Index
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Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
Activities of daily living , 21 , 272
Africa
see also North Africa ;
Sub-Saharan Africa life expectancy , 48
median age, workforce , 40
Aging index , 40
AHEAD ,
see Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey
AIDS , 15 , 49-50 , 58
Argentina , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
Arthritis , 206
Asia
see also specific countries
bequests , 156
data standards , 8
intergenerational transfers , 190
labor force and median age , 40
life expectancy , 48
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
old-age mortality , 57
population projections , 32 , 34
researcher access to data , 282
speed of population aging , 39
tax incentives , 19
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191
Australia , 38 , 48 , 55 , 147 , 148
health status and care , 210 , 228
labor force participation , 69-77 (passim)
pensions , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 87 , 147 , 148
Austria , 48 , 210
Azerbaijan , 38
Basic Survey of Japanese Living Conditions , 125
Belgium , 32 , 48 , 50 , 94
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
pensions , 84 , 85,
Bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166
tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160
Bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
Birth rate ,
see Fertility
Brazil , 38 , 55
British Household Panel Study , 113, 118(n.3) , 125 , 127
Bulgaria , 55
Bureau of the Census , 31(n.2) , 59 , 60
Canada , 38 , 43 , 55
health status and care , 210 , 228
labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 75 , 76 , 85
pensions , 78 , 80 , 84-88 (passim) , 94 , 147 , 148
wealth , 137 , 147 , 148
Cancer , 55-56
Capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
Cardiovascular disease , 55-57 , 206 , 228 , 250
Caribbean ,
see Latin America/Caribbean
Causes of death ,
see Diseases and disorders ;
Life expectancy ;
Mortality
CentER Savings Survey (CSS) , 113 , 122 , 129 , 130 , 151
Chile , 38 , 45
labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
pensions , 87
China
cardiovascular disease , 228
elderly support ratios , 43
fertility , 45
life expectancy , 55
population projections , 38 , 39
Chronic diseases , 1 , 237
see also Disabled persons
life expectancy and , 56 , 206
Cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
Cohort studies , 4 , 25 , 142-144, 278, 282
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 150 , 149 , 191 , 216 , 281
health status and care, general , 207 , 214
intergenerational transfers , 192
mortality estimations , 58-59
Colombia , 22
Community supports , 172
health care , 204 , 207-208 , 211 , 213 , 217
well-being , 253 , 256-257 , 258 , 272
Comorbidity , 212 , 216 , 227 , 228 , 264 , 270
Computer applications
at-home work , 95
CentER Savings Survey , 122
interviewing , 115 , 151 , 174(n.7)
Computer databases ,
see Databases
Confidentiality ,
see Privacy and confidentiality
Consumers and consumption , 105-110 (passim) , 122 , 123 , 128 , 220
cost of surveys , 105
disabled persons , 107-108
family factors , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
housing wealth , 111-112
intergenerational transfers and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
retirement, consumption following , 105-110 (passim)
well-being , 257
Contraception , 16
Controlled studies , 20 , 280
wealth , 129-131
Cost factors , 19-20 , 155
childrearing and education , 166 , 170 , 177
consumption surveys , 105
cross-sectional studies , 20
health care , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
longitudinal studies , 4 . 19-20
panel studies , 19-20
public pension systems , 19 , 155
retirement , 95 , 103 , 160
sampling, research , 20
Cross-sectional studies , 4 , 278 , 282
cost of , 20
health and socioeconomic status , 111
intergenerational transfers , 179
wealth , 111 , 142
Cultural factors , 18 , 21 , 250-251 , 287
elderly, definition of , 30
health status and care , 204 , 211 , 217 , 220
human capital investment , 159
intergenerational transfers , 12-13 , 157 , 159 , 174
kin networks , 174
retirement age , 97
well-being , 262
Czech Republic , 48
Databases
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191
CentER Savings Survey (CSS) , 113 , 122 , 129 , 130 , 151
cost studies , 19-20
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281
health status and care , 207 , 214-216
linked , 7 , 25 , 96 , 115(n.2) , 191 , 216-217 , 220 , 239 , 281
morbidity , 212 , 214 , 225 , 226-229 , 233 , 252
multidisciplinary approaches , 3 , 277
retirement , 91
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) , 113-118 (passim) , 129
Survey of Income and Program
Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim)
Definitional issues
see also Standards aging index , 40
demographic transition , 41
developed vs developing countries , 24
elderly , 2(n.1) , 25 , 30
fertility , 39(n.6)
health, general , 225-226 , 230 , 252
intergenerational transfers , 171-172
morbidity , 226-229
signs , 225-226
symptoms , 225
syndromes , 226
wealth , 117 , 118-119 , 149-150
well-being , 13 , 258-259 , 262
Denmark , 48
health care , 210
labor force participation , 70-76 (passim)
wealth , 137
Depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244
Developing countries
see also Latin America/Caribbean ;
North Africa ;
Sub-Saharan Africa ;
specific countries
defined , 24
fertility , 45 , 47
intergenerational transfers , 164 , 165 , 190 , 193
labor force participation , 40 , 69 , 74
life expectancy , 48 , 49 , 53-55
median age , 39 , 40
old-age mortality , 53-55
oldest old , 35
pension programs , 9 , 87
population by age and sex, chart , 46
population projections , 33-34 , 35
Diet ,
see Nutrition
Disabled persons , 2 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 23 , 27-28 , 206 , 209 , 212 , 220 , 230-231 , 235-237 , 256 , 258 , 276 , 279
see also Functional health status ;
Institutional care
cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
consumption by , 107-108
elderly support ratios , 42
employment and , 9 , 24-25
life expectancy and , 55
oldest old , 37
retirement , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203
social factors, general , 230-231 , 232
Diseases and disorders , 206 , 221 , 240-241 , 250 , 279
see also Disabled persons ;
Health status and health care ;
Medical care ;
Mental health and illness ;
Morbidity ;
Mortality
AIDS , 15 , 49-50 , 58
arthritis , 206
cancer , 55-56
cardiovascular disease , 55-57 , 206 , 228 , 250
chronic diseases , 1 , 56 , 206 , 237
cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47
old-age mortality , 54-57
oldest old , 37
research standards , 5 , 219-220
Economic factors , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 30 , 161
see Consumers and consumption ;
Cost factors ;
Developing countries ;
Employment issues ;
Funding ;
Income ;
Intergenerational relations and transfers ;
Pensions ;
Savings ;
Socioeconomic status ;
Taxation ;
Wealth
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
elderly support ratios , 42
Flow of Funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156
health care , 168-169
Gross National Product (GNP) , 18 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
health status and care , 200 , 202-203 , 204 , 208 , 209 , 220
cost factors , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
life expectancy , 18 , 47 , 51
macroeconomic factors , 6 , 11 , 23 , 27 , 30 , 68 , 96 , 157 , 280
well-being , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
Educational attainment , 16 , 149 , 250
health status and care , 203 , 205 , 222
intergenerational transfers , 165 , 192
Education, professional ,
see Professional education
Education, public ,
see Public education
Egypt , 55
Elderly support ratios , 40 , 42 , 43
Emigration ,
see Immigration and emigration
Emotional factors ,
see Mental health and illness
Employment issues , 2 , 3 , 4 , 8-9 , 23 , 27 , 66-98 , 250
see also Pensions ;
Retirement Africa , 40
age when still employed, rates of , 69
aging index , 40
disabilities , 9 , 24-25
elderly support ratios , 42
emigration of workers , 44
health status and care, general , 24-25 , 201-202 , 204 , 205 , 222-223 , 224
immigration , 15
labor force participation , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 23 , 40 , 42 , 66 , 67 , 68-77 , 83 , 95-96 , 202 ;
see also Retirement gender factors , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88
older persons, working , 67
part-time and temporary , 14
self-employment , 77 , 121 , 125 , 126
transfer systems , 11
unemployment and health status , 205 , 224
unemployment insurance , 9 , 86 , 94-95 , 97
well-being , 13-14 , 264-265 , 273
worker-to-retiree ratios , 1 , 16 , 103
Estates ,
see Bequests
Ethical issues , 202 , 213-214
see also Privacy and confidentiality
Ethnicity ,
see Race/ethnicity
Europe
see also specific countries
aging index , 40
cardiovascular disease , 228
data standards , 8
fertility , 15 , 44-45
health status and care , 217 , 228
income security , 103-104
intergenerational transfers , 155 , 191
labor force participation , 70
life expectancy , 48 , 49
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
oldest old , 36 , 59
pensions , 86 , 103-104 , 146
population projections , 31-33 , 34 , 36 , 40
researcher access to data , 282
speed of population aging , 38 , 39
wealth , 103-104 , 121-125 , 126-131 , 134-135 , 146 , 149-150
well-being , 254
EVS ,
see German Income and Expenditure Survey
Family factors , 1-2 , 3 , 4 , 13 , 17 , 26 , 27 , 155-193 (passim)
see also Fertility ;
Intergenerational
relations and transfers ;
Marital status ;
Wealth
bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166
tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
care of elderly by , 157 , 158-159 , 166 , 171 , 172-174 , 178 , 180-181 , 192-193 , 203 , 220
coresidence , 19 , 166 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 183 , 184
emotional support , 156 , 171 , 176 , 179 , 181
time transfers , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179
consumption and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
elderly support ratios , 42
