A

Adipocytes, 15, 28, 32

Adult stem cells, 19-29, 41, 55

animal models, 21, 23, 25-26, 27, 28-29, 47

bone marrow, 2, 7, 16, 19, 21, 41, 58

brain, 2, 12, 16, 23, 24, 25, 27-28

cancer, 22, 24

cardiovascular system, 21, 28

cloning and, 11

committee recommendations, 5, 55, 56

defined, 16-17, 67

differentiation, 2, 7-8, 16-17, 20, 21, 27-28, 29

embryonic stem cells vs, 2-3, 17, 56

eyes, 23, 25, 25-26, 28

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), 16, 19-23, 25, 26, 29, 47

hepatic system, 23, 26

histocompatibility, 21-22, 24, 26

multipotent, 28

muscle, 16, 21, 23, 25, 28

neural, 16, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28

pancreatic, 23, 26

philosophical, ethical, and legal issues, 47

plasticity, 16, 24, 25, 26, 28, 41, 47

proteins, 12, 22, 26-27

skin, 21, 23, 27, 33, 41

Alzheimer’s disease, 8

Animal models, 2

adult stem cells, 21, 23, 25-26, 27, 28-29, 47

bone marrow transplants, 21

committee findings and recommendations, 55-56

diabetes, fetal stem cells, 16

embryonic stem cells, 32-34, 35, 36

hematopoietic stem cells, 21, 23, 25, 29

neural stem cells, 13, 27

Antigens

see also Histocompatibility

defined, 67, 71

surface antigen, 22-23, 38, 71, 72

Attitudes and beliefs, see Philosophical, ethical and legal issues;

Public opinion

Autoimmune diseases, 8

diabetes, 8, 28, 35, 84

Autologous transplants, 24, 27

defined, 67

B

B cells, 20

Birth defects, 8

Blastocysts, 13, 14, 31, 32, 37

cloning, 11

defined, 67

inner cell mass, 15, 31, 37, 70;

see also Embryonic stem cells

Blood, see Hematopoietic stem cells

Bone cells, 16, 28, 79

Bone marrow stem cells

see also Hematopoietic stem cells

adult, 2, 7, 16, 19, 21, 41, 58

committee workshop agenda, 79

defined, 67-68

differentiation, 7, 19

embryonic, 32, 33

Brain

adult stem cells, 2, 12, 16, 23, 24, 25, 27-28

Alzheimer’s disease, 8

committee workshop agenda, 80

embryonic stem cells, 32, 38

fetal stem cells, 13

Parkinson’s disease, 8, 13, 27, 35, 84

Breast cancer, 22, 85

Burns, 8

C

Cancer, 8

see also Bone marrow stem cells

adult stem cells, 22, 24

brain, 24

breast, 22, 85

embryonic stem cells, 32, 34, 36, 38

hematopoietic stem cells, 22

neoplastic growth defined, 71

Cardiovascular system, 8

adult stem cells, 21, 28

embryonic stem cells, 32, 33

neural crest cells, 13

Cartilage, 16, 28, 33

Chromosomes, 32, 36

defined, 68

Cloning, reproductive, 10, 11, 47

D

Dendrites

defined, 68

embryonic stem cells, 38

Diabetes, 8, 16, 28, 35, 84

Differentiation, 1, 42, 55

see also Multipotent stem cells;

Plasticity

adult stem cells, 2, 7-8, 16-17, 20, 21, 27-28, 29

blood cells, 19, 20

bone marrow stem cells, 7, 19

defined, 68

embryonic stem cells, 7-8, 19, 21, 32-33, 34, 36-38

undifferentiated cells, defined, 72

Digestive system, 13, 21, 23, 33

DNA

defined, 68

recombinant, 3-4, 51-53, 58

Drugs, immunosuppressive, 4, 34

E

Ectoderm, 13, 21

defined, 68

Embryonic germ cells, 16

defined, 68

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), 8, 10, 15, 16, 31-39, 55, 86

see also Blastocysts;

Philosophical, ethical and legal issues

adult stem cells vs, 2-3, 17, 56

animal models, 32-34, 35, 36

bone marrow, 32, 33

brain, 32, 38

cancer, 32, 34, 36, 38

cardiovascular system, 32, 33

cloning vs, 11

committee recommendations, 5, 41-42, 43, 56

committee workshop agenda, 79-81

defined, 13, 68-69

differentiation, 7-8, 19, 21, 32-33, 34, 36-38

feeder cells, 33, 36

funding for research, 3-4, 5, 35, 49-51, 58, 59

hematopoietic, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47

hepatic, 34, 38

immune system, 34-35, 36, 38-39, 47

multipotent, 16, 32, 33-34, 41

muscle, 32, 33

neural stem cells, 8, 15, 32, 33-34, 35

pancreatic, 32, 34-35, 36

plasticity, 41;

see also “multipotent” supra

private sector, 3, 49-51

renal, 34-35

skin, 16, 33

somatic cell nuclear transfer technique (SCNT), 5, 10, 11, 12, 37, 39, 45, 46, 47, 59

Embryos, 14

animal models, 21, 23, 27, 33, 41

defined, 68

ectoderm, 13, 21

morulas, 13, 70-71

zygotes, 13, 14, 15, 37, 72

Endoderm, 13, 21

defined, 69

Ethical issues, see Philosophical, ethical and legal issues

Eyes, 16

adult stem cells, 23, 25-26, 28

committee biographies, 82

committee workshop agenda, 80

F

Fats, see Adipocytes;

Lipids

Feeder cells, 33, 36

Fertilization, 14, 15

cloning, 11, 47

defined, 69

in vitro, 43, 48, 70

morula, 70-71

zygotes

Fetal stem cells, 14, 16, 29

cloning vs, 11, 47

defined, 13-14

Food and Drug Administration, 54, 80, 86

France, 46

Funding, 48-54, 57-58

embryonic stem cells, 3-4, 5, 35, 49-51, 58, 59

private sector, 3, 49-52, 57

report at hand, xi, 9

research, general, 3-4, 51-52

G

Genetic disorders, 8, 17, 84

adult stem cells, 24

Germany, 46

Germ cells, 16

defined, 69

Gonadal ridge, 16

defined, 69

germ cells, 16, 69

Graft-versus-host disease, 21-22

defined, 69

H

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), 56

adult, 16, 19-23, 25, 26, 29, 47

animal models, 21, 23, 25, 29

defined, 69

differentiation, 19, 20

embryonic, 32, 33, 34, 35, 47

fetal, hepatic system, 13, 16, 29, 80

T cells, 20, 21

Hepatic system, 7

adult stem cells, 23, 26

committee workshop agenda, 79-80

defined, 69

embryonic stem cells, 34, 38

fetal hematopoietic stem cells, 13, 16, 29, 80

Histocompatibility, 4, 21

adult stem cells, 21-22, 24, 26

autologous transplants, 24, 27, 67

committee recommendations, 5

defined, 69

embryonic stem cells, 34-35, 36, 38-39, 47

graft-versus-host disease, 21-22, 69

immunosuppressive drugs, 4, 34

transplant rejection, 4, 10, 12, 21-22, 24, 34-35, 36, 38-39, 47, 58

I

Immune system

see also Histocompatibility

adult stem cells, 19, 21-22, 24, 26

antigens, 67, 71

surface antigen, 22-23, 38, 71, 72

autologous transplants, 24, 27, 67

B cells, 20

cell types, defined, 69-70, 72

committee biographies, 83, 87

embryonic stem cells, 34-35, 36, 38-39, 47

graft-versus-host disease, 21-22, 69

lymphocytes, 20, 21, 70, 72, 87

macrophages, 15, 20, 70

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), 10, 11, 12

T cells, 30, 31, 72

transplant rejection, 4, 10, 12, 21-22, 24, 34-35, 36, 38-39, 47, 58

immunosuppressive drugs, 4, 34

white blood cells, general, 72;