health status of elderly , 203 , 220 , 221 ;
see also “care of...” supra
kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 180-184 (passim)
life-cycle model , 107
life expectancy , 47
retirement , 77 , 93 , 159
siblings , 159 , 174 , 175-176
tax incentives , 19
well-being , 156 , 158 , 258 , 264 , 268
Family Saving Survey , 125
Federal Reserve , 116 , 118
Females ,
see Fertility ;
Gender factors
Fertility , 1 , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 47 , 57 , 181
defined , 39(n.6)
demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47
developing countries, general , 45 , 47
extended family , 156
historical perspectives , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 44-45
intergenerational transfers , 156 , 162-163 , 165 , 183 , 184 , 189-190
migration and , 44-45
oldest old and , 36
research standards , 5 , 279
Financial Research Survey , 113 , 124-125 , 127
Finland , 210
Flow of Funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156
health care , 168-169
France , 38 , 39 , 43 , 48 , 55 , 94
health care , 210
labor force participation , 70-76 (passim) , 85
pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 87 , 146
wealth , 135 , 136 , 137 , 146
Functional health status , 5 , 26 , 27-28 , 91 , 93 , 201 , 203 , 207 , 208 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224-234 (passim) , 237 , 243 , 258 , 259 , 262 , 271 , 279
see also Chronic diseases ;
Disabled persons ;
Institutional care
cognitive , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
Funding
health care services , 208 , 211
research harmonization , 5 , 278-279
Gender factors , 25-26
see also Fertility
health status and care , 220 , 223 , 228
labor force participation , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88
life expectancy , 48-55 (passim)
living arrangements of elderly persons , 188
mortality rates , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55-56 , 241-243
pensions , 80 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 92
old-age mortality , 52 , 54 , 55-56
oldest old , 47 , 50
population by age and sex, chart , 46
retirement , 91 , 92 ;
see also “pensions” supra
well-being , 26
German Income and Expenditure Survey (EVS) , 123-124 , 130-131
German Socio-Economic Panel , 124
Germany , 43 , 55 , 94
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
living arrangements of elderly persons , 188
pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 146 , 147 , 148
wealth , 113 , 123-124 , 129 , 130-131 , 135-140 (passim) , 146 , 147
Graduated minimum data set , 215-216 , 220
Greece , 32 , 48
Gross national product (GNP) , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
life expectancy , 18
Handicapped persons ,
see Disabled persons
Harmonization ,
see Standards
Head-count ratios , 40-41
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281
Health status and health care , 1 , 5 , 16 , 23 , 27-28 , 200-244 , 256 , 258 , 276
see also Disabled persons ;
Diseases and disorders ;
Functional health
status ;
Life expectancy ;
Medical care ;
Mental health ;
Morbidity ;
Mortality ;
Well-being
committee methodology , 3
community supports , 204 , 207-208 , 211 , 213 , 217
contraception , 16
cost of health care , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
cultural factors , 204 , 211 , 217 , 220
defined , 225-226 , 230 , 252
educational attainment and , 203 , 205 , 222
education of public , 207
elderly, definition of , 30
employment and, general , 24-25 , 201-202 , 204 , 205 , 222-223 , 224
family factors , 203 , 220 , 221 ;
see also “care of...” under Family factors
funding , 208 , 211 ;
see also Medicaid ;
Medicare
gender factors , 220 , 223 , 228
home care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 220 , 232
income security , 102
institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
intergenerational transfers , 13 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169
longitudinal research, general , 4 , 206-207 , 214 , 220-221 , 224
nutrition , 47 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 224 , 250 , 271
oldest old , 37
pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273
preventive care , 12 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 207-208 , 209 , 210 , 213 , 220 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 231 , 238 , 240 , 244
professional training , 201 , 202
public health services , 1 , 47 , 202 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 250
retirement , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 93 , 94-95 , 98 , 203
self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
self-rated health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 260 , 261-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 273
social factors, general , 200 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224
socioeconomic status , 26 , 110-111 , 203 , 208 , 220 , 221-225
standards , 207 , 213 , 215-216
technology , 201 , 202 , 208
wealth and income security , 10 , 110-111 , 128 , 129 , 203
Heart disease ,
see Cardiovascular disease
Historical perspectives , ix , 1 , 15-16 , 18 , 30
capital gains and savings , 110
employer-provided pensions , 102
employment , 66
fertility , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 44-45
life expectancy , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 205-206 , 250
living standards , 102
OECD labor force , 8
oldest old , 59
pensions/retirement income , 66 , 102
savings , 102 , 110 , 116
speed of population aging , 38-39
wealth , 114-116 , 123
Home health care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 218 , 220 , 232
self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
Housing , 155 , 158 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 256-257
coresidence of elderly and children , 19 , 166 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 183 , 184
institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
living arrangements of elderly persons , 180 , 188 , 212 , 253
wealth, home ownership as , 111-112 , 121 , 128 , 131 , 132 , 140-141 , 142 , 158 , 175
HRS ,
see Health and Retirement Survey
Hungary , 38 , 48
Immigration and emigration , 15 , 44-45
Income , 16 , 23 , 91 , 98 , 102-151 (passim)
see also Pensions ;
Socioeconomic status
consumption and , 105
health status , 222
intergenerational transfers , 166 , 178
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148
well-being , 253 , 254-256 , 258 , 260-261 , 264
Income Panel Survey (IPS) , 129 , 130
India , 55
Indonesia , 71-76 (passim) , 190
Inheritance ,
see Bequests
Institutional care , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
elderly support ratios , 42
Institutional factors , 5-7
elderly, definition of , 30
health care , 217 , 219
Insurance , 140
see also Social security systems disability , 9
health, general , 103 , 171 , 200 , 211 , 220
life insurance , 121-122 , 131
Medicaid and Medicare , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216
unemployment , 9 , 86 , 94-95 , 97
Interdisciplinary approaches ,
see Multidisciplinary approaches
Intergenerational relations and transfers , 3 , 4 , 11-12 , 17 , 24 , 27 , 155-199 , 276
see also Family factors ;
Pensions bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166
tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160
consumption and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
cultural factors , 12-13 , 157 , 159 , 174
defined , 171-172
developing countries , 164 , 165 , 190 , 193
educational attainment and , 165 , 192
fertility and , 156 , 162-163 , 165 , 183 , 184 , 189-190
health status and care , 13 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169
human capital investment and , 159 , 165 , 178 , 190 ;
see also “educational attainment” supra
income and , 166 , 178
macromodels , 11 , 27 , 157 , 158 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 189-190
marital status , 176 , 181 , 183-184
micromodels , 11 , 27 , 157-158 , 181 , 182-183 , 189 , 190-191
mortality rate , 165 , 183 , 189
panel studies , 179-180 , 190-191
policy evaluation studies , 158-159
population dynamics, general , 161-162 , 165
research methodology , 160-166 , 171-193
savings and , 11 , 103 , 106-107 , 156 , 158-159 , 159-160 , 169 , 171 , 189 , 190
social factors, general , 12 , 171
taxation , 131 , 160 , 168 , 192
time transfers , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179
International Center for Health and Society , 224
International Classification of Diseases and Conditions , 227-228
International Data Base , 31(n.2)
Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research , 214
Ireland , 210
Italy , 48 , 55 , 184
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69 , 85
pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 87 , 146
population projections , 31-32
wealth , 113 , 123-133 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 141 , 144 , 146
Jamaica , 38
Japan , 15
aging index , 40
elderly support ratios , 42 , 43
employment rates by age and pension
age , 69
fertility , 44-45
health care , 210
intergenerational transfers , 155
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
life expectancy , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 55
old-age mortality , 52
pensions , 78 , 79 , 81 , 84-88 (passim) , 94 , 146
population projections , 32 , 33 , 36 , 37-38
wealth , 104 , 113 , 125-126 , 127 , 128 , 131 , 135-139 (passim) , 145 , 146 , 149-150
Kenya , 55
Kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 180-184 (passim)
Labor force participation , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 23 , 40 , 42 , 66 , 67 , 68-77 , 83 , 95-96 , 202
see also Retirement
gender factors , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88
Latin America/Caribbean
see also specific countries
emigration , 44
fertility , 45
labor force participation , 70 , 72 , 74
life expectancy , 48 , 49
old-age mortality , 54 , 57
pensions , 87
population projections , 32 , 33
well-being , 255-256
Legal issues
see also Privacy and confidentiality age discrimination laws , 96
Life-cycle model , 106 , 107-108 , 134 , 169-170 , 189
Life expectancy , 16 , 18 , 30 , 42 , 47-57 , 250 , 251
chronic diseases and , 56 , 206
developing countries , 48 , 49 , 53-55
disabled persons , 55
economic factors , 18 , 47 , 51
family factors , 47
gender factors , 48-55 (passim)
historical perspectives , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 205-206 , 250
medical care and , 2 , 18 , 47 , 59-60
oldest old , 53 , 59
political factors , 47
research methodology , 50-52
social factors, general , 47
socioeconomic status , 47 , 51
Longitudinal research , 4 , 150-151 , 278 , 283
see also Cohort studies
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191
cost studies , 4 , 19-20
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281
health status and care, general , 4 , 206-207 , 214 , 220-221 , 224
National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFIE) , 125 , 131 , 135(n.7)
National Surveys of Families and Households , 184
retirement , 4 , 91
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF)1 , 113-118 (passim) , 129
Survey of Household Income and Wealth , 122-123 , 130
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim)
Lung cancer , 55
Luxembourg , 210
Macroeconomic factors , 6 , 11 , 23 , 27 , 30 , 68 , 96 , 157 , 280
Macromodels , 16-17
health system , 209
intergenerational transfers , 11 , 27 , 157 , 158 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 189-190
Malaysia , 190
Males ,
see Gender factors
Marital status , 77 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 223
age at marriage , 159
intergenerational transfers , 176 , 181 , 183-184
well-being , 268
Median age , 39-40
mortality , 56
Medicaid , 15 , 155
Medical care , 204-205 , 206 , 250
alternative , 13 , 209 , 220
cost of , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
funding , 208 , 211 ;
see also Medicaid ;
Medicare
home health care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 218 , 220 , 232
institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
life expectancy and , 2 , 18 , 47 , 59-60
oldest old , 37
professional education , 201 , 202
self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
socioeconomic status , 26 , 110-111
technology , 201 , 202 , 208
utilization intensity , 207 , 209 , 211-212 , 220 , 221
Medicare , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216
Men ,
see Gender factors
Mental health and illness , 28 , 206 , 207 , 220 , 223 , 224 , 243-244 , 253 , 258 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 265-267 , 268 , 270
see also Well-being
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244
emotional support by kin , 156 , 171 , 176 , 179 , 181 , 182
hedonic adaptation , 253-256 , 260
institutional care , 218
moods , 14 , 28 , 206 , 253 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 265 ;
see also “depression” supra
resilience , 263-264 , 271-272
Methodology ,
see Research methodology
Metrics of aging , 37-40
Mexico
elderly support ratios , 43
labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
life expectancy , 55
Micromodels , 16-17 , 25 , 93 , 112 , 278
see also Panel studies
intergenerational transfers , 11 , 27 , 157-158 , 181 , 182-183 , 189 , 190-191
longitudinal , 4
wealth , 113-131 , 150-151
Migration ,
see Immigration and emigration
Minority groups ,
see Race/ethnicity
Moods , 14 , 28 , 206 , 253 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 265
depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244
Morbidity , 24 , 26 , 207 , 209 , 261 , 270
see also Disabled persons ;
Diseases and disorders ;
Functional health status
comorbidity , 212 , 216 , 227 , 228 , 264 , 270
data systems , 212 , 214 , 225 , 226-229 , 233 , 252
defined , 226-229
functional status vs morbidity data , 233
social inequalities , 111 , 221
Monte Carlo methods , 182 , 183
Mortality , 41 , 47 , 57 , 58-60 , 205-206 , 214 , 219
see also Life expectancy cohort studies , 58-59
demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47
extended family , 156
gender factors , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55-56 , 241-243
intergenerational transfers and morality rate , 165 , 183 , 189
median age , 56
old-age , 52-57
oldest old, population projections , 35 , 36
research methodology , 5 , 58-59 , 237-243 , 279
socioeconomic status , 111 , 221 , 238
Multidisciplinary approaches , 3-4 , 16 , 22 , 24-25 , 276-277 , 282 , 283
Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease , 238
National Institute on Aging , 2 , 22 , 31(n.2)
National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFIE) , 125 , 131 , 135(n.7)
National Surveys of Families and Households , 184
Netherlands
employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 87-90 (passim) , 94 , 109
employment rates by age and pension age , 69
health care , 210
public pensions , 78 , 80 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 146 , 147 , 148
unemployment/disability insurance , 94
wealth , 113 , 121-122 , 119 , 121-122 , 127 , 128 , 129-130 , 135 , 136-143 (passim) , 146 , 147 , 151
New Zealand
health status and care , 210 , 228
labor force participation , 69-78 (passim)
pensions , 78 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 87
North Africa , 32 , 34
North America
labor force participation , 70
population projections , 32 , 33 , 34
see also Canada ;
United States of America
Norway , 48 , 210
Nutrition , 47 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 224 , 250 , 271
Oceania , 32 , 33 , 34
Oldest old , 2 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 35-37 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 181 , 202 , 213 , 238 , 240 , 241 , 263
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191 , 234
developing countries , 35
disabled , 37
gender factors , 47 , 50
life expectancy , 53 , 59
mortality , 35 , 36
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) , 8 , 78 , 82 , 87 , 135 , 140 , 148 , 220
see also member countries
Overlapping generations model , 160-161
Pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273
Pakistan , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
Panel studies , 4 , 278
cost factors , 19-20
intergenerational transfers , 179-180 , 190-191
wealth , 113-120 , 121-122 , 127-131 , 151
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) , 107 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 118 , 119 , 129 , 134 , 191
Pensions , 27 , 66 , 77-91 (passim) , 112
see also Retirement age at , 69
caregivers , 158-159
developing countries , 9 , 87
disability , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203
elderly support ratios , 42
employer-provided/private , 9 , 15 , 67 , 86-91 , 92 , 94-95 , 97 , 109 , 119 , 128 , 131 , 142 , 147 , 149-150
gender factors , 80 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 92
health care and , 200
historical perspectives , 66 , 102
immigration and , 15
indexation , 78 , 79 , 82-83
median age and , 40
public , 6 , 8-9 , 17 , 66-69 (passim) , 78-86 , 92 , 93-94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 103 , 109 , 119 , 142 , 147 , 149-150 , 156 , 157 , 171 , 278
costs , 19 , 155
taxation and , 6 , 68 , 84 , 85 , 93 , 97 , 148
replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148
research methodology , 66 , 67 , 93-96
Peru , 55
Philippines , 74
Poland , 38
Policy evaluation studies , 20-21 , 279-281 , 282
elderly support ratios , 42
intergenerational transfers , 158-159
oldest old , 37
retirement , 68
speed of population aging , 39
Political factors
health care , 200 , 201 , 208 , 213-214
income security and health insurance , 103
life expectancy , 47
Population dynamics , ix , 1 , 15 , 22 , 23 , 31-57 , 202 , 276
see also Fertility ;
Mortality intergenerational transfers and , 161-162 , 165
oldest old , 35-37
Portugal , 210
Preventive health care , 12 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 207-208 , 209 , 210 , 213 , 220 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 231 , 238 , 240 , 244
Privacy and confidentiality , 8 , 23 , 25 , 192 , 217
public in-home services , 158
Professional education, medical, 201 , 202
PSID ,
see Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Psychological factors ,
see Mental health and illness ;
Well-being
Psychometrics , 117 , 119-120
Public education
cost of childrearing , 166 , 170 , 177
health , 207
Public health services , 1 , 47 , 202 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 250
Quality of life ,
see Well-being
Race/ethnicity , 185-186 , 220
Recent Social Trends , 251
Replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148
Research methodology , 18-21 , 276-287
see also Databases ;
Longitudinal research ;
Macromodels ;
Micromodels ;
Panel studies ;
Sampling ;
Standards access to data , 281-282
aging index , 40
committee study at hand , 2-3 , 22-28
computer-assisted interviewing , 115 , 151 , 174(n.7)
consumption surveys , 105
controlled studies , 20 , 129-131 , 280
cross-sectional studies
demographic projections, general , 57-58
employment , 66 , 77
functional status , 232-235
harmonization, funding , 5 , 278-279
head-count ratios , 40-41
health status and care , 204-244
intergenerational transfers , 160-166 , 171-193
kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 181-188 (passim)
life-cycle model , 106 , 107-108 , 134 , 169-170 , 189
life expectancy , 50-52
Monte Carlo methods , 182 , 183
mortality , 5 , 58-59 , 237-243 , 279
multidisciplinary approaches , 3-4 , 16 , 22 , 24-25 , 276-277 , 282 , 283
oldest old , 59
overlapping generations model , 160-161
pensions , 66 , 67 , 93-96
physiological/pathological measures , 235-237
policy evaluation studies , 20-21
psychometrics , 117 , 119-120
retirement , 4 , 66-67 , 68 , 77 , 91-98
wealth , 5 , 112-131 , 135 , 149-151
well-being , 252-270 , 272-273
Resilience , 263-264 , 271-272
Retirement , 3 , 8-9 , 16 , 23 , 27 , 66-98 (passim) , 103 , 160 , 250 , 276
see also Pensions age at , 9 , 15 , 78 , 84
cultural factors , 97
early vs normal , 6 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 91 , 96 , 102 , 112 , 155 , 160
age of offspring at parental retirement , 159
consumption following , 105-110 (passim)
costs , 95 , 103 , 160
disability , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203
family factors , 77 , 93 , 159
gender factors , 91 , 92