see also “lymphocytes” supra

Infection

embryonic stem cells, 38

Inner cell mass, 15, 31, 37

see also Embryonic stem cells

defined, 70

International perspectives, 46, 80

Internet, committee presentations, xii, 9

In vitro fertilization, 43, 48

defined, 70

K

Kidney, see Renal system

L

Legal issues, see Philosophical, ethical and legal issues

Leukocytes, see White blood cells

Lipids

defined, 70

Liver, see Hepatic system

Lymphocytes, 87

B cells, 20

defined, 70

T cells, 20, 21, 72

M

Macrophages, 15, 20

defined, 70

Malignancy, see Cancer

Mesoderm, 13

defined, 70

Moral issues, see Philosophical, ethical and legal issues

Morulas, 13

defined, 70-71

Multipotent stem cells, 16

adult stem cells, 28

defined, 12, 71

embryonic stem cells, 16, 32, 33-34, 41

Muscle stem cells

adult, 16, 21, 23, 25, 28

committee workshop agenda, 79

embryonic, 32, 33

Mutations, 3, 36, 56-57

N

National Institutes of Health, 50, 52-53

DNA research, 3-4, 53

national advisory group (ESC research), 5, 53, 58

recent report, 10

Neoplastic growth, see Cancer

Neural crest cells

fetal, 13-14, 16

Neural stem cells

see also Brain

adult, 16, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28

Alzheimer’s disease, 8

animal models, 13, 27

committee workshop agenda, 80

defined, 71

embryonic, 8, 15, 32, 33-34, 35

fetal, 13

Parkinson’s disease, 8, 13, 27, 35, 84

spinal-cord injuries, 8, 83

Neurons

defined, 71

dendrites, 38, 68

O

Osteoporosis, 8

Ovum, 13, 14, 15, 37

cloning, 11

defined, 71

P

Pancreas

adult stem cells, 23, 26

committee workshop agenda, 80

diabetes, 8, 16, 28, 35, 84

embryonic stem cells, 32, 34-35, 36

fetal stem cells, 13, 16

Parkinson’s disease, 8, 13, 27, 35, 84

Pharmaceuticals, see Drugs, immunosuppressive

Philosophical, ethical and legal issues, xi-xii, 1, 3-5, 10, 12, 43-48, 50, 51-53, 55, 57-58, 85, 86-87

adult stem cell research, 47

committee workshop agenda, 80-81

DNA research, 3-4, 51-53, 58

international perspectives, 46, 80

public opinion, xi, 1, 52-53, 55, 57

religious, 44-45

Placenta, 16

defined, 71

Plasticity

see also Multipotent stem cells

adult stem cells, 16, 24, 25, 26, 28, 41, 47

defined, 12, 71

embryonic stem cells, 41

Pluripotent stem cells, see Multipotent stem cells

Private sector, 3, 49-52, 57, 85

committee workshop agenda, 80

Progenitor cells

hematopoietic, 20

pancreatic, 13

Proteins, adult stem cells, 12, 22, 26-27

Public opinion, xi, 1, 52-53, 55, 57

religious issues, 44-45

R

Religious, 44-45

Renal system

embryonic stem cells, 34-35

Reproductive system

see also terms beginning “Embryo,” and “Fetal”

cloning, 10, 11, 48

in vitro fertilization, 43, 48, 70

ovum, 11, 13, 14, 15, 37, 71

placenta, 16, 71

umbilical cord, 16, 22

zygotes, 13, 14, 15, 37, 72

S

SCNT, see Somatic cell nuclear transfer technique

Skin cells, 7, 13, 16

adult stem cells, 21, 23, 27, 33, 41

burns, 8

embryonic stem cells, 16, 33

Smooth muscle cells, 15

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), 5, 10, 11, 12, 37, 39, 45, 46, 47, 59

Somatic cells, general, 29

committee recommendations, 5

defined, 71

Spinal-cord injuries, 8, 83

Stromal cells, 33

defined, 71

Surface antigens, 22-23, 38, 71

defined, 72

T

T cells

defined, 72

hematopoietic stem cells, 20, 21

Trophoblasts, 13

U

Umbilical cord, 16, 22

Undifferentiated cells, see Differentiation

United Kingdom, 46

W

White blood cells

see also Hematopoietic stem cells;

Lymphocytes;

T cells

defined, 72

World Wide Web, see Internet

Z

Zygotes, 13, 14, 15, 37

defined, 72