health status, general , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 93 , 94-95 , 98 , 203
historical perspectives , 66 , 102
incentives , 67 , 68 , 77 , 83-86 , 91 , 93 , 95
research methodology , 4 , 66-67 , 68 , 77 , 91-98
savings and , 95 , 103 , 142
social factors, general , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97
wealth , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 , 112
well-being , 13-14 , 250 , 271 , 272 , 273
worker-to-retiree ratios , 1 , 16 , 103
Russia , 55
Sampling , 4
cost factors , 20
kin networks , 174
wealth , 117 , 127 , 128
Savings , 2 , 10 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 116 , 118 , 121 , 125 , 129 , 131-132 , 140 , 142 , 146-147
aggregate rates , 104-106 , 130
capital gains and , 110
caregivers , 158-159
consumption surveys , 105
health services and , 201
historical perspectives , 102 , 110 , 116
human capital investment and , 159
intergenerational transfers , 11 , 103 , 106-107 , 156 , 158-160 , 169 , 171 , 189 , 190
retirement , 95 , 103 , 142
social security systems , 119 , 169 , 170
tax-preferred , 111
well-being , 257
SCF ,
see Survey of Consumer Finances
Self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
see also Home care
Self-employment , 77 , 121 , 125 , 126
Self-esteem , 223 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 269
Self-rated well-being, including health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 255 , 257 , 259-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 270-271 , 272-273
Sex differences ,
see Gender factors
Siblings , 159 , 174 , 175-176
Singapore , 38 , 54 , 87
SIPP ,
see Survey of Income and Program Participation
Social factors , 5 , 6 , 8 , 17 , 21 , 25 , 280
see also Community supports ;
Cultural factors ;
Family factors ;
Political factors
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
disabilities , 230-231 , 232
health status and care , 200 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224
intergenerational transfer systems , 12 , 171
life expectancy , 47
median age , 39-40
retirement , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97
well-being , 251 , 252 , 253 , 260 , 267-268 , 276
Social security systems , 9 , 11 , 15 , 19 , 39 , 52 , 66 , 69 , 78 , 94 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171
Medicare and Medicaid , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216
savings and , 119 , 169 , 170
taxes , 97
wealth , 119 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150
welfare , 66 , 77 , 86 , 149
Socio-Economic Panel (SEP) , 113 , 121-122 , 129-130
Socioeconomic status , 2 , 3-4 , 6 , 15 , 17 , 26 , 30 , 147 , 192-193
see also Income ;
Wealth health status and care , 26 , 110-111 , 203 , 208 , 220 , 221-225
inequalities , 103 , 118 , 132 , 137-139 , 147-148 , 221
life expectancy , 47 , 51
longitudinal research , 4
medical care and , 26 , 110-111
morbidity rates and , 111 , 221
mortality , 111 , 221 , 238
well-being , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
Soll und Haben Survey , 124
South Africa , 43
South Korea , 43 , 45
labor force participation , 71-76 (passim)
Spain , 38 , 48 , 84 , 85 , 210
Sri Lanka , 38
Standards , 3 , 8 , 21 , 279-280 , 282
see also Definitional issues activities of daily living , 21 , 272
disease research , 5 , 219-220
fertility research , 5 , 279
funding to develop , 5 , 278-279
health status and care , 207 , 213 , 215-216
living standards , 10 , 102 , 262
public transfers , 157
research harmonization, funding , 5 , 278-279
transfer systems , 13 , 157
wealth research , 5 , 116-117 , 135
well-being , 273 ;
see also “living standards” supra
Statistics Netherlands , 121 , 129-130
Stock market , 10 , 13 , 24 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 139 , 156
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
Sub-Saharan Africa
see also specific countries
AIDS , 15 , 49-50
life expectancy , 49
population projections , 32 , 33 , 34
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) , 113-118 (passim) , 129
Survey of Household Income and Wealth , 122-123 , 130
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim)
Sweden , 32 , 38 , 48 , 53 , 55
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
pensions , 84 , 85 , 86 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149
wealth , 135 , 136 , 137 , 146 , 147
Switzerland, pensions , 87
Taiwan , 43 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 175-176 , 190 , 191
Taxation , 155
elderly support ratios , 42
family care of elderly , 19
health care costs , 168
implicit tax on continuing work , 6 , 68 , 93 , 201
intergenerational transfers, general , 131 , 160 , 168 , 192
median age and , 39-40
public pensions , 6 , 68 , 84 , 85 , 93 , 97 , 148
savings, tax-preferred , 111
wealth , 131
Thailand , 38 , 45 , 55 , 74
Time transfers, intergenerational , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179
Time-use data , 269-270
Toward a Social Report , 251
Transfer systems ,
see Intergenerational relations and transfers ;
Pensions ;
Social security systems ;
Welfare
Transportation , 13 , 93 , 175 , 202 , 207 , 224
Tunisia , 38
Turkey , 55 , 210
United Kingdom
elderly support ratios , 43
employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89-90 , 91 , 94 , 104
employment rates by age and pension age , 69
health status and care , 210 , 223 , 224-225 , 228
intergenerational transfer of wealth , 107
labor force participation , 69-77 (passim) , 85
life expectancy , 48 , 55
pensions , 78 , 79 , 80 , 83-91 (passim) , 94 , 104 , 147 , 148-149
social security, Medicare, and Medicaid , 15
speed of population aging , 38
wealth , 113 , 118(n.3) , 124-125 , 126-129 , 131 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 147-148
United Nations , ix , 23 , 44 , 58 , 59 , 214
U.S. Census Bureau ,
see Bureau of the Census
United States of America
capital gains , 110
employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 86 , 87 , 88-90 , 94-95 , 109
employment rates by age and pension age , 69
health care , 210
immigration , 44
intergenerational transfers , 164 , 165 , 166-168 , 184-187 , 190-191
labor force participation , 69 , 71-76 (passim) , 85
life expectancy , 48
marital status , 181
mortality , 53
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
oldest old , 35-37
pensions , 9 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 84-90 (passim) , 94-95 , 103 , 109 , 146 , 147 , 179
savings , 103 , 110 , 134
speed of population aging , 38
wealth , 113 , 114-120 , 126-129 , 132-139 (passim) , 146 , 147-148 , 149 , 179
well-being , 251 , 267
Uruguay , 33
Wealth , 10-11 , 13 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 102-151 , 171
see also Income ;
Intergenerational relations and transfers ;
Pensions ;
Savings ;
Socioeconomic status ;
Stock market
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
committee methodology , 24
consumption and , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
controlled studies , 129-131
cross-sectional studies , 111 , 142
defined , 117 , 118-119 , 149-150
elderly support ratios , 42
flow of funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156
health care , 168-169
Gross National Product (GNP) , 18 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
health status and , 10 , 110-111 , 128 , 129 , 203
historical perspectives , 114-116 , 123
home ownership , 111-112 , 121 , 128 , 131 , 132 , 140-141 , 142 , 158 , 175
inequalities , 103 , 118 , 132 , 137-139 , 147-148 , 221
micromodels , 113-131 , 150-151
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
panel studies , 113-120 , 121-122 , 127-131 , 151
psychometrics , 117 , 119-120
research , 5 , 112-131 , 135 , 149-151
standards , 5 , 116-117 , 135
retirement and , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 , 112
sampling methodologies , 117 , 127 , 128
social security systems , 119 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150
stock market , 10 , 13 , 24 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 139 , 156
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
taxation , 131
unfolding brackets , 116 , 117 , 120 , 127 , 128
Welfare , 66 , 77 , 86 , 149
see also Medicaid
Well-being , 13-14 , 25 , 28 , 201 , 250-273
see also Health status and care ;
Mental health and illness ;
Privacy and confidentiality
activities of daily living , 21 , 272
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
committee methodology , 3
community supports , 253 , 256-257 , 258 , 272
consumption and , 257
cultural factors , 262
defined , 13 , 258-259 , 262
economic factors , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
employment and , 13-14 , 264-265 , 273
family factors , 156 , 158 , 258 , 264 , 268
gender factors , 26
income and , 253 , 254-256 , 258 , 260-261 , 264
living arrangements , 180 , 188 , 212 , 253
living standards , 10 , 102 , 262
marital status , 268
pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273
public programs vs family efforts , 157 , 158
resilience , 263-264 , 271-272
retirement , 13-14 , 250 , 271 , 272 , 273
savings , 257
self-esteem , 223 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 269
self-rated well-being, including health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 255 , 257 , 259-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 270-271 , 272-273
social factors, general , 251 , 252 , 253 , 260 , 267-268 , 276
socioeconomic status , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
standards , 273 ;
see also “living standards” supra
time-use data , 269-270
transportation , 13 , 93 , 202 , 207 , 224
Women ,
see Gender factors
Work ,
see Employment issues ;
Labor force participation
World Assembly on Aging , ix
World Bank , 148
World Health Organization , 21 , 54 , 224 , 227-228 , 230 , 240 , 252
World Population Prospects , 31(n.2)
Zimbabwe , 55
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 295
Index
A
Activities of daily living , 21 , 272
Africa
see also North Africa ;
Sub-Saharan Africa life expectancy , 48
median age, workforce , 40
Aging index , 40
AHEAD ,
see Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey
AIDS , 15 , 49-50 , 58
Argentina , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
Arthritis , 206
Asia
see also specific countries
bequests , 156
data standards , 8
intergenerational transfers , 190
labor force and median age , 40
life expectancy , 48
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
old-age mortality , 57
population projections , 32 , 34
researcher access to data , 282
speed of population aging , 39
tax incentives , 19
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191
Australia , 38 , 48 , 55 , 147 , 148
health status and care , 210 , 228
labor force participation , 69-77 (passim)
pensions , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 87 , 147 , 148
Austria , 48 , 210
Azerbaijan , 38
B
Basic Survey of Japanese Living Conditions , 125
Belgium , 32 , 48 , 50 , 94
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
pensions , 84 , 85,
Bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166
tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160
Bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
Birth rate ,
see Fertility
Brazil , 38 , 55
British Household Panel Study , 113, 118(n.3) , 125 , 127
Bulgaria , 55
Bureau of the Census , 31(n.2) , 59 , 60
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 296
C
Canada , 38 , 43 , 55
health status and care , 210 , 228
labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 75 , 76 , 85
pensions , 78 , 80 , 84-88 (passim) , 94 , 147 , 148
wealth , 137 , 147 , 148
Cancer , 55-56
Capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
Cardiovascular disease , 55-57 , 206 , 228 , 250
Caribbean ,
see Latin America/Caribbean
Causes of death ,
see Diseases and disorders ;
Life expectancy ;
Mortality
CentER Savings Survey (CSS) , 113 , 122 , 129 , 130 , 151
Chile , 38 , 45
labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
pensions , 87
China
cardiovascular disease , 228
elderly support ratios , 43
fertility , 45
life expectancy , 55
population projections , 38 , 39
Chronic diseases , 1 , 237
see also Disabled persons
life expectancy and , 56 , 206
Cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
Cohort studies , 4 , 25 , 142-144, 278, 282
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 150 , 149 , 191 , 216 , 281
health status and care, general , 207 , 214
intergenerational transfers , 192
mortality estimations , 58-59
Colombia , 22
Community supports , 172
health care , 204 , 207-208 , 211 , 213 , 217
well-being , 253 , 256-257 , 258 , 272
Comorbidity , 212 , 216 , 227 , 228 , 264 , 270
Computer applications
at-home work , 95
CentER Savings Survey , 122
interviewing , 115 , 151 , 174(n.7)
Computer databases ,
see Databases
Confidentiality ,
see Privacy and confidentiality
Consumers and consumption , 105-110 (passim) , 122 , 123 , 128 , 220
cost of surveys , 105
disabled persons , 107-108
family factors , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
housing wealth , 111-112
intergenerational transfers and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
retirement, consumption following , 105-110 (passim)
well-being , 257
Contraception , 16
Controlled studies , 20 , 280
wealth , 129-131
Cost factors , 19-20 , 155
childrearing and education , 166 , 170 , 177
consumption surveys , 105
cross-sectional studies , 20
health care , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
longitudinal studies , 4 . 19-20
panel studies , 19-20
public pension systems , 19 , 155
retirement , 95 , 103 , 160
sampling, research , 20
Cross-sectional studies , 4 , 278 , 282
cost of , 20
health and socioeconomic status , 111
intergenerational transfers , 179
wealth , 111 , 142
Cultural factors , 18 , 21 , 250-251 , 287
elderly, definition of , 30
health status and care , 204 , 211 , 217 , 220
human capital investment , 159
intergenerational transfers , 12-13 , 157 , 159 , 174
kin networks , 174
retirement age , 97
well-being , 262
Czech Republic , 48
D
Databases
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 297
CentER Savings Survey (CSS) , 113 , 122 , 129 , 130 , 151
cost studies , 19-20
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281
health status and care , 207 , 214-216
linked , 7 , 25 , 96 , 115(n.2) , 191 , 216-217 , 220 , 239 , 281
morbidity , 212 , 214 , 225 , 226-229 , 233 , 252
multidisciplinary approaches , 3 , 277
retirement , 91
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) , 113-118 (passim) , 129
Survey of Income and Program
Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim)
Definitional issues
see also Standards aging index , 40
demographic transition , 41
developed vs developing countries , 24
elderly , 2(n.1) , 25 , 30
fertility , 39(n.6)
health, general , 225-226 , 230 , 252
intergenerational transfers , 171-172
morbidity , 226-229
signs , 225-226
symptoms , 225
syndromes , 226
wealth , 117 , 118-119 , 149-150
well-being , 13 , 258-259 , 262
Denmark , 48
health care , 210
labor force participation , 70-76 (passim)
wealth , 137
Depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244
Developing countries
see also Latin America/Caribbean ;
North Africa ;
Sub-Saharan Africa ;
specific countries
defined , 24
fertility , 45 , 47
intergenerational transfers , 164 , 165 , 190 , 193
labor force participation , 40 , 69 , 74
life expectancy , 48 , 49 , 53-55
median age , 39 , 40
old-age mortality , 53-55
oldest old , 35
pension programs , 9 , 87
population by age and sex, chart , 46
population projections , 33-34 , 35
Diet ,
see Nutrition
Disabled persons , 2 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 23 , 27-28 , 206 , 209 , 212 , 220 , 230-231 , 235-237 , 256 , 258 , 276 , 279
see also Functional health status ;
Institutional care
cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
consumption by , 107-108
elderly support ratios , 42
employment and , 9 , 24-25
life expectancy and , 55
oldest old , 37
retirement , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203
social factors, general , 230-231 , 232
Diseases and disorders , 206 , 221 , 240-241 , 250 , 279
see also Disabled persons ;
Health status and health care ;
Medical care ;
Mental health and illness ;
Morbidity ;
Mortality
AIDS , 15 , 49-50 , 58
arthritis , 206
cancer , 55-56
cardiovascular disease , 55-57 , 206 , 228 , 250
chronic diseases , 1 , 56 , 206 , 237
cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47
old-age mortality , 54-57
oldest old , 37
research standards , 5 , 219-220
E
Economic factors , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 30 , 161
see Consumers and consumption ;
Cost factors ;
Developing countries ;
Employment issues ;
Funding ;
Income ;
Intergenerational relations and transfers ;
Pensions ;
Savings ;
Socioeconomic status ;
Taxation ;
Wealth
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 298
elderly support ratios , 42
Flow of Funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156
health care , 168-169
Gross National Product (GNP) , 18 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
health status and care , 200 , 202-203 , 204 , 208 , 209 , 220
cost factors , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
life expectancy , 18 , 47 , 51
macroeconomic factors , 6 , 11 , 23 , 27 , 30 , 68 , 96 , 157 , 280
well-being , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
Educational attainment , 16 , 149 , 250
health status and care , 203 , 205 , 222
intergenerational transfers , 165 , 192
Education, professional ,
see Professional education
Education, public ,
see Public education
Egypt , 55
Elderly support ratios , 40 , 42 , 43
Emigration ,
see Immigration and emigration
Emotional factors ,
see Mental health and illness
Employment issues , 2 , 3 , 4 , 8-9 , 23 , 27 , 66-98 , 250
see also Pensions ;
Retirement Africa , 40
age when still employed, rates of , 69
aging index , 40
disabilities , 9 , 24-25
elderly support ratios , 42
emigration of workers , 44
health status and care, general , 24-25 , 201-202 , 204 , 205 , 222-223 , 224
immigration , 15
labor force participation , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 23 , 40 , 42 , 66 , 67 , 68-77 , 83 , 95-96 , 202 ;
see also Retirement gender factors , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88
older persons, working , 67
part-time and temporary , 14
self-employment , 77 , 121 , 125 , 126
transfer systems , 11
unemployment and health status , 205 , 224
unemployment insurance , 9 , 86 , 94-95 , 97
well-being , 13-14 , 264-265 , 273
worker-to-retiree ratios , 1 , 16 , 103
Estates ,
see Bequests
Ethical issues , 202 , 213-214
see also Privacy and confidentiality
Ethnicity ,
see Race/ethnicity
Europe
see also specific countries
aging index , 40
cardiovascular disease , 228
data standards , 8
fertility , 15 , 44-45
health status and care , 217 , 228
income security , 103-104
intergenerational transfers , 155 , 191
labor force participation , 70
life expectancy , 48 , 49
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
oldest old , 36 , 59
pensions , 86 , 103-104 , 146
population projections , 31-33 , 34 , 36 , 40
researcher access to data , 282
speed of population aging , 38 , 39
wealth , 103-104 , 121-125 , 126-131 , 134-135 , 146 , 149-150
well-being , 254
EVS ,
see German Income and Expenditure Survey
F
Family factors , 1-2 , 3 , 4 , 13 , 17 , 26 , 27 , 155-193 (passim)
see also Fertility ;
Intergenerational
relations and transfers ;
Marital status ;
Wealth
bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166
tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
care of elderly by , 157 , 158-159 , 166 , 171 , 172-174 , 178 , 180-181 , 192-193 , 203 , 220
coresidence , 19 , 166 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 183 , 184
emotional support , 156 , 171 , 176 , 179 , 181
time transfers , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179
consumption and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 299
elderly support ratios , 42
health status of elderly , 203 , 220 , 221 ;
see also “care of...” supra
kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 180-184 (passim)
life-cycle model , 107
life expectancy , 47
retirement , 77 , 93 , 159
siblings , 159 , 174 , 175-176
tax incentives , 19
well-being , 156 , 158 , 258 , 264 , 268
Family Saving Survey , 125
Federal Reserve , 116 , 118
Females ,
see Fertility ;
Gender factors
Fertility , 1 , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 47 , 57 , 181
defined , 39(n.6)
demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47
developing countries, general , 45 , 47
extended family , 156
historical perspectives , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 44-45
intergenerational transfers , 156 , 162-163 , 165 , 183 , 184 , 189-190
migration and , 44-45
oldest old and , 36
research standards , 5 , 279
Financial Research Survey , 113 , 124-125 , 127
Finland , 210
Flow of Funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156
health care , 168-169
France , 38 , 39 , 43 , 48 , 55 , 94
health care , 210
labor force participation , 70-76 (passim) , 85
pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 87 , 146
wealth , 135 , 136 , 137 , 146
Functional health status , 5 , 26 , 27-28 , 91 , 93 , 201 , 203 , 207 , 208 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224-234 (passim) , 237 , 243 , 258 , 259 , 262 , 271 , 279
see also Chronic diseases ;
Disabled persons ;
Institutional care
cognitive , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
Funding
health care services , 208 , 211
research harmonization , 5 , 278-279
G
Gender factors , 25-26
see also Fertility
health status and care , 220 , 223 , 228
labor force participation , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88
life expectancy , 48-55 (passim)
living arrangements of elderly persons , 188
mortality rates , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55-56 , 241-243
pensions , 80 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 92
old-age mortality , 52 , 54 , 55-56
oldest old , 47 , 50
population by age and sex, chart , 46
retirement , 91 , 92 ;
see also “pensions” supra
well-being , 26
German Income and Expenditure Survey (EVS) , 123-124 , 130-131
German Socio-Economic Panel , 124
Germany , 43 , 55 , 94
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
living arrangements of elderly persons , 188
pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 146 , 147 , 148
wealth , 113 , 123-124 , 129 , 130-131 , 135-140 (passim) , 146 , 147
Graduated minimum data set , 215-216 , 220
Greece , 32 , 48
Gross national product (GNP) , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
life expectancy , 18
H
Handicapped persons ,
see Disabled persons
Harmonization ,
see Standards
Head-count ratios , 40-41
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281
Health status and health care , 1 , 5 , 16 , 23 , 27-28 , 200-244 , 256 , 258 , 276
see also Disabled persons ;
Diseases and disorders ;
Functional health
status ;
Life expectancy ;
Medical care ;
Mental health ;
Morbidity ;
Mortality ;
Well-being
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 300
committee methodology , 3
community supports , 204 , 207-208 , 211 , 213 , 217
contraception , 16
cost of health care , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
cultural factors , 204 , 211 , 217 , 220
defined , 225-226 , 230 , 252
educational attainment and , 203 , 205 , 222
education of public , 207
elderly, definition of , 30
employment and, general , 24-25 , 201-202 , 204 , 205 , 222-223 , 224
family factors , 203 , 220 , 221 ;
see also “care of...” under Family factors
funding , 208 , 211 ;
see also Medicaid ;
Medicare
gender factors , 220 , 223 , 228
home care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 220 , 232
income security , 102
institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
intergenerational transfers , 13 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169
longitudinal research, general , 4 , 206-207 , 214 , 220-221 , 224
nutrition , 47 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 224 , 250 , 271
oldest old , 37
pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273
preventive care , 12 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 207-208 , 209 , 210 , 213 , 220 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 231 , 238 , 240 , 244
professional training , 201 , 202
public health services , 1 , 47 , 202 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 250
retirement , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 93 , 94-95 , 98 , 203
self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
self-rated health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 260 , 261-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 273
social factors, general , 200 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224
socioeconomic status , 26 , 110-111 , 203 , 208 , 220 , 221-225
standards , 207 , 213 , 215-216
technology , 201 , 202 , 208
wealth and income security , 10 , 110-111 , 128 , 129 , 203
Heart disease ,
see Cardiovascular disease
Historical perspectives , ix , 1 , 15-16 , 18 , 30
capital gains and savings , 110
employer-provided pensions , 102
employment , 66
fertility , 15-16 , 30 , 39 , 44-45
life expectancy , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 205-206 , 250
living standards , 102
OECD labor force , 8
oldest old , 59
pensions/retirement income , 66 , 102
savings , 102 , 110 , 116
speed of population aging , 38-39
wealth , 114-116 , 123
Home health care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 218 , 220 , 232
self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
Housing , 155 , 158 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 256-257
coresidence of elderly and children , 19 , 166 , 174 , 177 , 180 , 183 , 184
institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
living arrangements of elderly persons , 180 , 188 , 212 , 253
wealth, home ownership as , 111-112 , 121 , 128 , 131 , 132 , 140-141 , 142 , 158 , 175
HRS ,
see Health and Retirement Survey
Hungary , 38 , 48
I
Immigration and emigration , 15 , 44-45
Income , 16 , 23 , 91 , 98 , 102-151 (passim)
see also Pensions ;
Socioeconomic status
consumption and , 105
health status , 222
intergenerational transfers , 166 , 178
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148
well-being , 253 , 254-256 , 258 , 260-261 , 264
Income Panel Survey (IPS) , 129 , 130
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 301
India , 55
Indonesia , 71-76 (passim) , 190
Inheritance ,
see Bequests
Institutional care , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
elderly support ratios , 42
Institutional factors , 5-7
elderly, definition of , 30
health care , 217 , 219
Insurance , 140
see also Social security systems disability , 9
health, general , 103 , 171 , 200 , 211 , 220
life insurance , 121-122 , 131
Medicaid and Medicare , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216
unemployment , 9 , 86 , 94-95 , 97
Interdisciplinary approaches ,
see Multidisciplinary approaches
Intergenerational relations and transfers , 3 , 4 , 11-12 , 17 , 24 , 27 , 155-199 , 276
see also Family factors ;
Pensions bequests , 103 , 106-107 , 108 , 115 , 155 , 156 , 158 , 166
tax on , 131 , 156-157 , 158 , 160
consumption and , 106-107 , 108 , 161-162 , 163 , 166 , 169-170 , 189
cultural factors , 12-13 , 157 , 159 , 174
defined , 171-172
developing countries , 164 , 165 , 190 , 193
educational attainment and , 165 , 192
fertility and , 156 , 162-163 , 165 , 183 , 184 , 189-190
health status and care , 13 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169
human capital investment and , 159 , 165 , 178 , 190 ;
see also “educational attainment” supra
income and , 166 , 178
macromodels , 11 , 27 , 157 , 158 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 189-190
marital status , 176 , 181 , 183-184
micromodels , 11 , 27 , 157-158 , 181 , 182-183 , 189 , 190-191
mortality rate , 165 , 183 , 189
panel studies , 179-180 , 190-191
policy evaluation studies , 158-159
population dynamics, general , 161-162 , 165
research methodology , 160-166 , 171-193
savings and , 11 , 103 , 106-107 , 156 , 158-159 , 159-160 , 169 , 171 , 189 , 190
social factors, general , 12 , 171
taxation , 131 , 160 , 168 , 192
time transfers , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179
International Center for Health and Society , 224
International Classification of Diseases and Conditions , 227-228
International Data Base , 31(n.2)
Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research , 214
Ireland , 210
Italy , 48 , 55 , 184
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69 , 85
pensions , 78-82 (passim) , 84 , 85 , 87 , 146
population projections , 31-32
wealth , 113 , 123-133 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 141 , 144 , 146
J
Jamaica , 38
Japan , 15
aging index , 40
elderly support ratios , 42 , 43
employment rates by age and pension
age , 69
fertility , 44-45
health care , 210
intergenerational transfers , 155
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
life expectancy , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 55
old-age mortality , 52
pensions , 78 , 79 , 81 , 84-88 (passim) , 94 , 146
population projections , 32 , 33 , 36 , 37-38
wealth , 104 , 113 , 125-126 , 127 , 128 , 131 , 135-139 (passim) , 145 , 146 , 149-150
K
Kenya , 55
Kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 180-184 (passim)
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 302
L
Labor force participation , 3 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 23 , 40 , 42 , 66 , 67 , 68-77 , 83 , 95-96 , 202
see also Retirement
gender factors , 69 , 71-77 , 78 , 88
Latin America/Caribbean
see also specific countries
emigration , 44
fertility , 45
labor force participation , 70 , 72 , 74
life expectancy , 48 , 49
old-age mortality , 54 , 57
pensions , 87
population projections , 32 , 33
well-being , 255-256
Legal issues
see also Privacy and confidentiality age discrimination laws , 96
Life-cycle model , 106 , 107-108 , 134 , 169-170 , 189
Life expectancy , 16 , 18 , 30 , 42 , 47-57 , 250 , 251
chronic diseases and , 56 , 206
developing countries , 48 , 49 , 53-55
disabled persons , 55
economic factors , 18 , 47 , 51
family factors , 47
gender factors , 48-55 (passim)
historical perspectives , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 205-206 , 250
medical care and , 2 , 18 , 47 , 59-60
oldest old , 53 , 59
political factors , 47
research methodology , 50-52
social factors, general , 47
socioeconomic status , 47 , 51
Longitudinal research , 4 , 150-151 , 278 , 283
see also Cohort studies
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191
cost studies , 4 , 19-20
Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) , 7 , 86 , 93-94 , 113-120 (passim) , 127(n.6) , 149 , 150 , 191 , 216 , 281
health status and care, general , 4 , 206-207 , 214 , 220-221 , 224
National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFIE) , 125 , 131 , 135(n.7)
National Surveys of Families and Households , 184
retirement , 4 , 91
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF)1 , 113-118 (passim) , 129
Survey of Household Income and Wealth , 122-123 , 130
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim)
Lung cancer , 55
Luxembourg , 210
M
Macroeconomic factors , 6 , 11 , 23 , 27 , 30 , 68 , 96 , 157 , 280
Macromodels , 16-17
health system , 209
intergenerational transfers , 11 , 27 , 157 , 158 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 189-190
Malaysia , 190
Males ,
see Gender factors
Marital status , 77 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 223
age at marriage , 159
intergenerational transfers , 176 , 181 , 183-184
well-being , 268
Median age , 39-40
mortality , 56
Medicaid , 15 , 155
Medical care , 204-205 , 206 , 250
alternative , 13 , 209 , 220
cost of , 2 , 17 , 155 , 158-159 , 166 , 168-169 , 181 , 200 , 201 , 203 , 208 , 210 , 217 , 220
funding , 208 , 211 ;
see also Medicaid ;
Medicare
home health care , 158 , 175 , 181 , 211 , 213 , 218 , 220 , 232
institutional care , 42 , 121 , 181 , 209 , 210 , 218-219
life expectancy and , 2 , 18 , 47 , 59-60
oldest old , 37
professional education , 201 , 202
self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
socioeconomic status , 26 , 110-111
technology , 201 , 202 , 208
utilization intensity , 207 , 209 , 211-212 , 220 , 221
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 303
Medicare , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216
Men ,
see Gender factors
Mental health and illness , 28 , 206 , 207 , 220 , 223 , 224 , 243-244 , 253 , 258 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 265-267 , 268 , 270
see also Well-being
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
cognitive impairments , 12 , 23 , 91 , 93 , 178 , 208 , 213 , 230 , 231-232 , 233 , 259 , 260 , 271 , 273 , 277
depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244
emotional support by kin , 156 , 171 , 176 , 179 , 181 , 182
hedonic adaptation , 253-256 , 260
institutional care , 218
moods , 14 , 28 , 206 , 253 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 265 ;
see also “depression” supra
resilience , 263-264 , 271-272
Methodology ,
see Research methodology
Metrics of aging , 37-40
Mexico
elderly support ratios , 43
labor force participation , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
life expectancy , 55
Micromodels , 16-17 , 25 , 93 , 112 , 278
see also Panel studies
intergenerational transfers , 11 , 27 , 157-158 , 181 , 182-183 , 189 , 190-191
longitudinal , 4
wealth , 113-131 , 150-151
Migration ,
see Immigration and emigration
Minority groups ,
see Race/ethnicity
Moods , 14 , 28 , 206 , 253 , 254 , 260 , 261 , 265
depression , 21 , 206 , 225 , 243 , 244
Morbidity , 24 , 26 , 207 , 209 , 261 , 270
see also Disabled persons ;
Diseases and disorders ;
Functional health status
comorbidity , 212 , 216 , 227 , 228 , 264 , 270
data systems , 212 , 214 , 225 , 226-229 , 233 , 252
defined , 226-229
functional status vs morbidity data , 233
social inequalities , 111 , 221
Monte Carlo methods , 182 , 183
Mortality , 41 , 47 , 57 , 58-60 , 205-206 , 214 , 219
see also Life expectancy cohort studies , 58-59
demographic transition , 41-42 , 44 , 47
extended family , 156
gender factors , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55-56 , 241-243
intergenerational transfers and morality rate , 165 , 183 , 189
median age , 56
old-age , 52-57
oldest old, population projections , 35 , 36
research methodology , 5 , 58-59 , 237-243 , 279
socioeconomic status , 111 , 221 , 238
Multidisciplinary approaches , 3-4 , 16 , 22 , 24-25 , 276-277 , 282 , 283
Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease , 238
N
National Institute on Aging , 2 , 22 , 31(n.2)
National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFIE) , 125 , 131 , 135(n.7)
National Surveys of Families and Households , 184
Netherlands
employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 87-90 (passim) , 94 , 109
employment rates by age and pension age , 69
health care , 210
public pensions , 78 , 80 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 146 , 147 , 148
unemployment/disability insurance , 94
wealth , 113 , 121-122 , 119 , 121-122 , 127 , 128 , 129-130 , 135 , 136-143 (passim) , 146 , 147 , 151
New Zealand
health status and care , 210 , 228
labor force participation , 69-78 (passim)
pensions , 78 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 87
North Africa , 32 , 34
North America
labor force participation , 70
population projections , 32 , 33 , 34
see also Canada ;
United States of America
Norway , 48 , 210
Nutrition , 47 , 202 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 224 , 250 , 271
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 304
O
Oceania , 32 , 33 , 34
Oldest old , 2 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 35-37 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 181 , 202 , 213 , 238 , 240 , 241 , 263
Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey (AHEAD) , 113-116 (passim) , 119-120 , 191 , 234
developing countries , 35
disabled , 37
gender factors , 47 , 50
life expectancy , 53 , 59
mortality , 35 , 36
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) , 8 , 78 , 82 , 87 , 135 , 140 , 148 , 220
see also member countries
Overlapping generations model , 160-161
P
Pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273
Pakistan , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 76
Panel studies , 4 , 278
cost factors , 19-20
intergenerational transfers , 179-180 , 190-191
wealth , 113-120 , 121-122 , 127-131 , 151
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) , 107 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 118 , 119 , 129 , 134 , 191
Pensions , 27 , 66 , 77-91 (passim) , 112
see also Retirement age at , 69
caregivers , 158-159
developing countries , 9 , 87
disability , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203
elderly support ratios , 42
employer-provided/private , 9 , 15 , 67 , 86-91 , 92 , 94-95 , 97 , 109 , 119 , 128 , 131 , 142 , 147 , 149-150
gender factors , 80 , 82 , 88 , 91 , 92
health care and , 200
historical perspectives , 66 , 102
immigration and , 15
indexation , 78 , 79 , 82-83
median age and , 40
public , 6 , 8-9 , 17 , 66-69 (passim) , 78-86 , 92 , 93-94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 103 , 109 , 119 , 142 , 147 , 149-150 , 156 , 157 , 171 , 278
costs , 19 , 155
taxation and , 6 , 68 , 84 , 85 , 93 , 97 , 148
replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148
research methodology , 66 , 67 , 93-96
Peru , 55
Philippines , 74
Poland , 38
Policy evaluation studies , 20-21 , 279-281 , 282
elderly support ratios , 42
intergenerational transfers , 158-159
oldest old , 37
retirement , 68
speed of population aging , 39
Political factors
health care , 200 , 201 , 208 , 213-214
income security and health insurance , 103
life expectancy , 47
Population dynamics , ix , 1 , 15 , 22 , 23 , 31-57 , 202 , 276
see also Fertility ;
Mortality intergenerational transfers and , 161-162 , 165
oldest old , 35-37
Portugal , 210
Preventive health care , 12 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 207-208 , 209 , 210 , 213 , 220 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 231 , 238 , 240 , 244
Privacy and confidentiality , 8 , 23 , 25 , 192 , 217
public in-home services , 158
Professional education, medical, 201 , 202
PSID ,
see Panel Study of Income Dynamics
Psychological factors ,
see Mental health and illness ;
Well-being
Psychometrics , 117 , 119-120
Public education
cost of childrearing , 166 , 170 , 177
health , 207
Public health services , 1 , 47 , 202 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 250
Q
Quality of life ,
see Well-being
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 305
R
Race/ethnicity , 185-186 , 220
Recent Social Trends , 251
Replacement income , 19 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 104 , 142 , 146 , 148
Research methodology , 18-21 , 276-287
see also Databases ;
Longitudinal research ;
Macromodels ;
Micromodels ;
Panel studies ;
Sampling ;
Standards access to data , 281-282
aging index , 40
committee study at hand , 2-3 , 22-28
computer-assisted interviewing , 115 , 151 , 174(n.7)
consumption surveys , 105
controlled studies , 20 , 129-131 , 280
cross-sectional studies
demographic projections, general , 57-58
employment , 66 , 77
functional status , 232-235
harmonization, funding , 5 , 278-279
head-count ratios , 40-41
health status and care , 204-244
intergenerational transfers , 160-166 , 171-193
kin networks , 172-176 , 179 , 181-188 (passim)
life-cycle model , 106 , 107-108 , 134 , 169-170 , 189
life expectancy , 50-52
Monte Carlo methods , 182 , 183
mortality , 5 , 58-59 , 237-243 , 279
multidisciplinary approaches , 3-4 , 16 , 22 , 24-25 , 276-277 , 282 , 283
oldest old , 59
overlapping generations model , 160-161
pensions , 66 , 67 , 93-96
physiological/pathological measures , 235-237
policy evaluation studies , 20-21
psychometrics , 117 , 119-120
retirement , 4 , 66-67 , 68 , 77 , 91-98
wealth , 5 , 112-131 , 135 , 149-151
well-being , 252-270 , 272-273
Resilience , 263-264 , 271-272
Retirement , 3 , 8-9 , 16 , 23 , 27 , 66-98 (passim) , 103 , 160 , 250 , 276
see also Pensions age at , 9 , 15 , 78 , 84
cultural factors , 97
early vs normal , 6 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 83 , 85 , 86 , 91 , 96 , 102 , 112 , 155 , 160
age of offspring at parental retirement , 159
consumption following , 105-110 (passim)
costs , 95 , 103 , 160
disability , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 94-95 , 97 , 203
family factors , 77 , 93 , 159
gender factors , 91 , 92
health status, general , 9 , 67 , 69 , 77 , 86 , 91 , 93 , 94-95 , 98 , 203
historical perspectives , 66 , 102
incentives , 67 , 68 , 77 , 83-86 , 91 , 93 , 95
research methodology , 4 , 66-67 , 68 , 77 , 91-98
savings and , 95 , 103 , 142
social factors, general , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97
wealth , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 , 112
well-being , 13-14 , 250 , 271 , 272 , 273
worker-to-retiree ratios , 1 , 16 , 103
Russia , 55
S
Sampling , 4
cost factors , 20
kin networks , 174
wealth , 117 , 127 , 128
Savings , 2 , 10 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 116 , 118 , 121 , 125 , 129 , 131-132 , 140 , 142 , 146-147
aggregate rates , 104-106 , 130
capital gains and , 110
caregivers , 158-159
consumption surveys , 105
health services and , 201
historical perspectives , 102 , 110 , 116
human capital investment and , 159
intergenerational transfers , 11 , 103 , 106-107 , 156 , 158-160 , 169 , 171 , 189 , 190
retirement , 95 , 103 , 142
social security systems , 119 , 169 , 170
tax-preferred , 111
well-being , 257
SCF ,
see Survey of Consumer Finances
Self-care , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 237
see also Home care
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 306
Self-employment , 77 , 121 , 125 , 126
Self-esteem , 223 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 269
Self-rated well-being, including health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 255 , 257 , 259-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 270-271 , 272-273
Sex differences ,
see Gender factors
Siblings , 159 , 174 , 175-176
Singapore , 38 , 54 , 87
SIPP ,
see Survey of Income and Program Participation
Social factors , 5 , 6 , 8 , 17 , 21 , 25 , 280
see also Community supports ;
Cultural factors ;
Family factors ;
Political factors
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
disabilities , 230-231 , 232
health status and care , 200 , 201 , 203 , 204 , 206 , 212 , 220 , 221 , 224
intergenerational transfer systems , 12 , 171
life expectancy , 47
median age , 39-40
retirement , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97
well-being , 251 , 252 , 253 , 260 , 267-268 , 276
Social security systems , 9 , 11 , 15 , 19 , 39 , 52 , 66 , 69 , 78 , 94 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171
Medicare and Medicaid , 15 , 155 , 169 , 216
savings and , 119 , 169 , 170
taxes , 97
wealth , 119 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150
welfare , 66 , 77 , 86 , 149
Socio-Economic Panel (SEP) , 113 , 121-122 , 129-130
Socioeconomic status , 2 , 3-4 , 6 , 15 , 17 , 26 , 30 , 147 , 192-193
see also Income ;
Wealth health status and care , 26 , 110-111 , 203 , 208 , 220 , 221-225
inequalities , 103 , 118 , 132 , 137-139 , 147-148 , 221
life expectancy , 47 , 51
longitudinal research , 4
medical care and , 26 , 110-111
morbidity rates and , 111 , 221
mortality , 111 , 221 , 238
well-being , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
Soll und Haben Survey , 124
South Africa , 43
South Korea , 43 , 45
labor force participation , 71-76 (passim)
Spain , 38 , 48 , 84 , 85 , 210
Sri Lanka , 38
Standards , 3 , 8 , 21 , 279-280 , 282
see also Definitional issues activities of daily living , 21 , 272
disease research , 5 , 219-220
fertility research , 5 , 279
funding to develop , 5 , 278-279
health status and care , 207 , 213 , 215-216
living standards , 10 , 102 , 262
public transfers , 157
research harmonization, funding , 5 , 278-279
transfer systems , 13 , 157
wealth research , 5 , 116-117 , 135
well-being , 273 ;
see also “living standards” supra
Statistics Netherlands , 121 , 129-130
Stock market , 10 , 13 , 24 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 139 , 156
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
Sub-Saharan Africa
see also specific countries
AIDS , 15 , 49-50
life expectancy , 49
population projections , 32 , 33 , 34
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) , 113-118 (passim) , 129
Survey of Household Income and Wealth , 122-123 , 130
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 113-117 (passim)
Sweden , 32 , 38 , 48 , 53 , 55
health care , 210
labor force participation , 69-76 (passim) , 85
pensions , 84 , 85 , 86 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149
wealth , 135 , 136 , 137 , 146 , 147
Switzerland, pensions , 87
T
Taiwan , 43 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 175-176 , 190 , 191
Taxation , 155
elderly support ratios , 42
family care of elderly , 19
health care costs , 168
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 307
implicit tax on continuing work , 6 , 68 , 93 , 201
intergenerational transfers, general , 131 , 160 , 168 , 192
median age and , 39-40
public pensions , 6 , 68 , 84 , 85 , 93 , 97 , 148
savings, tax-preferred , 111
wealth , 131
Thailand , 38 , 45 , 55 , 74
Time transfers, intergenerational , 2 , 16 , 24 , 158 , 166 , 172 , 175 , 178-179
Time-use data , 269-270
Toward a Social Report , 251
Transfer systems ,
see Intergenerational relations and transfers ;
Pensions ;
Social security systems ;
Welfare
Transportation , 13 , 93 , 175 , 202 , 207 , 224
Tunisia , 38
Turkey , 55 , 210
U
United Kingdom
elderly support ratios , 43
employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89-90 , 91 , 94 , 104
employment rates by age and pension age , 69
health status and care , 210 , 223 , 224-225 , 228
intergenerational transfer of wealth , 107
labor force participation , 69-77 (passim) , 85
life expectancy , 48 , 55
pensions , 78 , 79 , 80 , 83-91 (passim) , 94 , 104 , 147 , 148-149
social security, Medicare, and Medicaid , 15
speed of population aging , 38
wealth , 113 , 118(n.3) , 124-125 , 126-129 , 131 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 147-148
United Nations , ix , 23 , 44 , 58 , 59 , 214
U.S. Census Bureau ,
see Bureau of the Census
United States of America
capital gains , 110
employer-provided/private pensions , 9 , 86 , 87 , 88-90 , 94-95 , 109
employment rates by age and pension age , 69
health care , 210
immigration , 44
intergenerational transfers , 164 , 165 , 166-168 , 184-187 , 190-191
labor force participation , 69 , 71-76 (passim) , 85
life expectancy , 48
marital status , 181
mortality , 53
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
oldest old , 35-37
pensions , 9 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 84-90 (passim) , 94-95 , 103 , 109 , 146 , 147 , 179
savings , 103 , 110 , 134
speed of population aging , 38
wealth , 113 , 114-120 , 126-129 , 132-139 (passim) , 146 , 147-148 , 149 , 179
well-being , 251 , 267
Uruguay , 33
W
Wealth , 10-11 , 13 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 102-151 , 171
see also Income ;
Intergenerational relations and transfers ;
Pensions ;
Savings ;
Socioeconomic status ;
Stock market
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
committee methodology , 24
consumption and , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
controlled studies , 129-131
cross-sectional studies , 111 , 142
defined , 117 , 118-119 , 149-150
elderly support ratios , 42
flow of funds (FOF) , 13 , 26 , 28 , 116 , 118 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 129 , 156
health care , 168-169
Gross National Product (GNP) , 18 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
health status and , 10 , 110-111 , 128 , 129 , 203
historical perspectives , 114-116 , 123
home ownership , 111-112 , 121 , 128 , 131 , 132 , 140-141 , 142 , 158 , 175
inequalities , 103 , 118 , 132 , 137-139 , 147-148 , 221
micromodels , 113-131 , 150-151
multidisciplinary approaches , 3
panel studies , 113-120 , 121-122 , 127-131 , 151
psychometrics , 117 , 119-120
research , 5 , 112-131 , 135 , 149-151
standards , 5 , 116-117 , 135
Suggested Citation:
"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross-National Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/10120.
Page 308
retirement and , 66 , 91 , 93 , 97 , 112
sampling methodologies , 117 , 127 , 128
social security systems , 119 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150
stock market , 10 , 13 , 24 , 112 , 115 , 118 , 121 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 139 , 156
capital gains , 110 , 118(n.3) , 123
taxation , 131
unfolding brackets , 116 , 117 , 120 , 127 , 128
Welfare , 66 , 77 , 86 , 149
see also Medicaid
Well-being , 13-14 , 25 , 28 , 201 , 250-273
see also Health status and care ;
Mental health and illness ;
Privacy and confidentiality
activities of daily living , 21 , 272
bereavement , 14 , 264 , 271 , 272
committee methodology , 3
community supports , 253 , 256-257 , 258 , 272
consumption and , 257
cultural factors , 262
defined , 13 , 258-259 , 262
economic factors , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
employment and , 13-14 , 264-265 , 273
family factors , 156 , 158 , 258 , 264 , 268
gender factors , 26
income and , 253 , 254-256 , 258 , 260-261 , 264
living arrangements , 180 , 188 , 212 , 253
living standards , 10 , 102 , 262
marital status , 268
pain and pain management , 225 , 253 , 265 , 266 , 267 , 269 , 273
public programs vs family efforts , 157 , 158
resilience , 263-264 , 271-272
retirement , 13-14 , 250 , 271 , 272 , 273
savings , 257
self-esteem , 223 , 260 , 262 , 263 , 269
self-rated well-being, including health status , 129 , 206 , 207 , 225 , 229-230 , 232 , 253 , 255 , 257 , 259-262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 270-271 , 272-273
social factors, general , 251 , 252 , 253 , 260 , 267-268 , 276
socioeconomic status , 251 , 253 , 254-256 , 257 , 258 , 273
standards , 273 ;
see also “living standards” supra
time-use data , 269-270
transportation , 13 , 93 , 202 , 207 , 224
Women ,
see Gender factors
Work ,
see Employment issues ;
Labor force participation
World Assembly on Aging , ix
World Bank , 148
World Health Organization , 21 , 54 , 224 , 227-228 , 230 , 240 , 252
World Population Prospects , 31(n.2)
Z
Zimbabwe , 55
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